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FUTURE PROPULSION MACHINERY technology FOR GAS-TURBINE POWEREd FRIGATES, dESTROYERS, ANd CRUISERS

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第2期96卷 34-46页

作者： BASKERVILLE, JE QUANdT, ER dONOVAN, MR USN The Authors Commander James E. Baskerville USNis presently assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command (NA VSEA) as the Ship Design Manager for the DDG 51 the Navy's next generation surface combatant. A graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy Class of 1969 he is a qualified Surface Warfare Officer and designated Engineering Duty Officer (ED). He received his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering and his professional degree of Ocean Engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and holds a patent right on an Electronic Control and Response System. His naval assignments include tours in USSRamsey (FFG-2) Aide and Flag Lieutenant to the Commander Naval Electronic Systems Command and Ship Superintendent Surface Type Desk Officer and Assistant Design Superintendent at NA VSHIPYD Pearl Harbor. He was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal for distinguished performance at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. As an author he has contributed articles to the ASNEJournaland given presentations at local sections on ship design the use of innovative technology in ship repair and maintenance and the costs and risks associated with engineering progress. Commander Baskerville is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Virginia an adjunct professor teaching marine engineering at Virginia Tech. and in addition to ASNE which he joined in 1975 is a member of SNAME Tau Beta Pi Sigma Xi ASME and the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Dr. Earl R. Quandt:received his degree of Chemical Engineer from the University of Cincinnati in 1956 and his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 1961. He worked in the naval reactors program at the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory from 1956 to 1963. Since that time he has been with David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Annapolis Maryland where he is Head of the Power Systems Division. He contributed to this paper while on a one year assignment to the U.S. Naval Academy as V

A turning point occurred in naval engineering in 1972 when the U.S. N avy chose to use marine gas turbines for the propulsion of its new SPRUANCE and PERRY Class ships. This paper reviews the more than twenty years of experience with turbine technology and its design integration into combat ships needed to make that decision. It is concluded that the availability of a good second generation aircraft derivative engine with proven reliability and a strong commercial base, i.e., the LM-2500, was as important to the decision as was the predicted improved ship effectiveness and cost benefits. This paper discusses improvements that can be made to the twin engine, single gear, single propeller shaft system. Focusing only on this mechanical transmission concept, it addresses the impact of possible improvements to the engine, gear, and shafting. In particular, the paper discusses current LM-2500 related R&d efforts to: (a) obtain improved part-power fuel rates, (b) integrate with a reversing reduction gear, and (c) add on a waste heat recovery steam cycle. Looking ahead to the year 2000, this paper suggests that a successor to the ubiquitous LM-2500 will appear in the 15 MW power range to provide the next step in the evolution of the twin engine package. This new naval engine will most likely be based on an aircraft core that exists at present, such that it will have demonstrated its reliability and commercial potential through many hours of testing prior to its mid-1990 marine conversion. This new engine is expected to offer improved air flow, an excellent fuel rate (approaching a flat 0.30 LB/HP-HR), and effective maintenance monitoring, all at some expense in size, weight, and cost. The year 2000 engine will burn a liquid hydrocarbon fuel similar to JP-5 because of its aircraft origins. Combined with advances in gear and shafting technology, the full twin engine propulsion system of the year 2000 should be markedly lighter, smaller, and more efficient than today's units.

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AN AdVANCEd METHOdOLOGY FOR PRELIMINARY HULL FORM dEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第4期96卷 147-161页

作者： LIN, WC dAY, WG HOUGH, JJ KEANE, RG WALdEN, dA KOH, IY Wen-Chin Lin:heads the Ship Powering Division at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC). Dr. Lin received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the National Taiwan University in 1957. He was awarded his M.S. degree in naval architecture and Ph.D. in engineering science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and 1966 respectively. From 1966 to 1969 he was employed by ESSO Research and Engineering Company to conduct marine hydrodynamic research for oil tankers and offshore structures. Since joining DTNSRDC in 1969 he has actively conducted and directed hydrodynamic research to advance naval ship design technology and improve ship performance. Active in national and international symposia on ship hydrodynamic research he is recognized for contributions to the ship research community. For the past six years he has been a member of the Performance Committee of the ITTC and currently serves as secretary of the committee. He is a member of SNAME and the Society of Naval Architects of Japan. William G. Day Jr:. has been employed as a naval architect at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center since receiving a B.E.S. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1966. He obtained an M.S. E. degree from George Washington University in 1971. As Head Design Evaluation Branch of the Ship Performance Department he is responsible for model experiments to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of ships and propulsors. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME. In-Young Koh:received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Lowell University in 1969 and 1971 respectively and his Ph.D. in applied mechanics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976. Dr. Koh joined DTNSRDC as an electronic engineer specializing in the application of advanced instrumentation and computer techniques to ship research and design. He is currently engaged in research and development of active control systems for naval ship applications. Dr. Koh is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. David Andrew Walden:is

