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Performance of the in situ microcosm technique for measuring the degradation of organic chemicals in aquifers

GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1996年第1期16卷 130-140页

作者： Nielsen, ph.Christensen, TH Albrechtsen, HJ Gillham, RW Per H. Nielsen received his Ph.D. from the Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark Lyngby in 1994. He is currently employed at the same institute as a research associate (Institute of Manufacturing Engineering Bldg. 403 Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark). His research interest is waste management and life cycle assessment. Robert W. Gillham is a professor and chairman of the Department of Earth Science (Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3GI Canada) and former director of the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada. He holds a Ph.D. in soil physics from the University of Illinois. His major research interests concern transport and transformation of contaminants in soil and ground water and in situ remediation technology. Hans-Jorgen Albrechtsen received his Ph.D. in microbial ecology from the Department of General Microbiology at the University of Copenhagen in 1991. He is currently an assistant professsor at the Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark Lyngby (Groundwater Research Centre Bldg. 115 Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark). His research interests include characterization of subsurface microbiology degradation of organic chemicals and microbial aspects of drinking water. Thomas H. Christensen received his Ph. D. from the University ofWashington Seattle in 1980 and a Dr.agro. in soil chemistry from the Royal Agricultural University in Copenhagen in 1990. He is a professor in environmental engineering and associate director of the Groundwater Research Centre at the Technical University of Denmark Lyngby (Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering Groundwater Research Centre Bldg. 115 Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark). His research interests include waste disposalonland heavy metal soil

An in situ microcosm (ISM) consists of a stainless steel cylinder isolating about 2 L of the aquifer and is equipped with valves allowing for loading and sampling from the ground surface. during the last five years, this technique has been used frequently to study the degradation of organic chemicals in polluted and pristine aquifers representing different redox environments. The ISM technique has great potential for providing field-relevant degradation potentials and rate constants, but care must be taken in using the equipment and interpreting the results. This paper provides details concerning the installation and operation of an ISM and presents experiences concerning data interpretation and monitoring of redox conditions.

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Mathematical foundations of the instantaneous power concepts: A geometrical approach - Mathematical foundations of the instantaneous power concepts: An algebraic approach - Reply

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EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER 1996年第5期6卷 314-314页

作者： Willems, JL Cristaldi, L Ferrero, A [?]From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge and the Ph. D. degree in applied science from the University of Gent in 1963 1964 and 1967 respectively. In 1964 he joined the Engineering Faculty of the University of Gent where he is presently Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 1970 he was on leave at the Division of Engineering and Applied Physics of Harvard University Cambridge Mass./USA. In 1982 he was a Visiting Professor at the Universiti Nationale du Rwanda (Central Africa). His teaching and research interests include power system analysis and control system stability theory. From 1988 to 1992 he was Dean of the Engineering Faculty of the University of Gent. Since October 1993 he has been Rectorofthe University. (University of Gent Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 9 B-9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde)/ Belgium T + 329/2645653 Fax + ***)

In this paper a mathematical formalism, based on a geometrical approach, is proposed for defining the concepts of instantaneous active and instantaneous reactive power. Use is made of the dot product and the cross product for three-dimensional vectors. The relationship with the analysis proposed by Akagi et al. and by Ferrero and co-authors is discussed in detail. In particular it is shown that the proposed formalism is well suited to deal with three-ph.se currents and voltages with zero-sequence components.

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Inexpensive electronic water level recorders for hydrologic studies

