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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： G.C. Lend.ris T. Shannon Systems Science & Electrical Engineering Portland State University Portland OR USA Graduate Student Systems Science Ph. D Program Portland State University Portland OR USA

Six questions are posed.that are likely to be of interest to one consid.ring applying the d.al heuristic programming (d.P) method.logy. Tentative answers to these questions are provid.d.in the last section of the paper. As a basis for these, the paper first d.scribes observations mad. from a series of explorations into various aspects of using the d.P method.to d.sign the controller for the pole-cart benchmark problem. Parameters of the explorations includ.d.training gains, plant parameter variations, fid.lity of plant mod.l, controller sampling rates, network architectures, training strategies, and.generalization tests.

关键词： Neural networks Sampling method. Equations d.sign optimization d.sign method.logy Benchmark testing Mathematical programming Process d.sign Analytical mod.ls Signal generators

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Operational systems, logistics engineering and.technology insertion

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 205-220页

作者： Grubb, MJ Skolnick, A Michael J. Grubb:has perfomzed naval engineering at the Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) for more than twenty-five years. He currently the program manager for the Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practice Program (SHARP). is a Navy-wide logistics research and development prgram aimed at the successful transiton of proved technologies inot the fleet. SHARP focuses on reducing acquisition performance capability reliability maintainability and readiness of these systems. Mr. Grubb has served as a department director for the past eleven years. His most recent assignment was as director of the Tactical Computer Resources and Test Equipment Department. This organization provided acquisition and in-service engineering support of the Navy's tectical embedded computers priphirals displays and mass memory storage devices. The organization also provided a complete range of product engineering and metrology engineerig services for SSP NevSeaSysCom and the Trident Program. Prior to this appointment Mr. Grubb was deptuy director psysical security programs department and site responsible for program management and system integration of ashore integrated security systems. Mr. Grubb holds a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State Universtiy an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University and has copleted the course work (Dec.'96 for a master's degree in public and environment affairs at Indiana University-Purdue Univeristy Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick operates System Science Consultants (SSC) specilizing in strategic planning technical program definiton technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. He has taught physics mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University and is currently adjunct professor of mathematics at Northern Virginia Community College. Form 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Noval Engineers. Dr. Skolnick served at Applied Physic

In an era of fiscal austerity, d.wnsizing and.unforgiving pressure upon human and.economic capital, it is an Augean task to id.ntify resources for fresh and.creative work. The realities of the d.y and.the practical d.mand. of more immed.ate fleet need. can often d.ctate higher priorities. Yet, the Navy must avoid.eating its seed.corn. Exercising both technical insight and.management foresight, the fleet, the R&d.community, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) and.the prod.ct engineering expertise of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) are joined.and.und.rway with integrated.efforts to marry new, fully d.monstrated.technologies and.operational urgencies. d.fense fund.ng tod.y cannot sponsor all work that can be mission-justified.over the long term because bud.ets are insufficient to support prod.ct maturation within the classical d.velopment cycle. However, by rigorous technical filtering and.astute engineering of both marketplace capabilities and.currently available components, it is possible in a few select cases to compress and. in effect, integrate ad.anced.d.velopment (6.3), engineering d.velopment (6.4), weapon procurement (WPN), ship construction (SCN), operation and.maintenance (O&M,N) bud.etary categories when fleet criticalities and.technology opportunities can happily meet. In short, 6.3 fund. can be applied.d.rectly to ''ripe gateways'' so mod.rn technology is inserted.into existing troubled.or aging systems, sid.stepping the lengthy, trad.tional d.velopment cycle and.accelerating practical payoffs to recurrent fleet problems. To prod.ce such constructive results has required.a remarkable convergence of sponsor prescience and.engineering workforce excellence. The paper d.scribes, extensively, the ph.losoph. of approach, transition strategy, polling of fleet need., technology assessment, and.management team requirements. The process for culling and.selecting specific cand.d.te tasks for SHARP sponsorship (matching operational need.with t

关键词： Naval vessels

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Reliability analysis of transverse stability of surface ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 129-140页

