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IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging

作者： L.A. Christopher E.J. Delp C.R. Meyer P.L. Carson Video and Image Processing Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA Department of Radiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In this paper, ultrasound breast image segmentation is improved by using the volumetric data available in neighboring slices. The new algorithm extends the EM/MPM framework to 3D by including pixels from neighboring frames in the Markov Random Field (MRF) clique. In addition, this paper describes a unique linear cost factor introduced in the optimization loop to compensate for the attenuation common to ultrasound images.

关键词： Bayesian methods Ultrasonic imaging Breast Image segmentation Markov random fields Magnetic resonance imaging Acoustic noise Image processing Cost function Attenuation

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Thresholding video images for text detection

Thresholding video images for text detection

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International Conference on Pattern Recognition

作者： E.Y. Du Chang C P.D. Thouin Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory. Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA Department of Defense Fort Meade MD USA

Thresholding video images is very challenging due to the fact that image background generally has low resolution and is also more complicated and highly distorted than document images. As a result, thresholding methods that work well for document images may not work effectively for video images in some applications. This paper investigates the issue of thresholding video images for text detection and further develops a relative entropy-based thresholding approach that can effectively extract text from complicated video images. In order to demonstrate its performance a comparative study is conducted among the proposed thresholding method and several thresholding techniques which are widely used for document and gray scale images. The experimental results show that thresholding video images is far more difficult than thresholding document images and simple histogram-based methods generally do not perform well.

关键词： Entropy Shape measurement Image resolution Information retrieval Image retrieval Particle measurements Remote sensing Signal processing Image processing Laboratories

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A recursive shape error concealment algorithm

A recursive shape error concealment algorithm

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IEEE International Conference on Image processing

作者： Xiaohuan Li A.K. Katsaggelos G.M. Schuster Image and Video Processing Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL USA Abteilung Ekktechnik Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil Switzerland

The encoding of shape information is a distinguishing feature of MPEG-4. In error prone communication networks, it is important and efficient to conceal shape errors spatially, so as to avoid propagation of errors in the video frames. The proposed system first defines the missing area's four rectangular neighbors. It then detects in the neighbors the lines that intersect the borders and redefines them in a geometric coordinate system. These lines are paired under some optimization objective so that they connect smoothly in the missing area. Each pair is extrapolated and corrected recursively until a close curve is formed. Test results on various sequences under various error rates are presented and compared with other shape concealment methods.

关键词： Shape computer errors Decoding Streaming media Motion compensation Image coding MPEG 4 Standard Laboratories Communication networks Testing

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A study between orthogonal subspace projection and generalized likelihood ratio test in hyperspectral image analysis

A study between orthogonal subspace projection and generaliz...

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IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： Qian Du Hsuan Ren Chein-I Chang Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Texas A and M University Kingsville TX USA Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center US Army MD USA Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA

Orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) and generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) have shown success in hyperspectral image classification. The OSP is derived by maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) resulting from a linear mixture model in which the noise is assumed to be white. On the other hand, the GLRT is formulated based on a signal detection model that can be described by a binary hypothesis testing problem. In order for the GLRT to derive an analytical form, the noise in the signal detection model is generally assumed to be white Gaussian noise. However, Gaussianity is generally not true in remotely sensed imagery. Interestingly, such assumption has not been investigated. This paper presents a comparative study between OSP and GLRT based on their assumptions. In particular, a detailed analysis of assumptions made on these two approaches is conducted through a series of computer simulations. Experimental results show that the OSP does not depend on Gaussian noise. By the contrast, the GLRT is affected by the Gaussian noise assumption. If it is violated, its performance is degraded.

关键词： Testing Hyperspectral imaging Image analysis Gaussian noise Signal to noise ratio Hyperspectral sensors Signal detection Image classification Signal analysis Gaussian processes

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An optimal shape encoding scheme using skeleton decomposition

An optimal shape encoding scheme using skeleton decompositio...

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IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal processing

作者： Haohong Wang G.M. Schuster A.K. Katsaggelos T.N. Pappas Image and Video Processing Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering NorthWestern University Evanston IL USA Abteilung Elektrotechnik Hochschnle für Technik und Wirtschaft Rapperswil Switzerland

This paper presents an operational rate-distortion (ORD) optimal approach for skeleton-based boundary encoding. The boundary information is first decomposed into skeleton and distance signals, by which a more efficient representation of the original boundary results. Curves of arbitrary order are utilized for approximating the skeleton and distance signals. For a given bit budget for a video frame, we solve the problem of choosing the number and location of the control points for all skeleton and distance signals and for all boundaries within a frame, so that the overall distortion is minimized. The problem is solved with the use of Lagrangian relaxation and a shortest path algorithm in a 4D directed acyclic graph (DAG) we propose. By defining a path selection pattern, we reduce the computational complexity of the 4D DAG shortest path algorithm from O(N/sup -5/) to O(N/sup -4/), where N is the number of admissible control points for a skeleton. A suboptimal solution is also presented for further reducing the computational complexity of the algorithm to O(N/sup -2/). The proposed algorithm outperforms experimentally other competing algorithms.