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1996年第2期16卷 77-83页

作者： Keenan, R dickerson, J Gardner, L Reeves, H Richard Keenan is a hydrogeologist at Golder Associates Inc. Jacksonville Florida working on site investigation and remediation projects for ground water and soil contamination. His research interests include ground water modeling geologic analysis of coastal plain depositional environments and processing and analysis of remotely sensed images. He was raised in South Carolina and Puerto Rico and received a B.S. in marine science (1989) and an M.S. in geology (1994) from the University of South Carolina. John Dickerson has been on the civil engineering faculty of the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina for the past 20 years. He is a registered professional engineer and specializes in dynamical measurements and control in addition to the application of microprocessors in engineering experiments. He grew up in northern Illinois received a mechanical engineering degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1963 and a Ph.D. in applied mechanics from the California Institute of Technology in 1967. Leonard Gardner has been a faculty member of the Geological Sciences Department at the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina since 1968. He has published numerous papers on the geochemistry of weathering and soil genesis and on geological and geochemical processes in salt marshes. He was born and raised in New Jersey received a B.S. in English (1958) from St. Peter's College in Jersey City and then earned a B.S. (1963) M.S. (1966) and Ph.D. (1968) in geology from the Pennsylvania State University. Howard W. Reeves is an assistant professor in Civil Engineering at Northwestern University. Reeves joined the faculty at Northwestern in 1994 to coordinate the environmental geotechnics research area and was an assistant professor of Geological Sciences at the University of South Carolina from 1991 to 1994. Reeves earned a B.S. in chemical engineering and an M.S. in environmental engineering at the University of Notre Dame and a Ph. D. in en vironmental engineering at The Un

Hydrologic investigations typically involve the collection of water level measurements at discrete points in space and time. The high cost of commercial electronic recorders can be a burden. We have developed an inexpensive ((similar to)$200) electronic water level recorder consisting of a Motorola microcontroller, a clock. memory, pressure transducers, and associated circuitry. The instrument is powered by a 6-V battery. These devices. each capable of monitoring up to eight channels of analog input, are presently providing continuous monitoring of nested piezometers, tide gauges, and rain gauges in hydrologic studies at the Savannah River site and the North Inlet (South Carolina) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. The instruments can be custom tailored to record water levels at any specified time interval, or whenever the water level changes by a specified amount, and can store up to 32,000 water level observations. These instruments have been used to conduct slug tests and can be configured to monitor observation wells for pumping tests. Simplicity of construction and availability of components offer hydrologists an inexpensive but reliable method of water level recording. Several examples of the use of this instrumentation in diverse hydrologic settings are described.

关键词： Recording instruments

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Reduced sediments: A factor in the design of subsurface oxidant delivery systems

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1996年第1期16卷 100-105页

作者： Korom, SF McFarland, MJ Sims, RC Scott E Korom received his B.S. and M.S. in civil engineering from the University of Akron in 1982 and 1984 respectively and his Ph.D. in civil and environmental engineering from Utah State University in 1991. Korom worked for two years in the Environmental Sciences Section of the Savannah River Technology Center as a postdoctoral research fellow with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. He is currently an assistant professor in geological engineering at the University of North Dakota (Department of Geology and Geological Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks ND 58202–8358). His research interests include ground water identification and ground water contaminant transport and remediation. Korom is a licensed professional engineer in North Dakota. Michael J. McFarland is an associate professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Utah State University (Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan UT 84322–8200). Dr. McFarland received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from Yale University and an M.S. in chemical engineering and a Ph. D. in agricultural engineering from Cornell University. Dr. McFarland has authored or coauthored more than 30 technical publications. He has served as a consulting engineer for both federal and local government agencies as well as private industry. Dr. McFarland is a licensed professional engineer in the state of Utah and is a Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Ronald C. Sims is professor and head of the Division of Environmental Engineering Utah State University (Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan UT 84322–8200) and specializes in the investigation and management of PAHs in subsurface environments. Dr. Sims received his Ph.D. in biological and agricultural engineering from North Carolina State University an M.S. in environmental engineering from Washington State University and an M.S. in environmental chemistry and biology from the University of North

A preliminary field performance evaluation of in situ bioremediation of a contaminated aquifer at the Libby, Montana, Superfund site, a former wood preserving site, was conducted for the Bioremediation Field Initiative sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The current approach for site remediation involves injecting oxygen and nutrients into the aquifer to stimulate microbial degradation of target compounds that include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pentachloroph.nol. The preliminary field evaluation determined that, in addition to the oxygen demand associated with the microbial oxidation of the organic contamination, uncontaminated aquifer sediments at the site are naturally reduced and also exert a significant oxygen demand. This conclusion is supported by three types of information: (1) analyses of ground water samples: (2) results from a field-scale tracer test;and (3) results of laboratory evaluations of oxygen use by reduced aquifer sediment samples. An estimate of the cost of supplying hydrogen peroxide to satisfy the oxygen demand of the uncontaminated reduced sediments is provided to demonstrate that the additional cost of oxidizing the reduced sediments could be significant. The presence of naturally occurring reduced sediments at a contamination site should be considered in the design of subsurface oxidant delivery systems.