A ship design methodology is presented for developing hull forms that attain improved performance in both seakeeping and resistance. Contrary to traditional practice, the methodology starts with developing a seakeeping-optimized hull form without making concessions to other performance considerations, such as resistance. The seakeeping-optimized hull is then modified to improve other performance characteristics without degrading the seakeeping. Presented is a point-design example produced by this methodology. Merits of the methodology and the point design are assessed on the basis of theoretical calculations and model experiments. This methodology is an integral part of the Hull Form design System (HFdS) being developed for computer-supported naval ship design. The modularized character of HFdS and its application to hull form development are discussed.

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GENETIC-engineering ANd ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION - POTENTIAL ANd UNCERTAINTIES

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BIO-technology 1983年第8期1卷 670-673页

作者： ZABORSKY, OR Oskar R. Zaborsky Ph.D. is a program director in the Division of Chemical and Process Engineering of the National Science Foundation 1800 G Street Washington DC 20550. The views conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the National Science Foundation.REFERENCES Conference on "Genetic Control of Environmental Pollutants" July 31-August 3 1983 University of Washington School of Public Health & Community Medicine and Department of Environmental Health Seattle WA. The proceedings are to be published by Plenum Press.Recent reports covering the handling of hazardous industrial wastes including biological processes are (a) "Management of Hazardous Industrial Wastes: Research and Development Needs" National Research Council National Academy Press Washington D.C. 1983 (b) "Technologies and Management Strategies for Hazardous Waste Control " Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment Washington D.C. 1983.An expanded report on the technology market analysis regulatory and legislative factors dealing with biotechnology applications to hazardous wastes has been produced by Dr. Thomas O.Peyton AmTech Consultants Vienna VA for the OTA study.Baross J.A. and Deming J.W.1983. Growth of 'black smoker' bacteria at temperatures of at least 250C. Nature303: 423-426.|Article|ISI|ChemPort|

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE NAVSEA HUMAN-FACTORS engineering program IN SHIP dESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第4期95卷 139-152页

作者： STEIN, NI BENEL, RA MALONE, TB Mr. Norman I. Stein:received his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1943. MK Stein began his career with the Bureau of Ships Department of the Navy. After his military service with the Army of Occupation in Japan he has held positions with the Corps of Engineering Atomic Energy Commission Walter Reed Army General Hospital and the Protective Structures Development Center Department of the Army. He returned to the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1967 and is currently with the Manning and Controls Integration Branch SEA 55 W16. Mr. Stein is a registered professional engineer in New York state and also is a certified fallout shelter analyst with the Department of the Army. He has authored a comprehensive study on air distribution studies in multi-room shelters presentedpapers on human factors engineering to the Association of Scientists and Engineers and recently contributed a chapter on human factors engineering which will be incorporated in the proposed Naval Sea Systems Handbook on Surface Ship Design. Russell A. Benel:received his Ph. D. in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with Essex Corporation where he is the manager of the Man-Machine Systems Department. He has been responsible f o r scientific studies associated with the Human Factors Engineering f o r ships program under contract to the Naval Sea Systems Command specifically the development application and validation of human factors engineering technology f o r surface ship systems such as aircraft launch and recovery propulsion engineering combat direction weapons and total ship systems. He is currently providing Human Factors Engineering Support on the DDG-51. His other activities include a variety of research development test and evaluation activities for military systems. He had been with the Crew Performance Branch of the Crew Technology Division at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine as a National Research Council Postd

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, and the HFE technology for Ships program, managed by SEA 061R, is described. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are examined for their source and possible ameliorative steps.