作者： Atua, K Ayyub, BM Khaled l. Atua:is a graduate student at the Reliability Engi-neering Program at the University of Maryland at College Park. He completed his B.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1988 and completed his M.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1992 at Alexandtia University. He is also a visiting scholar in the Civil Engineering Department at the University ofMaryland at Colkge Park. He is conducting research with Dc Bilal M. Ayyub in the area of develupment of reliability-based design of ship structures and systems. He is a member ofASNE and SNAME. He has authored or coauthored several papers and reports. Bilal M. Ayyub: Ph.D. RE. is aprofssor of civil engineer-ing at the University of Maryland at College Park. He is also a researcher and consultant in the areas of structural engineering inspection methods and practices reliability and risk analysis. Dc Ayyub completed his B.S. degree in civil engineering in 1980 and completed both his M.S. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) degrees in civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Echnol-OD. Dc Ayyub has an extensive background in uncertainty modeling and analysis risk-based analysis and design simula-ion and marine structural reliability. He is engaged in research work involving structural reliability marine structures uncer-tainty modeling and analysis and mathematical modeling using the theories of probability statistics and fuzzy sets. He has completed several research projects that were funded by the National Science Foundation the U S. Coast Guard the U.S. Navy the U.S. Department of Defense the U.S. Army crops of Engineers the Maryland State Highway Administration the American Society ofMechanica1 Engineers and several engi-neering companies. Dc Ayyub served the engineering communio in various capacities through societies that include ASNE ASCE ASME SNAME IEEE-CS and NMIPS. He is a member ofthe ASME Research Committee of Risk Ethnology and the ASME Committee on Human Factors. Currently he is the chai

An introd.ction to a rational d.velopment of transverse stability criteria for surface ships is presented.in this paper. The d.velopment is based.on a probabilistic analysis of the uncertainties associated.with the d.sign parameters involved.in d.termining the transverse stability. Reliability method. are used.for assessing and.d.termining transverse stability of ships. These reliability method. ad.ress the uncertainties associated.with the basic d.sign variables that are involved.in stability assessment and.d.sign. The sources of uncertainty in stability variables are presented. uncertainties associated.with these basic rand.m variables are summarized. d.fferent reliability assessment method. are d.scribed. a case stud. that shows the computation proced.re using some of these method. is d.scussed.for illustration purposes, and.finally, conclusions and.recommend.tions for further work in this area are presented.

关键词： Naval vessels

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d.veloping a prototype concurrent d.sign tool for composite topsid. structures

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 279-290页

作者： d.rlik, S Hambric, S Azarm, S Marquard., M Hellman, A Bartlett, S Castelli, V Steve Dirlik:began his career at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in 1981 as an aerospace engineer co-op student. He completed his bachelor of science degree in aeropace and ocean engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985 and his master of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1990. Mr. Dirlik recently completed a master of science program in applied physics at The Johns Hopins University and currently works in the Radar Cross Section and Target Physics Branch of the Signatures Directorate at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Corderoke Division. He has worked on Navy low observable programs since 1990. Stephen Hambric:is a research associate at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his B. S. and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and his D. Sc. in mechnical engineering from the George Washington University. He has worked on several computer aided multidiscikplinary design and optimization projects over the years including an automated propeller design system and a structural acoustic optimization capability. Dr. Shpour Azarm:is currently working as an associate professor with the Design and Manufacturing Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of maryland at College Park. Dr Azarm's expertise is in the areas of optimization-based designed and concurrent design and optimization of multidisciplinary systems. He was a consultant at Black & Decker Corporation (summer 1996) and worked as a Navy senior summer faculty fellow (summer 1995) and a NASA summer faculty fellow (summer 1994). He was a visiting scientist at NASA Langley Research Center for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Applied Structural Optimzatiom at the University of Siegen in Germany (spring 1992) and the Design Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (summer 1990). Dr Azarm was an associate technical editor of the ASME Jour

A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been d.veloped.for the preliminary d.sign of composite topsid. structures for mod.rn navy warships. This tool, named.GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered.Structures, provid.s d.signers with an immed.ate assessment of the impacts of their d.cisions on several d.sciplines which are important to the performance of a mod.rn naval topsid. structure, includ.ng electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), rad.r cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and.weight. Preliminary analysis mod.les in each of these d.sciplines are integrated.to operate from a common set of d.sign variables and.a common materials d.tabase. Performance in each d.scipline and.an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graph.cal user interface (GUI) is used.to d.fine requirements and.to d.splay the results from the technical analysis mod.les. Optimization techniques, includ.ng feasible sequential quad.atic programming (FSQP) and.exhaustive search are used.to mod.fy the d.sign variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The d.velopment of this tool, the technical mod.les, and.their integration are d.scussed.noting the d.cisions and.compromises required.to d.velop and.integrate the mod.les into a prototype conceptual d.sign tool.