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Approximation of biodegradation rate constants for monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) in ground water

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1996年第3期16卷 186-194页

作者： Wiedemeier, TH Swanson, MA Wilson, JT Kampbell, dH Miller, RN Hansen, JE Todd H. Wiedemeier is an associate with Parsons Engineering Science Inc. (1700 Broadway Ste. 900 Denver CO 80290). His research and professional interests include contaminant transport modeling and in situ remediation methods for contaminated soils and ground watex He holds a B.S. degree in geology from Colorado State University and an M.S. degree in geology from Wichita State University. Matthew A. Swanson is a hydrogeologist and site manager with Parsons Engineering Science Inc. (I 700 Broadway Ste. 900 Denver CO 80290). He holds a B.S. degree in geology from Trinity University and an M.S. degree in hydrogeology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. John I: Wilson is a senior research microbiologist with the U.S. EPA at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (919 Kerr Laboratory DK Ada OK 74820). Dr. Wilson's current research efforts involve the study of microbial processes that determine the fate and transport of organic contaminants in the subsurface environment. He has 12 years experience in site characterization process definition and modeling of intrinsic bioremediation. He received a Ph.D. in microbiology from Cornell University. Dr. Donald Kampbell is a senior research chemist with the U.S. EPA at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (919 Kerr Laboratory DK Ada OK 74820). His current research efforts involve field monitoring techniques and field bioremediation process performance. He received a Ph. D. in agricultural chemistry from the University of Missouri. He is a licensed Professional Engineer. Lt. Col. Ross N. Miller is currently assigned to Hill Air Force Base. He was previously chief of the Technology Transfer Division at the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence Brooks Air Force Base Texas. He has extensive civil engineering experience and has served as a base bioenvironmental engineer at Cannon AFB New Mexico and Hill AFB Utah. He holds B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil and environmental engineering from Utah State University and an M.S. degre

Two methods were used to approximate site-specific biodegradation rates of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes [BTEX]) dissolved in ground water. Both use data from monitoring wells and the hydrologic properties of the aquifer to estimate a biodegradation rate constant that can be used in ground water solute fate and transport models. The first method uses a biologically recalcitrant tracer in the ground water associated with the hydrocarbon plume to normalize changes in concentration of BTEX under anaerobic conditions;attenuation of the tracer is attributed to dilution, sorption, and/or volatilization. Attenuation of BTEX in excess of the attenuation of the tracer is attributed to biodegradation, although other processes may affect the observed rate. The second method assumes that the plume has evolved to a dynamic steady-state equilibrium. A one-dimensional analytical solution to the advection-dispersion equation is used to extract the rate of attenuation that would be necessary to produce a steady-state plume of the configuration found at the site. Attenuation is attributed largely to biodegradation because the analytical solution removes the effects of sorption and dispersion and volatilization is assumed to be minimal. Neither method fully accounts for the effects of continuing dissolution of BTEX in the source area or nonlinear sorption. Therefore, the rates cannot be attributed fully to biodegradation, but still are useful for ground water contaminant fate and transport modeling. The methods were applied to a data set from a JP-4 jet fuel spill at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. In estimates along two separate flow paths, natural attenuation rates for BTEX ranged from 0.006 to 0.038 day (-1), with most rates near 0.02 day(1). The rate for benzene ranged from 0.025 to 0.038 day (1). The rates of attenuation of individual BTEX compounds as estimated by the two methods were in close agreement. For an individual compound, the rate es

关键词： Groundwater pollution

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The figure source equation and its ph.sical consideration

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SYSTEMS ANd COMPUTERS IN JAPAN 1996年第9期27卷 83-93页