关键词： Encoding Skeleton Lagrangian functions Computational complexity MPEG 4 Standard Shape control Approximation error Image coding Distortion Standardization

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Automatic target localization using microelectrode recordings

Automatic target localization using microelectrode recording...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： R.A. Santiago J. McNames H. Falkenberg K. Burchiel Northwest Computational Intelligence Laboratory Portland State University OR USA Biomedical Signal Processing Laboratory Electrical & Computer Engineering Portland State University OR USA Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health and Sciences University OR USA

We describe an algorithm that objectively and automatically identifies target regions in the brain for ablation or stimulation during neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. The algorithm uses microelectrode recordings to distinguish between the target and adjacent anatomic structures during stereotactic neurosurgery. This algorithm uses a novel method of signal feature extraction that enables standard classification algorithms such as support vector machines to perform well. The algorithm was validated on microelectrode recordings acquired near the globus pallidus internus and labeled by the neurosurgeon.

关键词： Microelectrodes Surgery Signal processing algorithms Neurosurgery Parkinson's disease Magnetic resonance imaging Neurons Laboratories Support vector machines Support vector machine classification

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Normal mammogram classification based on regional analysis

Normal mammogram classification based on regional analysis

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Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)

作者： Yajie Sun C.F. Babbs E.J. Delp Video and Image Processing Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA Department of Basic Medical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA

The majority of screening mammograms are normal. It will be beneficial if a detection system is designed to help radiologists readily identify normal regions of mammograms. In this paper, we will present a binary tree classifier based on the use of global features extracted from different levels of a 2-D Quincunx wavelet decomposition of normal and abnormal regional images. This classifier is then used to classify whether an entire whole-field mammogram is normal. This approach is fundamentally different from other approaches that identify a particular abnormality in that is independent of the particular type of abnormality.

关键词： Feature extraction Cancer detection Classification tree analysis Mammography Lesions Biomedical imaging Decision trees Image databases Sun Image processing

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An extension of weighted strategy sharing in cooperative Q-learning for specialized agents

An extension of weighted strategy sharing in cooperative Q-l...

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International Conference on Neural Information processing

作者： S.M. Eshgh M.N. Ahmadabadi School of Intelligent Systems Institute of Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics Tehran Iran Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence and Robotics Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran

Using other agents' experiences and knowledge, a learning agent may learn faster, make fewer mistakes, and create some rides for unseen situations. These benefits will be gained if the learning agents know the area of expertise and the expertness values of each other. In this paper, some Q-learning agents with different skills and expertness levels cooperate in learning. The agents use some criteria to judge others information and knowledge. Four expertness criterion, certainty and entropy measures are used to assign degrees of importance to others' Q-Tables. Effects of measuring these values based on their whole Q-Table, a portion of Q-Tables that reflects their proficiencies, and the states in Q-Tables on the learning quality are studied. Simple strategy sharing and two different weighted strategy-sharing methods are used to combine the acquired knowledge from different agents.

关键词： Intelligent robots Intelligent agent Process control Control systems Intelligent control Laboratories Intelligent systems Physics Mathematics Entropy

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Three-dimensional television using optical scanning holography

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Journal of Information Display 2002年第3期3.0卷 12-16页

作者： Poon, Ting-Chung Optical Image Processing Laboratory Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 United States

We first review a real-time three-dimensional (3-D) holographic recording technique called optical scanning holography (OSH) and discuss holographic reconstruction using spatial light modulators (SLMs). We then present how the overall system can be used for 3-D holographic television (TV) display with a wide-angle view of a 3-D image, and address some of the issues encountered. Finally, we suggest some techniques to alleviate the issues encountered in such a 3-D holographic TV system. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： Holographic information reduction Holographic TV system Optical scanning holography Twin-image elimination

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Certainty and expertness-based credit assignment for cooperative Q-Learning agents with an AND-type task

Certainty and expertness-based credit assignment for coopera...

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International Conference on Neural Information processing

作者： A. Harati M.N. Ahmadabadi School of Intelligent Systems Institute of Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics Tehran Iran Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence & AI and Robotics Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran

In multiagent reinforcement learning, inter-agent credit assignment is a fundamental problem, since a single scalar reinforcement signal is the only reliable feedback that teams of learning agents receive. This problem is more critical in groups of independent learners with a joint task. In this research, it is assumed that a critic agent receives the environment feedback and assigns a proper credit to each agent using some measures. Three of such measures for a team of cooperative agents with a parallel and AND-type task are introduced. These measures somehow compare the agents' knowledge. One of these criteria, called normal expertness, is a non-relative measure while two other ones (certainty and relative normal expertness) are relative measure. It is experimentally shown that relative measures work better as they contain more information for the critic agent.

关键词： Feedback Intelligent agent Intelligent robots Process control Control systems Intelligent control Artificial intelligence Robot kinematics Physics computing Reliability engineering

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