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EMERGING ROLES OF NIH ANd EPA IN THE REGULATION OF RdNA technology

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BIO-technology 1983年第9期1卷 757-768页

作者： KORWEK, EL Edward L. Korwek Ph.D. J.D. is associated with the law offices of Keller and Heckman 1150 17th St. N.W. Washington D.C. 20036.REFERENCES Committee on Recombinant DNA "Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules" Nature250: 175 (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.71: 2593 (1974) Science185: 303 (1974).|Article|Fed. Regist.48: 24556 (1983).Milewski E. Editor's Note. Recombinant DNA Tech. Bull.4: i (1981).Inside EPA 4 1 (1983). EPA has already held a meeting and published a draft report on the subject of its regulation of this area under the TSCA. EPA "Administrator's Toxic Substances Advisory Committee Meeting" Fed. Regist.48: 8342 (1983) Regulation of Genetically Engineered Substances Under TSCA Chemical Control Division Office of Toxic Substances Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. (March 1982). Congress also recently held a hearing on the subject of existing federal authority over the release of R-DNA-containing organisms into environment. M. Sun Science221: 136 (1983).Sects. 2-30 15 U.S. Code sects. 2601-2629 (1976 and Supp. V 1981). Hereinafter all references in the text to TSCA refer to the section numbers as enacted and not to the corresponding U.S. Code sections.The Administrative Procedure Act specifically states that the reviewing court shall "hold unlawful and set aside agency action findings and conclusions found to be hellip in excess of statutory jurisdiction authority or limitations or short of statutory right. hellip " 5 U.S. Code sect. 706(2)(C) (1976).PHS Act 42 U.S. Code sects. 217a and 241 (1976) Charter Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee Department of Health and Human Services (1982).Korwek E. Food Drug and Cosm. L. J.35: 633 (1980) p. 636.Although DHHS has some authority under Section 361 of the PHS Act to regulate R-DNA materials that cause human disease and are communicable most types of experimentation would not fall into this category. Because of this limitation the Sub committee of the Federal

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AdVANCEd CONCEPTS IN CHEMICAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR A 500-TON SUBMERSIBLE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第1期93卷 63-75页

作者： URBACH, HB KNAUSS, dT QUANdT, ER Dr. Herman B. Urbach:received his B.A. degree in Chemistry from Indiana University in 1948 his M.A. degree in Physical Chemistry from Columbia University in 1950 his Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry from Case-Western Reserve University in 1953 and his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The George Washington University in 1976. After receiving his doctorate he was employed by Olin Mathieson Corporation Niagara Falls N. Y. as a Group Leader and Research Chemist on rocket fuels borane chemistry and the reactions of oxygen atoms with ozone. In 1959 he joined the United Technology Research Laboratories East Hartford Conn. as a Senior Research Scientist working in the area of fuel cells and electrochemistry. Presently he is a Scientific Staff Assistant in the Power Systems Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center where since 1965 he has performed research and development studies on fuel cells gas turbines biphase turbines and MHD systems. Additionally Dr. Urbach was a Consultant to the Artificial Heart Program of the National Heart and Lung Institute NIH and presently is a member of the New York Academy of Science Sigma Xi American Chemical Society Electrochemical Society American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Dr. Donald T. Knauss:received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Duke University in 1956 at which time he took employment with the NASA Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio. Here he was involved with aircraft propulsion innovations until his entry into military service with the U.S. Air Force. After completing work toward his M.S.M.E. degree at Purdue University in 1962 he was employed by Battelle Memorial Institute Columbia Ohio where he was involved in a variety of projects related to Fluid and Thermal Mechanics. He was later employed by the Ballistic Research Laboratories Aberdeen Proving Ground Md. where he contributed to studies of the physical gas dynamics of hypers

Alternative advanced power systems designed to operate a 500-ton submersible have been examined with respect to overall weight and volume fractions. Two-week and one-month missions, with and without the conventional “at-sea” recharge capability, were considered to evaluate the impact of advanced technologies on non-nuclear submarine design. Candidate air-breathing, primary-power systems studied included diesel, Closed-Brayton Cycle (CBC), and fuel cells. A number of options for underwater operation were based upon high-energy reactants replenlshable from Base supplies. Another set of options was considered based upon using JP-S fuel with “at-sea” rechargeable secondary power systems, including thermal-energy storage, advanced lithium-sulfur batteries, or flywheels. Replenlshable high-energy reactant systems were, on average, lower in weight and volume than the rechargeable systems for the same submerged-mission profile. Moreover, the replenlshable systems permitted an extended tactical encounter with a maximum duration of 8 to 17 hours at speeds of 30 knots without the need to resurface and recharge a secondary energy storage device. The lowest-weight rechargeable systems in the order of increasing weight were the CBC engine with advanced lithium-sulfur battery, the CBC engine with carbon-block (thermal energy storage), and the diesel engine with advanced lithium-sulfur battery. The rechargeable systems required unacceptable weight fractions in both missions. The high-energy (replenlshable from Base supplies) systems, with the exception of the heavy acid fuel cell using LOX, were all acceptable candidates for application in the two-week mission. Only the CBC engine with a llthium-sulfurhexaflaoride heat source, the lowest-weight system in both mission groups, was acceptable for the one-month mission.