作者： Aoki, Y Iijima, T Member Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Hokuriku Ishikawa Japan 923 Yasubim Aoki:graduated from the University of Kanazawa Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science in 1992 and received his Master's degree in 1994 from the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Hokuriku Department of Information Science where he is currently in the doctoral program engaged in research on pattern recognition. Honorary Member Taizo lijima:graduatedwith a B.E. degree from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1948 and received his Ph.D. degree later. He joined the Electro-Technical Laboratories in 1948 and since then has been involved in research on electromagnetic theory and pattern recognition theory image processing voice recognition and research and development of OCR. After serving as the head of Iijima Special Research Laboratories he became Professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1986. He because Professor Emeritus of that institute in 1986. He became Professor at Tokyo Engineering University and Professor Emeritus there in 1991. In 1991 he became Professor at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and was appointed Vice President of the institute in 1992. He served successively as editor examiner secretary of general affairs inspector counsel committee-head of pattern recognition and specialized studies head of Tokyo chapter and vice president of this institute. In 1991 he became Honorary Member. He received the Paper Award from the Institute four times and the Literary Works Award once. He received the Achievement Award and the Distinguished Service Award in 1976 and 1989 respectively. He received the Purple Ribbon Medal from the Emperor in 1989.

Theoretical studies on Iijima's ''Theory of Pattern Recognition,'' which is known as a method of multiple similarity, have shown clearly that there are situations when it is difficult to determine the viewpoint and visual field, important parameters to introduce topological aspects into the pattern space, observing a figure itself. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes transforming the observed image from a figure f(r) to a second-order differential image rho(r), called ''figure source.'' The aim is to reconstruct the theory in such a way as to enable the application of similarity evaluation methods as in the conventional case, without compromising the current theory, and all the necessary proofs are given. In this paper, the figure source equation as well as rules representing its properties are developed, and several related ph.sical quantities are redefined.

关键词： figure source determination of viewpoint and visual field second-order differential image theory reconstruction figure source equation

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Affordability, logistics R&d and fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, dP Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of ''doing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&d effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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A RISK-BASEd APPROACH FOR MANAGING HAZARdOUS-WASTE

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1995年第1期15卷 79-89页

作者： CHIANG, CY PETKOVSKY, Pd MCALLISTER, PM Chen Y. Chiang received his Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Rice University. He is a senior research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center (3333 Hwy. 6 South Houston TX 77082 fax (713) 544–8727). He serves on the Hydrologic Science Panel of the National Science Foundation and on the Ground Water/Soil Technical Task Force of the American Petroleum Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of the Rutgers DARPA/ONR research program. His research interests include in situ bioremediation processes ground water/soil sampling and monitoring multiphase fluid flow phenomenon and risk/ exposure assessment. Paul Petkovsky is a senior research technician in the Groundwater Modeling Group of Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. His responsibilities include site data analysis and the numerical modeling of the fate and transport of organics in ground water. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in chemical engineering with an environmental emphasis at the University of Houston. Paul McAllister received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas in 1987 and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1991. He is currently an associate research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. Since joining Shell he has conducted research and provided technical support on ground water modeling and remediation issues. His research interests include in situ bioremediation of ground water and residual hydrocarbons natural attenuation of contaminants and subsurface fate and transport phenomena in the subsurface.

In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed risk-based management of hazardous waste. A major component of the proposed rule is the determination of non-site-specific screening concentration levels from waste leachate. Ground water at a downgradient exposure point must not exceed those screening levels, or more stringent requirements would apply. The screening concentration level is determined with verified models and equations that simulate the transport and attenuation of chemicals as they travel from the source area to the exposure point. A consortium of screening levels is determined in this paper by considering varying ph.sical, chemical, and biological conditions. In addition, a method is developed for multicomponent leaching from contaminated soils in a landfill to determine the time-dependent behavior of a finite source. Finally, this paper discusses infiltration rate through the clay liner.

