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Fully constrained least-squares based linear unmixing [hyperspectral image classification]

Fully constrained least-squares based linear unmixing [hyper...

引用

IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： D. Heinz C.-I. Chang M.L.G. Althouse Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA

A fully constrained least-squares linear unmixing approach to hyperspectral image classification is presented. It is derived from an unconstrained least-squares based orthogonal subspace projection. It is similar to a method developed by Shimabukuro and Smith (1991) in the least-squares sense, but significantly different from their method in the way of implementing the constraints. Since there is no closed form solution available, an efficient algorithm is developed for finding a fully constrained solution, which can be viewed as a generalization of Shimabukuro and Smith's method. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated through computer simulations and real data experiments.

关键词： Vectors Subspace constraints Pixel Image processing Equations Hyperspectral imaging Remote sensing Signal processing Laboratories computer science

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Linearly constrained minimum variance beamforming approach to target detection and classification for hyperspectral imagery

Linearly constrained minimum variance beamforming approach t...

引用

IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： Chein-I Chang Hsuan Ren Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore MD USA

Subspace projection and maximum likelihood have been used for hyperspectral image classification. One of their disadvantages is the requirement of a priori knowledge about material signatures resident in images which may be difficult to obtain in many practical applications. In order to resolve this problem, an approach, called Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) was developed for target detection where the only required knowledge is the target signature of interest. It was derived based on the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) in array processing. However, CEM has been also shown to be very sensitive to the knowledge being used to describe the target signature. This paper develops a more general approach, called Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) beamforming which includes CEM as a special case. Unlike CEM which considers a single constraint, LCMV uses multiple signatures to extend the capability of CEM to various target classification. More specifically, LCMV can be implemented as an estimator for target classification while CEM can be used as a detector for target detection.

关键词： Array signal processing Object detection Finite impulse response filter Hyperspectral sensors Hyperspectral imaging Nonlinear filters Image classification Vectors Power generation Layout

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Coding distortion caused by a phase difference between the LP filter and its residual

Coding distortion caused by a phase difference between the L...

引用

IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding Proceedings

作者： M. Tammi V.T. Ruoppila S. Kuusisto J. Saarinen Signal Processing Laboratory Tampere University of Technology Tampere Finland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Sherbrooke QUE Canada

Several speech coding algorithms modify the time scale of the residual signal to facilitate efficient coding of pitch information. Time scaling, however, results in a phase difference between the coded residual signal and the time-variant linear prediction (LP) filter used for synthesis in the decoder. In this paper, we examine the coding distortion induced by this phase difference. Moreover, we show that it may cause audible artifacts to the synthesized speech even if lossless coding of all parameters is employed. These artifacts occur particularly at onsets when the frequency response of successive LP filters changes rapidly. A waveform interpolation coder is used to illustrate the effects of the phase mismatch.

关键词： Phase distortion Filters Speech synthesis Signal synthesis Speech coding Speech analysis Interpolation Signal processing algorithms Filtering Signal analysis

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Data management for large-scale scientific computations in high performance distributed systems

Data management for large-scale scientific computations in h...

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International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing

作者： A. Choudhary M. Kandemir H. Nagesh J. No X. Shen V. Taylor S. More R. Thakur Center for Parallel and Distributed Computing Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northwestern University Evanston IL USA Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL USA

With the increasing number of scientific applications manipulating huge amounts of data, effective data management is an increasingly important problem. Unfortunately, so far the solutions to this data management problem either require deep understanding of specific storage architectures and file layouts (as in high-performance file systems) or produce unsatisfactory I/O performance in exchange for ease-of-use and portability (as in relational DBMSs). In this paper we present a new environment which is built around an active meta-data management system (MDMS). The key components of our three-tiered architecture are user application, the MDMS, and a hierarchical storage system (HSS). Our environment overcomes the performance problems of pure database-oriented solutions, while maintaining their advantages in terms of ease-of-use and portability. The high levels of performance are achieved by the MDMS, with the aid of user-specified directives. Our environment supports a simple, easy-to-use yet powerful user interface, leaving the task of choosing appropriate I/O techniques to the MDMS. We discuss the importance of an active MDMS and show how the three components, namely application, the MDMS, and the HSS, fit together. We also report performance numbers from our initial implementation and illustrate that significant improvements are made possible without undue programming effort.

关键词： Large-scale systems Distributed computing High performance computing Data visualization engineering management Concurrent computing Relational databases Art Data analysis Image analysis

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Spectral information divergence for hyperspectral image analysis

Spectral information divergence for hyperspectral image anal...

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IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： Chein-I Chang Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD USA

The authors propose an information theoretic criterion, called spectral information divergence (SID) for spectral similarity and discriminability. It is derived from the concept of divergence arising in information theory and can be used to describe the statistics of a spectrum. Unlike spectral angle mapper (SAM) which extracts geometric features between two spectra, SID views each pixel spectrum as a random variable and then measures the discrepancy of probabilistic behaviors between two spectra. In order to evaluate SID, SAM is used for comparison via hyperspectral data. Experimental results show that SID can characterise spectral similarity and variability more effectively than SAM.

关键词： Hyperspectral imaging Image analysis Hyperspectral sensors Random variables Remote sensing Information theory Pixel Data mining Interference Pattern classification

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Design and implementation of narrow-band linear-phase FIR filters with piecewise polynomial impulse response

Design and implementation of narrow-band linear-phase FIR fi...