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BANQUET AddRESS - technology IS FUN, ITS THE OTHER THINGS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第3期93卷 57-59页

作者： FROSCH, RA President American Association of Engineering Societies Inc Dr. Robert A. Frosch born in New York City on 22 May 1928 attended Columbia University from which he received his B.A. degree in 1947 his M.A. degree in 1949 and his Ph.D. degree in 1952 all in the field of Theoretical Physics. While completing his studies for his doctorate he joined Columbia's Hudson Laboratories in 1951 and worked on naval research projects as a Research Scientist until 1958 when he became the Director Hudson Laboratories a post he held until 1963. From 1965 to 1966 he was Deputy Director Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) Department of Defense (DOD) having first joined ARPA in 1963 as the Director for Nuclear Test Detection the position he held until 1965. Since 1969 he also has served as the DOD member of the Committee for Policy Review National Council of Marine Resources and Engineering Development and in 1967 and 1970 as the Chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission meetings at UNESCO in Paris. In addition he was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research & Development from 1966 to 1973 Assistant Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program with the rank of Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations from 1973 to 1975 and Assistant Director for Applied Oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1975 until mid-1977. In June 1977 he became the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) the position he held prior to joining the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) Incorporated. On 20 January 1981 he was elected to his present post as President AAES. Additionally he was the Sea Grant Lecturer for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974 and currently is a National Lecturer for Sigma Xi. During his distinguished career Dr. Frosch has been the recipient of numerous awards among which are the Arthur S. Flemming Award in 1966 the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award in 1

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COMPARATIVE NAVAL ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS OF NATO ANd SOVIET FRIGATES .2.

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第6期92卷 84-93页

作者： KEHOE, JW GRAHAM, C BROWER, KS MEIER, HA USN Capt. James W. Kehoe Jr. USNreceived his U.S. Navy commission in 1952 after receiving his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stonehill College in Massachusetts. and subsequently he attended the Sun Diego State College from which he received his M.A. degree in Education. His sea duty assignments have included three Destroyers most recently as Commanding Officer. USS John R. Pierce (DD-743).and three Aircraft Carriers. most recently as Engineer Officer in theUSS Wasp (CVS-18).Ashore he has had duty in the Navy's Nuclear Weapons Program the POLARIS Missile Program and as an Instructor in Project Management. Currently he is the Director Comparative Naval Architecture Program in the Naval Sea Systems Command. Capt. Kehoe has been a member of ASNE since 1974 and has authored two technical papers on U.S. and Soviet ship design practices which were published in theU.S. Naval Institute Proceedingsand theNaval Engineers Journal. Cdr. Clark Graham USNbetter known as “Corky.” graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1964 and subsequently received his Ph. D. degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1969. Currently. he is assigned to the Naval Sea Systems Command as the DDGX Ship Design Manager. Previous to this assignment. he was the NAVSEA Cruiser Project Manager Representative and SUPSHIP Newport News Project Officer for Nuclear Cruisers. He has served in three combatant ships including the Guided Missile CruiserUSS Gridley (CG-21)as Engineer Officer. He has had a tour of duty at the former Naval Ship Engineering Center as a Ship Design Manager and as Director U.S./Soviet Comparative Ship Design Study. During his duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OP-96). he was the Technical Assistant for the Advanced Naval Vehicles Concept Evaluation. In addition. Cdr. Graham has taught Ship Design in the Naval Construction and Engineering Curriculum at MIT. and recently he developed a course in Comparative Naval Ship Design for the MIT Professional Summer Program. He has had over 15 Techn

This paper is a report of a comparative naval architecture analysis of United States, Canadian, French, Netherlands, German, British, and Soviet Frigates. The investigation covered general arrangements, weapons and sensors, survivability, intact and damaged stability, manning and personnel support (all of which me discussed in PART I), and hull form, propulsion, speed range, sea keeping, ship size, and future growth capability (to be published in PART II). Weapons and sensors were only addressed in terms of their impact on the weight and volume of the ship. The actual military effectiveness of each Frigate was not assessed.