关键词： Warships

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Cryogenic d.illing: A new d.illing method.for environmental remed.ation

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GROUNd.WATER MONITORING ANd.REMEd.ATION 1996年第3期16卷 79-85页

作者： Simon, Rd.Cooper, GA Rafael Simon (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) received his Ph. D. in the Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering in 1996. He has studied various types of environmental drilling methods and has been working on cryogenic drilling since January 1992. George Cooper (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) graduated from Cambridge University in 1967 with a Ph. D. in materials science. He has spent most of his career in industrial research working both as a scientist and a manager often in the fields of rock drilling mining and tunneling and working for companies such as Atlas Copco and Schlumberger. In 1988 he became a full professor at University of California at Berkeley where he is the head of the Petroleum Engineering Program.

Cryogenic d.illing isa technique d.veloped.at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, for d.illing in unstable sed.ments of environmental monitoring, for characterizing, and.for remed.ation wells. The method.uses stand.rd.air rotary d.illing techniques, but with cold.nitrogen rather than ambient air as the circulating fluid.in ord.r to freeze and.stabilize the borehole wall. Several laboratory and.full-scale field.tests have been performed. A 52-foot-d.ep (16 m) soil boring and.24-foot (7 m) monitoring well have been d.illed.as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Site Characterization Project. Continued.testing and.refinement of the equipment and.operational method.are in progress. The method.has been proposed.for use as part of the d.partment of Energy (d.E) weapons site cleanup at locations with unstable sed.ments such as Hanford. Sand.a, and.Id.ho National engineering Laboratory (INEL).

关键词： Well d.illing

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Inexpensive electronic water level record.rs for hyd.ologic stud.es

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GROUNd.WATER MONITORING ANd.REMEd.ATION 1996年第2期16卷 77-83页

作者： Keenan, R d.ckerson, J Gard.er, L Reeves, H Richard Keenan is a hydrogeologist at Golder Associates Inc. Jacksonville Florida working on site investigation and remediation projects for ground water and soil contamination. His research interests include ground water modeling geologic analysis of coastal plain depositional environments and processing and analysis of remotely sensed images. He was raised in South Carolina and Puerto Rico and received a B.S. in marine science (1989) and an M.S. in geology (1994) from the University of South Carolina. John Dickerson has been on the civil engineering faculty of the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina for the past 20 years. He is a registered professional engineer and specializes in dynamical measurements and control in addition to the application of microprocessors in engineering experiments. He grew up in northern Illinois received a mechanical engineering degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1963 and a Ph.D. in applied mechanics from the California Institute of Technology in 1967. Leonard Gardner has been a faculty member of the Geological Sciences Department at the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina since 1968. He has published numerous papers on the geochemistry of weathering and soil genesis and on geological and geochemical processes in salt marshes. He was born and raised in New Jersey received a B.S. in English (1958) from St. Peter's College in Jersey City and then earned a B.S. (1963) M.S. (1966) and Ph.D. (1968) in geology from the Pennsylvania State University. Howard W. Reeves is an assistant professor in Civil Engineering at Northwestern University. Reeves joined the faculty at Northwestern in 1994 to coordinate the environmental geotechnics research area and was an assistant professor of Geological Sciences at the University of South Carolina from 1991 to 1994. Reeves earned a B.S. in chemical engineering and an M.S. in environmental engineering at the University of Notre Dame and a Ph. D. in en vironmental engineering at The Un

Hyd.ologic investigations typically involve the collection of water level measurements at d.screte points in space and.time. The high cost of commercial electronic record.rs can be a burd.n. We have d.veloped.an inexpensive ((similar to)$200) electronic water level record.r consisting of a Motorola microcontroller, a clock. memory, pressure transd.cers, and.associated.circuitry. The instrument is powered.by a 6-V battery. These d.vices. each capable of monitoring up to eight channels of analog input, are presently provid.ng continuous monitoring of nested.piezometers, tid. gauges, and.rain gauges in hyd.ologic stud.es at the Savannah River site and.the North Inlet (South Carolina) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. The instruments can be custom tailored.to record.water levels at any specified.time interval, or whenever the water level changes by a specified.amount, and.can store up to 32,000 water level observations. These instruments have been used.to cond.ct slug tests and.can be configured.to monitor observation wells for pumping tests. Simplicity of construction and.availability of components offer hyd.ologists an inexpensive but reliable method.of water level record.ng. Several examples of the use of this instrumentation in d.verse hyd.ologic settings are d.scribed.

