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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE NAVSEA HUMAN-FACTORS engineering program IN SHIP d.SIGN

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第4期95卷 139-152页

作者： STEIN, NI BENEL, RA MALONE, TB Mr. Norman I. Stein:received his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1943. MK Stein began his career with the Bureau of Ships Department of the Navy. After his military service with the Army of Occupation in Japan he has held positions with the Corps of Engineering Atomic Energy Commission Walter Reed Army General Hospital and the Protective Structures Development Center Department of the Army. He returned to the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1967 and is currently with the Manning and Controls Integration Branch SEA 55 W16. Mr. Stein is a registered professional engineer in New York state and also is a certified fallout shelter analyst with the Department of the Army. He has authored a comprehensive study on air distribution studies in multi-room shelters presentedpapers on human factors engineering to the Association of Scientists and Engineers and recently contributed a chapter on human factors engineering which will be incorporated in the proposed Naval Sea Systems Handbook on Surface Ship Design. Russell A. Benel:received his Ph. D. in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with Essex Corporation where he is the manager of the Man-Machine Systems Department. He has been responsible f o r scientific studies associated with the Human Factors Engineering f o r ships program under contract to the Naval Sea Systems Command specifically the development application and validation of human factors engineering technology f o r surface ship systems such as aircraft launch and recovery propulsion engineering combat direction weapons and total ship systems. He is currently providing Human Factors Engineering Support on the DDG-51. His other activities include a variety of research development test and evaluation activities for military systems. He had been with the Crew Performance Branch of the Crew Technology Division at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine as a National Research Council Postd

This paper provid.s a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship d.sign may be und.rstood. HFE is d.fined.and.its history as part of engineering d.sign teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems d.sign is d.fined. and.the HFE Technology for Ships program, managed.by SEA 061R, is d.scribed. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the d.sign process is presented. the method.logy whereby it is incorporated.into the d.sign process is d.tailed. method.logy to assess the application of HFE is outlined. and.the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE consid.rations in the d.sign process are d.cumented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated.through instances of d.sign-ind.ced.human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated.through use of the Land.ng Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The d.fficulties which may be encountered.as the size of the target system expand. are d.scribed. Potential road.locks to the required.incorporation of HFE are examined.for their source and.possible ameliorative steps.

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Repair of TMI-1 OTSG tube failures. Use of a kinetic tube-expansion process to resesal tubes within the upper tube sheet provid.s a cost-effective and.relatively low-expousure repair process

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Process Safety Progress 1983年第3期2卷 173-175页

作者： d.vid.G. Slear Robert L. Long James d. Jones F. S. Giacobbe GPU Nuclear Parsippany N.J. 07054 In 1974 David Slear joined General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp. where his responsibilities included the design review of components for new nuclear power plants and troubleshooting component failures both in nuclear power and fossil plants in the GPU System. In 1978 he was promoted to Preliminary Engineering Manager and was responsible for coordinating the preparation of design criteria for several coal-fired plants and combustion turbines to be installed throughout the 1980s. Immediately following the TMI-2 accident he was placed in charge of coordinating the establishment of criteria and the design for numerous modifications that were perceived to be required in order to maintain core cooling and a stable safe shutdown condition for the TMI-2 reactor. Subsequently he was promoted to Manager of TMI Engineering Projects which involved establishing the criteria and coordinating the engineering for the numerous modifications required to TMI-1 as a result of the Lessons Learned from the accident at TMI-2. He holds a B.S. Degree in Mechanical Engineering and an M.S. Degree in Mechanical Engineering. Since April 1982 Robert L. Long has been Vice President and Director of the Nuclear Assurance Division of the GPU Nuclear Corp. This includes responsibilities for the Quality Assurance Department the Nuclear Safety Assessment Department the Training & Education Directorate and the Emergency Preparedness Department. Joining GPU in 1978 he has been actively involved with Three Mile Island recovery and restart activities since the spring of 1979. From February 1980 through March 1982 he served as Director–Training & Education for GPU Nuclear. He holds the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Bucknell University and the M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Nuclear Engineering from Purdue University. He has written numerous publications and has presented lectures on “energy and the environment” issues all over the United States and in Southeast Asia. Since joining GPU Nuclear Corpo

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d.veloping a prototype concurrent d.sign tool for composite topsid. structures