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ANd dESIGN OF A CATAMARAN CROSS‐STRUCTURE BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOd

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Naval Engineers Journal 1973年第1期85卷 33-42页

作者： MANSOUR, dR.A. FENTON, LCdR. PAUL H. Dr. A. Mansour an Associate Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cairo in 1958 and his M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1962 and 1966 respectively. He has had field experience and design responsibilities for about six years in the Suez Canal Authority John J. McMullen Associates Inc. and M. Rosenblatt and Son Inc. and has been with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the past four years. During this period he contributed several technical papers and reports in the areas of structural mechanics sea loads finite element analysis of marine structures and probabilistic structural mechanics. He has been a consultant for several companies and organizations is a member of Sigma Xi and SNAME currently serving as a member of the latter's Stress Analysis and Strength of Structural Elements Panel. USN Lieutenant Commander Paul H. Fenton USN a 1964 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy recently completed a graduate education program at M.I.T. in the field of Naval Construction and Engineering earning two degrees: Ocean Engineer and Master of Science in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. He is presently assigned to the Charleston Naval Shipyard Charleston South Carolina and has had previous duty in the U.S.S. STICKELL (DD 888) and with the Naval Support Activity Saigon.

One of the problems encountered during the design of the ASR‐21 Catamaran is the determination of the effectiveness of the cross‐structure deck plating. In this paper, this problem is examined using the Finite Element Method. The behavior of a multicell box girder representing a catamaran cross‐structure is studied. Because of the relatively low length‐to‐breadth ratio of a typical catamaran cross‐structure, the deck plating effectiveness is found to be rather small. Parametric studies are performed, and curves of the effectiveness as a function of the relevant geometric and loading parameters are presented. These curves may be helpful in the early stages of new designs. © 1973 by the American Society of Naval Engineers

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The Significance of Certain Parameters in Buoyancy System Performance

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Naval Engineers Journal 1971年第4期83卷 75-81页

作者： HANSEN, O. RICHARd UHLER, dALE G. O. Richard Hansen obtained a BSCE from Colorado State University in 1950 and has participated in continuing educational courses at the University of Washington Wayne State University and the University of Michigan. He was employed at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for five years as a Mechanical Engineer and Project leader in industrial gases and cryogenic O2. Producers for Shipboard Applications followed by seven years at Chrysler Corporation initially as a project engineer in the FBM program subsequently assigned to Mechanical Laboratory achieving Managing Engineer status of a department therein which contained the facilities group instrumentation group and an experimental machine shop. This was followed by employment at Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratories as a senior engineer conducting studies in two phase liquid hydrogen flow in simulated NERVA cores. Following this he served two years of employment with the Lockheed Georgia Company conducting material studies in combined nuclear cryogenic environments at the NASA 60 megawatt test reactor located in Sandusky Ohio. Joined NAVSEC in 1966 as a mechanical engineer in the compressed air systems group and has been assigned to the Supervisor of Diving Salvage and Ocean Engineering conducting analysis and evaluation of compressed air and gas systems associated with diving and salvage operations. Dale G. Uhler received BSCE degree from Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1964. He spent two years as a construction engineer before entering graduate school at the University of Miami Florida where he received his MS degree in applied mechanics with a minor in Ocean Engineering in 1968. He is now employed as an Ocean Engineer in the office of the U. S. Navy Director of Diving Salvage and Ocean Engineering where he is the project manager for the Large Object Salvage System and related development programs and concurrently working toward his Ph. D. at Catholic University.

The advent of deep ocean technology has created a need of buoyancy at ever increasing depths. This paper concerns itself with two most widely used techniques for dewatering/deballasting, compressed air supplied by surface maintained compressors and high pressure gases contained in pressure vessels. The objective of the paper is to examine the effects on these two techniques of various parameters which, in the author's opinion, are often overlooked by design engineers. This results in a significant degradation of the system under actual operating conditions. The principal parameters involved are structural integrity, geometric properties, material properties and the variance with pressure of the real gas properties and sea water density. This paper is an attempt to appraise designers and users of the impact of the above considerations on proposed buoyancy systems. © 1971 American Society of Naval Engineers

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