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IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

作者： T. Saramaki S.K. Mitra Signal Processing Laboratory Tampere University of Technology Tampere Finland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA USA

The transfer function of these filters is a parallel connection of several branches with transfer functions of the form G/sub l/(z/sup L/)F/sub l/(z), where the length of each F/sub l/(z) is L. It is shown that by properly selecting the F/sub l/(z)'s the overall impulse response can be divided into several blocks of L samples in such a manner that in each block the impulse response is a polynomial of a given degree. The degree is one less than the number of branches, whereas the overall length of the impulse response is N=ML, where M is the length of the G/sub l/(z)'s. Efficient implementation forms are proposed for the overall filter. Examples are included illustrating the efficiency of the proposed approach in implementing narrow-band linear-phase FIR filters.

关键词： Finite impulse response filter Narrowband Polynomials Transfer functions IIR filters Bandwidth Frequency Signal processing Laboratories Digital filters

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An interference rejection-based radial basis function neural network for hyperspectral image classification

An interference rejection-based radial basis function neural...

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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： Qian Du Chein-I Chang Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD USA

A new application for RBF neural networks in nonlinear mixed pixel classification for hyperspectral imaging is presented. It is a three-layer neural network with the input layer specified by spectral signatures of a mixed pixel vector, the hidden layer used for nonlinear mixing functions and the output layer used to produce classification results of the mixed pixel vector. A noise estimation method in conjunction with noise subspace projection is developed to reliably estimate the member of mixing materials plus interference signatures that can be used as the number of hidden nodes as well as the member of input nodes. The least-mean-square learning algorithm is applied to adjust parameters used in the hidden layer and weights of the output layers adaptively and simultaneously so as to achieve best possible performance. The performance is evaluated through a series of experiments via AVIRIS data. A comparative analysis is also conducted among various methods.

关键词： Interference Radial basis function networks Hyperspectral imaging Hyperspectral sensors Pixel Image classification Remote sensing Laboratories Image sensors Spectroscopy

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Superconducting processors for HTMT: issues and challenges

Superconducting processors for HTMT: issues and challenges

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Frontiers of Massively parallel Computation

作者： K.B. Theobald G.R. Gao T.L. Sterling Computer Architecture and Parallel Systems Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Delaware Newark DE USA NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory /Center for Advanced Computing Research California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA

The Hybrid Technology Multi-Threading project is a long-term study of the feasibility of combining several emerging technologies to reach 1 petaFLOPS within ten years. HTMT will combine high-speed superconductor processors, semiconductor memories with built-in processors, high-speed optical interconnects, and high-density holographic storage. While there are major challenges in all aspects of this project, those in processor architecture are the focus of this paper. Fundamental differences between RSFQ circuits and conventional semiconductor circuits, including a radical jump in clock speed, make today's processor design approaches inappropriate for HTMT. Sequential instruction dispatching, even within the lowest programming unit (a strand), will lead to unacceptably high latencies, hence poor performance. We propose alternative processor designs which use fine-grain synchronizations between individual instructions in order to avoid these bottlenecks.

关键词： Random access memory Optical buffering Holography Holographic optical components Delay computer architecture Optical interconnections electrical capacitance tomography Quantum computing Clocks

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Round-off error free fixed-point design of polynomial FIR predictors

Round-off error free fixed-point design of polynomial FIR pr...

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Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & computers

作者： J.M.A. Tanskanen V.S. Dimitrov Institute of Intelligent Power Electronics Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of Technology Espoo Finland Laboratory of Signal Processing and Computer Technology Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Helsinki University of Technology Espoo Finland

We present a novel method for designing polynomial FIR predictors for fixed-point environments. Our method yields filters that perform exact prediction of polynomial signals even with short coefficient word lengths. Under ordinary coefficient truncation or rounding, the prediction capability degrades, or may be totally lost. With the proposed method, the filters are designed so that the predictive properties are exactly preserved in fixed-point implementations. The proposed filter design method is based on integer programming (IP) and can be directly applied to any fixed-point FIR design specifications which can be formulated in a form of linear constraints on the filter coefficients.

关键词： Roundoff errors Polynomials Finite impulse response filter Design methodology Design engineering Power engineering and energy Degradation Nonlinear filters Filtering White noise

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Using 3D models for the segmentation of image sequences

Using 3D models for the segmentation of image sequences

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IEEE International Conference on Image processing

作者： M.G. Strintsiz I. Kompatsiaris Inf. Process. Lab. Aristotelian Univ. of Thessaloniki Greece Information Processing Laboratory Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

This paper describes a 3D model-based unsupervised procedure for the segmentation of multiview image sequences using multiple sources of information. The articulation procedure is based on the homogeneity of parameters, such as rigid 3D motion, color and depth, estimated for each sub-object, which consists of a number of interconnected triangles of the 3D model. The rigid 3D motion of each sub-object for subsequent frames is estimated using a Kalman filtering algorithm taking into account the temporal correlation between consecutive frames. Information from all cameras is combined during the formation of the equations for the rigid 3D motion parameters. The parameter estimation for each sub-object and the 3D model segmentation procedures are interleaved and repeated iteratively until a satisfactory object segmentation emerges. The performance of the resulting segmentation method is evaluated experimentally.

关键词： Image segmentation Image sequences Motion estimation Information resources Kalman filters Filtering algorithms Cameras Equations Parameter estimation Object segmentation

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