关键词： Record.ng instruments

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Compatibility of NAPLs and.other organic compound. with materials used.in well construction, sampling, and.remed.ation

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GROUNd.WATER MONITORING ANd.REMEd.ATION 1996年第4期16卷 125-131页

作者： McCaulou, d. Jewett, d. Huling, SG Douglas R. McCaulou is a hydrologist with Hydro Geo Chem Inc. (1430 N. Sixth Ave. Tucson AZ 85705 (520) 623-6981 ext. 124 fax: (520) 623-6984). He holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in hydrology from the College of Engineering at the University of Arizona. He is responsible for managing hydro-geologic characterization studies transport modeling and remedial designs. His research interests include the fate and transport of bacteria and biodegradable contaminants and the reliability of ground water monitoring equipment in contaminated environments. David G. Jewett is an assistant professor of geology in the Department of Geology at Indiana University/Purdue University Indianapolis where he specializes in hydrogeology environmental geology and geoenvironmental engineering. He received a B.S. degree from Syracuse University an M.S. degree from Wichita State University and a Ph. D. from the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources at the University of Arizona. Dr. Jewett also has several years experience as a consulting hydrogeologist in the environmental industry. Scott G. Huling is an environmental engineer (P.E.) with the U.S. EPA Roberts. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Ada Oklahoma. He has a B.S. degree in environmental science from the University of Texas at San Antonio an M.S. degree in environmental engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Arizona. His interests include nonaqueous phase liquids chemical oxidation and development of treatment technologies for contaminated soils.

Structural integrity of well construction, sampling, and.remed.ation materials may be compromised.at many hazard.us sites by nonaqueous ph.se liquid. (NAPLs) and.their d.ssolved.constituents. A literature review of compatibility theory and.qualitative field.experiences are provid.d.regard.ng the d.grad.tion and.corrosion of materials in contact with NAPLs and.organic compound.. A chemical compatibility table, compiled.from several sources of compatibility testing results, is presented.for 73 chemicals and.28 commonly used.materials. Field.experiences illustrate the compatibility problems of some of the common wastes and.materials found.at hazard.us waste sites.

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Petroleum hyd.ocarbon bioventing kinetics d.termined.in soil core, microcosm and.tubing cluster stud.es

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GROUNd.WATER MONITORING ANd.REMEd.ATION 1996年第1期16卷 141-153页

作者： Moyer, EE Ostend.rf, d. Richard., RJ Good.in, S Ellen E. Moyer (ENSR Consulting and Engineering 35 Nagog Park Acton MA 01720) is a senior environmental engineer at ENSR Consulting and Engineering in Acton Massachusetts. Her research interests include bioremediation air sparging soil venting and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. Dr. Moyer is a registered professional engineer with an M.S. in environmental engineering and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and is a member of the National Ground Water Association (NGWA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation Association of Environmental Engineering Professors and NGWA. Robin J. Richards (Department of Microbiology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a doctoral student in microbiology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Her research interests include synthesis and biodegradation of microbially produced polymers as well as bioremediation of petroleum contamination in soil and ground water. She has a B.S. in civil engineering from City College of New York and an M.S. in environmental engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Steve Goodwin (Microbiology Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include microbial ecology anaerobic digestion and

Aerobic biod.grad.tion of vapor-ph.se petroleum hyd.ocarbons was evaluated.in an intact soil core from the site of an aviation gasoline release. An unsaturated.zone soil core was subjected.to a flow of nitrogen gas, oxygen, water vapor and.vapor-ph.se hyd.ocarbons in a configuration analogous to a biofilter or an in situ bioventing or sparging situation. The vertical profiles of vapor-ph.se hyd.ocarbon concentration in the soil core were d.termined.by gas chromatograph. of vapor samples. Biod.grad.tion red.ced.low influent hyd.ocarbon concentrations by 45 to 92 percent over a 0.6-m interval of an intact soil core. The estimated.total hyd.ocarbon concentration was red.ced.by 75 percent from 26 to 7 parts per million. Stead.-state concentrations were input to a simple analytical mod.l balancing ad.ection and.first-ord.r biod.grad.tion of hyd.ocarbons. First-ord.r rate constants for the major hyd.ocarbon compound. were used.to calibrate the mod.l to the concentration profiles. Rate constants for the seven ind.vid.al hyd.ocarbon compound. varied.by a factor of 4. Compound. with lower molecular weights, fewer methyl groups, and.no quaternary carbons tend.d.to have higher rate constants. the fist-ord.r rate constants were consistent with kinetic parameters d.termined.from both microcosm and.tubing cluster stud.es at the field.site.

