This paper provid.s a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship d.sign may be und.rstood. HFE is d.fined.and.its history as part of engineeringd.sign teams is traced. The role of...
This paper provid.s a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship d.sign may be und.rstood. HFE is d.fined.and.its history as part of engineeringd.sign teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systemsd.sign is d.fined. and.the HFE Technology for Ships program, managed.by SEA 061R, is d.scribed. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the d.sign process is presented. the method.logy whereby it is incorporated.into the d.sign process is d.tailed. method.logy to assess the application of HFE is outlined. and.the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE consid.rations in the d.sign process are d.cumented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated.through instances of d.sign-ind.ced.human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated.through use of the Land.ng Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The d.fficulties which may be encountered.as the size of the target system expand. are d.scribed. Potential road.locks to the required.incorporation of HFE are examined.for their source and.possible ameliorative steps.
A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been d.veloped.for the preliminary d.sign of composite topsid. structures for mod.rn navy warships. This tool, named.GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered.Structure...
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A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been d.veloped.for the preliminary d.sign of composite topsid. structures for mod.rn navy warships. This tool, named.GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered.Structures, provid.s d.signers with an immed.ate assessment of the impacts of their d.cisions on several d.sciplines which are important to the performance of a mod.rn naval topsid. structure, includ.ng electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), rad.r cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and.weight. Preliminary analysis mod.les in each of these d.sciplines are integrated.to operate from a common set of d.sign variables and.a common materials d.tabase. Performance in each d.scipline and.an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graph.cal user interface (GUI) is used.to d.fine requirements and.to d.splay the results from the technical analysis mod.les. Optimization techniques, includ.ng feasible sequential quad.atic programming (FSQP) and.exhaustive search are used.to mod.fy the d.sign variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The d.velopment of this tool, the technical mod.les, and.their integration are d.scussed.noting the d.cisions and.compromises required.to d.velop and.integrate the mod.les into a prototype conceptual d.sign tool.
作者:
d.vid.G. SlearRobert L. LongJames d. JonesF. S. GiacobbeGPU Nuclear
Parsippany N.J. 07054 In 1974
David Slear joined General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp. where his responsibilities included the design review of components for new nuclear power plants and troubleshooting component failures both in nuclear power and fossil plants in the GPU System. In 1978 he was promoted to Preliminary Engineering Manager and was responsible for coordinating the preparation of design criteria for several coal-fired plants and combustion turbines to be installed throughout the 1980s. Immediately following the TMI-2 accident
he was placed in charge of coordinating the establishment of criteria and the design for numerous modifications that were perceived to be required in order to maintain core cooling and a stable safe shutdown condition for the TMI-2 reactor. Subsequently he was promoted to Manager of TMI Engineering Projects which involved establishing the criteria and coordinating the engineering for the numerous modifications required to TMI-1 as a result of the Lessons Learned from the accident at TMI-2. He holds a B.S. Degree in Mechanical Engineering and an M.S. Degree in Mechanical Engineering.Since April 1982
Robert L. Long has been Vice President and Director of the Nuclear Assurance Division of the GPU Nuclear Corp. This includes responsibilities for the Quality Assurance Department the Nuclear Safety Assessment Department the Training & Education Directorate and the Emergency Preparedness Department. Joining GPU in 1978 he has been actively involved with Three Mile Island recovery and restart activities since the spring of 1979. From February 1980 through March 1982 he served as Director–Training & Education for GPU Nuclear. He holds the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Bucknell University and the M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Nuclear Engineering from Purdue University. He has written numerous publications and has presented lectures on “energy and the environment” issues all over the United States and in Southeast Asia. Since joining GPU Nuclear Corpo
Chronic care manages long-term, progressive cond.tions, while acute care ad.resses short-term cond.tions. Chronic cond.tions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared.for these d.mand.. This stud....
In 2023, La Niña cond.tions that generally prevailed.in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid.2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmosph.ric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhous...
In 2023, La Niña cond.tions that generally prevailed.in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid.2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmosph.ric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases—carbon d.oxid., methane, and.nitrous oxid.—all increased.to record.high levels. The annual global average carbon d.oxid. concentration in the atmosph.re rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-ind.strial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record.since the 1960s. The combined.short-term effects of El Niño and.the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosph.re contributed.to new record. for many essential climate variables reported.here. The annual global temperature across land.and.oceans was the highest in record.d.ting as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–d.cember) having each been record.warm. Over land. the globally averaged.temperature was also record.high. d.zens of countries reported.record.or near-record.warmth for the year, includ.ng China and.continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record., Ind.a and.Russia (second.warmest), and.Canad. (third.warmest). Intense and.wid.spread.heatwaves were reported.around.the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record.of 44.2°C was observed.at Tuong d.ong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record.of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached.44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record.and.12.8°C above normal. The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosph.re, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record.for North America and.seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisph.re overall. Heatwaves contributed.to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around.the world.since the start of the record.in 1970. d.e to rapid.volume loss beginning in 2021, St. A
Background. Experimental and.epid.miological stud.es ind.cate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and.increased.risk of type 2 d.abetes. In view of the high and.increasing prevalen...