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PARALLEL ANd dISTRIBUTEd TLM COMPUTATION WITH SIGNAL-PROCESSING FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELd MOdELING

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MOdELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS dEVICES ANd FIELdS 1995年第3-4期8卷 169-185页

作者： SO, PPM ESWARAPPA, C HOEFER, WJR NSERC/MPR Teltech Research Chair in RF Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3P6 Canada Poman So received his B.Sc. degree in computer science and physics from the University of Toronto Toronto Onatario Canada in 1985. He obtained his B.A. Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering (summa cum laude) from the University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada in 1987 and 1989 respectively. Mr So was a research engineer in the University of Ottawa from January 1989 to October 1991 his research interests included CAD techniques of microwave circuits and numerical methods for electromagnetic wave modelling. He specialized in the development of electromagnetic engineering CAD software and successfully implemented a number of electromagnetic wave simulators based on the two-dimensional and three-dimensional transmission-line matrix methods. From August 1990 to February 1991 he accompanied Professor W. J. R. Hoefer to Rome Italy and Sophia Antiopolas France. During that time he implemented a parallel version of the 3D-TLM simulator for the CM-2 Connection Machine using C-Star and X Windows Library. He is a research engineer and a Ph.D. student at the University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada. He ported the 2D- and 3D-TLM simulators to DECmpp 1200 massively parallel computer using MPL C and C++. He also combined OSA90/hope a commercially available microwave CAD program with a 2D-TLM simulation module for geometry optimization using the Datapipe technique of OSA90/hope. Recently he has developed a distributed client-server computing technique for the TLM method this technique could accelerate the TLM simulation by more than an order of magnitude. Channabasappa Eswarappa received the M.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India in 1983 and Ph. D. degree from the University of Ottawa Canada in 1990. He worked as an Assistant Executive Engineer and later as

This paper describes the implementation of transmission-line matrix (TLM) method algorithms on a massively parallel computer (dECmpp 12000), the technique of distributed computing in the UNIX environment, and the combination of TLM analysis with Prony's method as well as with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) digital signal processing for electromagnetic field modelling. By combining these advanced computation techniques, typical electromagnetic field modelling of microwave structures by TLM analysis can be accelerated by a few orders of magnitude.

关键词： Mathematical models

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A Soph.sticated Ground Water Analytical Tool

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Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 1995年第2期15卷 134-139页

作者： Tonjes, david J. Heil, James H. Black, John A. David J. Tonjes is a doctoral candidate in coastal oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook through its Waste Management Institute (Waste Management Institute Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook 11794–5000). Under a grant from the Town Board he is a technical adviser to the commissioner of waste management of the town of Brookhaven New York in solid waste planning regulatory compliance and environmental site monitoring. Tonjes has a B.A. in liberal arts from St. John's College an M.S. in computer science from New York Institute of Technology and an M.S. in technological systems management from the University at Stony Brook. James H. Heil is commissioner of waste management for the town of Brookhaven (Department of Waste Management Town of Brookhaven 3233 Rte. 112 Medford NY 11763). Heil received a B.S. from Manhattan College and an M.S. from New York University in civil engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in New York. He is a former president of the New York State Solid Waste Management Association. John A. Black is the coordinator of the environmental science program at Suffolk County Community College (Environmental Science Program Suffolk County Community College Selden NY 11784). He is currently the chair of the Ecology Committee of the Pine Barrens Advisory Committee for Suffolk County and is a member of the Suffolk County Pine Barrens Review Commission. Black received a B.S. in chemistry from Adephi University an M.S. in public administration from the University at Stony Book an M. S. from Hofstra University and a Ph. D. from Adlephi in marine sciences.

Stiff diagrams arc a multivariate method of analysis used to describe the chemical state of ground water. The use of Stiff diagrams to describe multiconstituent contamination sites, such as landfills, has distinct advantages over single constituent analyses. Problems associated with traditional Stiff diagram analyses, such as diagram attentuation, can be addressed by allowing the scale of the diagram to vary with the ionic strength of the analyzed sample. The use of these sliding scale Stiff diagrams reveals the chemical slate of the ground water over wide ranges of constituent concentrations and thus allows for sensitive and soph.sticated depictions of complicated contamination sites in a fashion that is extremely difficult to replicate with single constituent analyses. This approach has possible applications for understanding and tracing the mixing and chemical changes in uncontaminated settings. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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