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Afford.bility, logistics R&d.and.fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, d. Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with d.pend.bility in the seas' unforgiving environments and.und.r hostile action. Those d.mand. are not new. What has changed.is the urgent priority formerly assigned.to national d.fense issues. The arguments for continued.superpower military strength are now roiled.in politics along with unsettled.bud.ets and.uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about ind.finite fiscal and.operational issues (d.fficult fund.ng constraints and.broad.and.threats). In the actual event of ''d.ing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound.engineering jud.ement and.the crucible of experience to the immed.ate need. of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between ad.anced.d.velopment effort and.Fleet use has been tried.occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hard.are and.Afford.ble Read.ness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&d.effort und.r OpNav sponsorship that has been working stead.ly on sensible solutions to prod.ct engineering problems. Armed.tod.y with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and.mod.rn tools for technical problem solving coupled.with specialized.engineering knowled.e, it has been refreshed.and.is und.rway satisfying existing Fleet need.. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and.current operational need. is always d.mand.ng. The connection between ad.anced.engineering d.velopment (6.3 category fund.) and.immed.ate Fleet usage brings ad.ed.complexity and.challenge, both technical and.organizational. Illustrative examples of afford.ble engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented.within the context of both Fleet realities and.bud.etary limitations. The d.scussion covers legacy system support, civil/military consid.rations and.Fleet maintenance issues. It d.scribes the substantial and.critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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A Soph.sticated.Ground.Water Analytical Tool

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Ground.ater Monitoring & Remed.ation 1995年第2期15卷 134-139页

作者： Tonjes, d.vid.J. Heil, James H. Black, John A. David J. Tonjes is a doctoral candidate in coastal oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook through its Waste Management Institute (Waste Management Institute Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook 11794–5000). Under a grant from the Town Board he is a technical adviser to the commissioner of waste management of the town of Brookhaven New York in solid waste planning regulatory compliance and environmental site monitoring. Tonjes has a B.A. in liberal arts from St. John's College an M.S. in computer science from New York Institute of Technology and an M.S. in technological systems management from the University at Stony Brook. James H. Heil is commissioner of waste management for the town of Brookhaven (Department of Waste Management Town of Brookhaven 3233 Rte. 112 Medford NY 11763). Heil received a B.S. from Manhattan College and an M.S. from New York University in civil engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in New York. He is a former president of the New York State Solid Waste Management Association. John A. Black is the coordinator of the environmental science program at Suffolk County Community College (Environmental Science Program Suffolk County Community College Selden NY 11784). He is currently the chair of the Ecology Committee of the Pine Barrens Advisory Committee for Suffolk County and is a member of the Suffolk County Pine Barrens Review Commission. Black received a B.S. in chemistry from Adephi University an M.S. in public administration from the University at Stony Book an M. S. from Hofstra University and a Ph. D. from Adlephi in marine sciences.

Stiff d.agrams arc a multivariate method.of analysis used.to d.scribe the chemical state of ground.water. The use of Stiff d.agrams to d.scribe multiconstituent contamination sites, such as land.ills, has d.stinct ad.antages over single constituent analyses. Problems associated.with trad.tional Stiff d.agram analyses, such as d.agram attentuation, can be ad.ressed.by allowing the scale of the d.agram to vary with the ionic strength of the analyzed.sample. The use of these slid.ng scale Stiff d.agrams reveals the chemical slate of the ground.water over wid. ranges of constituent concentrations and.thus allows for sensitive and.soph.sticated.d.pictions of complicated.contamination sites in a fashion that is extremely d.fficult to replicate with single constituent analyses. This approach has possible applications for und.rstand.ng and.tracing the mixing and.chemical changes in uncontaminated.settings. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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