Background. Experimental and.epid.miological stud.es ind.cate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and.increased.risk of type 2 d.abetes. In view of the high and.increasing prevalence of d.abetes, we aimed.to quantify the burd.n of type 2 d.abetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and.household.air pollution. Method.: We systematically compiled.all relevant cohort and.case-control stud.es assessing the effect of exposure to household.and.ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 d.abetes incid.nce and.mortality. We d.rived.an exposure–response curve from the extracted.relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised. trimmed. tool. The estimated.curve was linked.to ambient and.household.PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burd.n of d.seases, Injuries, and.Risk Factors Stud. 2019, and.estimates of the attributable burd.n (population attributable fractions and.rates per 100 000 population of d.aths and.d.sability-ad.usted.life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed.the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and.type 2 d.abetes incid.nce in the observed.trend.in PM2·5-attributable type 2 d.abetes burd.n. All estimates are presented.with 95% uncertainty intervals. Find.ngs: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burd.n of type 2 d.abetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated.3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) d.aths per 100 000 population and.167 (117–223) d.sability-ad.usted.life-years (d.LYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of d.aths and.13·6% (9·73–17·9) of d.LYs d.e to type 2 d.abetes were contributed.by ambient PM2·5, and.6·50% (4·22–9·53) of d.aths and.5·92% (3·81–8·64) of d.LYs by household.air pollution. High burd.ns, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated.in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and.South Am
Background. High-resolution estimates of HIV burd.n across space and.time provid. an important tool for tracking and.monitoring the progress of prevention and.control efforts and.assist with improving the precision an...
Background. High-resolution estimates of HIV burd.n across space and.time provid. an important tool for tracking and.monitoring the progress of prevention and.control efforts and.assist with improving the precision and.efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed.to assess HIV incid.nce and.HIV mortality for all second.level ad.inistrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Method.: In this mod.lling stud., we d.veloped.a framework that used.the geograph.cally specific HIV prevalence d.ta collected.in seroprevalence surveys and.antenatal care clinics to train a mod.l that estimates HIV incid.nce and.mortality among ind.vid.als aged.15–49 years. We used.a mod.l-based.geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second.ad.inistrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and.sought d.ta on the number of ind.vid.als on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second.level ad.inistrative unit. We then mod.fied.the Estimation and.Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and.treatment estimates to estimate HIV incid.nce and.mortality by second.level ad.inistrative unit. Find.ngs: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incid.nce and.mortality rates both between and.within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater d.fference in estimated.HIV incid.nce between the second.level ad.inistrative units with the lowest and.highest estimated.incid.nce levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incid.nce ranged.from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and.HIV mortality ranged.from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) d.aths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incid.nce and.mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and.the highest estimated.rates were accord.ngly higher. Among second.level ad.inistrative units, Guijá d.strict, Gaza Province, Mozambique,
Background. The COVId.19 pand.mic highlighted.gaps in health surveillance systems, d.sease prevention, and.treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led.to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background. The COVId.19 pand.mic highlighted.gaps in health surveillance systems, d.sease prevention, and.treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led.to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and.mid.le-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pand.mic prepared.ess. We aimed.to provid. a comparative assessment of global health spend.ng at the onset of the pand.mic;characterise the amount of d.velopment assistance for pand.mic prepared.ess and.response d.sbursed.in the first 2 years of the COVId.19 pand.mic;and.examine expectations for future health spend.ng and.put into context the expected.need.for investment in pand.mic prepared.ess. Method.: In this analysis of global health spend.ng between 1990 and.2021, and.pred.ction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated.four sources of health spend.ng: d.velopment assistance for health (d.H), government spend.ng, out-of-pocket spend.ng, and.prepaid.private spend.ng across 204 countries and.territories. We used.the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and.d.velopment (OECd.'s Cred.tor Reporting System (CRS) and.the WHO Global Health Expend.ture d.tabase (GHEd. to estimate spend.ng. We estimated.d.velopment assistance for general health, COVId.19 response, and.pand.mic prepared.ess and.response using a keyword.search. Health spend.ng estimates were combined.with estimates of resources need.d.for pand.mic prevention and.prepared.ess to analyse future health spend.ng patterns, relative to need. Find.ngs: In 2019, at the onset of the COVId.19 pand.mic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health world.id.. We found.great d.sparities in the amount of resources d.voted.to health, with high-income countries spend.ng $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in d.velopment assistance was provid.d
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