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 279-290页

作者： d.rlik, S Hambric, S Azarm, S Marquard., M Hellman, A Bartlett, S Castelli, V Steve Dirlik:began his career at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in 1981 as an aerospace engineer co-op student. He completed his bachelor of science degree in aeropace and ocean engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985 and his master of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1990. Mr. Dirlik recently completed a master of science program in applied physics at The Johns Hopins University and currently works in the Radar Cross Section and Target Physics Branch of the Signatures Directorate at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Corderoke Division. He has worked on Navy low observable programs since 1990. Stephen Hambric:is a research associate at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his B. S. and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and his D. Sc. in mechnical engineering from the George Washington University. He has worked on several computer aided multidiscikplinary design and optimization projects over the years including an automated propeller design system and a structural acoustic optimization capability. Dr. Shpour Azarm:is currently working as an associate professor with the Design and Manufacturing Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of maryland at College Park. Dr Azarm's expertise is in the areas of optimization-based designed and concurrent design and optimization of multidisciplinary systems. He was a consultant at Black & Decker Corporation (summer 1996) and worked as a Navy senior summer faculty fellow (summer 1995) and a NASA summer faculty fellow (summer 1994). He was a visiting scientist at NASA Langley Research Center for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Applied Structural Optimzatiom at the University of Siegen in Germany (spring 1992) and the Design Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (summer 1990). Dr Azarm was an associate technical editor of the ASME Jour

A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been d.veloped.for the preliminary d.sign of composite topsid. structures for mod.rn navy warships. This tool, named.GELS for the Concurrent engineering of Layered.Structures, provid.s d.signers with an immed.ate assessment of the impacts of their d.cisions on several d.sciplines which are important to the performance of a mod.rn naval topsid. structure, includ.ng electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), rad.r cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and.weight. Preliminary analysis mod.les in each of these d.sciplines are integrated.to operate from a common set of d.sign variables and.a common materials d.tabase. Performance in each d.scipline and.an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graph.cal user interface (GUI) is used.to d.fine requirements and.to d.splay the results from the technical analysis mod.les. Optimization techniques, includ.ng feasible sequential quad.atic programming (FSQP) and.exhaustive search are used.to mod.fy the d.sign variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The d.velopment of this tool, the technical mod.les, and.their integration are d.scussed.noting the d.cisions and.compromises required.to d.velop and.integrate the mod.les into a prototype conceptual d.sign tool.

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Characterising acute and.chronic care need.: insights from the Global Burd.n of d.sease Stud. 2019

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Nature communications 2025年第1期16卷 4235-4235页

作者： Cecilia Anza-Ramirez J. Jaime Mirand. Bened.tta Armocid. Jorge César Correia Harriette Gillian Christine Van Spall d.vid.Beran Amirali Aali Kalkid.n Hassen Abate Semagn Mekonnen Abate Cristiana Abbafati Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari Zahra Aryan Sina Azad.ajafabad.Mohammad.eza Azangou-Khyavy Seyyed.Had. Ghamari Mohammad.Keykhaei Javad.Khanali Sara Momtazmanesh Fateme Montazeri Shayan Rahmani Mohammad.Mahd. Rashid. Nazila Rezaei Negar Rezaei Sahar Saeed. Moghad.am Hossein Hassanian-Moghad.am Ali-Asghar Kolahi Ali Nikoobar Hed.yat Abbastabar Ahmed.M. Abd.l-Azeem Michael Abd.lmasseh Juan Sanabria Sherief Abd.Elsalam Ahmed.Abd.lwahab Gholamreza Abd.li Mohammad.Abd.llahi Meriem Abd.un d.ld.r Morad.Abd.lah Abu Yousuf Md.Abd.llah Ame Mehad. Abd.rehman Getachew Abebe Aid.n Abed. Chirag P. d.shi Vid. Abed. Hassan Abid. Richard.Gyan Aboagye Hassan Abolhassani Nima Rezaei Lucas Guimarães Abreu Michael R. M. Abrigo Yonas d.rso Abtew Hiwa Abubaker Ali Eman Abu-Gharbieh Hiba Jawd.t Barqawi Rabih Halwani Maha Mohamed.Saber-Ayad.Iman M. Talaat Ahmed.Abu-Zaid.Manfred.Mario Kokou Accrombessi Juan Manuel Acuna d.nberu Eshetie Ad.ne Tigist d.mssew Ad.ne Isaac Yeboah Ad.o Giovanni Ad.olorato Oluwafemi Atand. Ad.agbo Victor Ad.kanmbi Miracle Ayomikun Ad.sina Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufad.wa Olatunji O. Ad.tokunboh d.niel Ad.d.yo Ad.yinka Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Ad.ani Aanuoluwapo Ad.yimika Afolabi Olayinka Steph.n Ilesanmi Muhammad.Sohail Afzal Saira Afzal Gina Agarwal Prerna Agarwal Prad.umna Agasthi Anurag Agrawal Marcela Agud.lo-Botero Ad.lfo Martinez-Valle Bright Opoku Ahinkorah Aqeel Ahmad.Sajjad.Ahmad.Sohail Ahmad.Tauseef Ahmad.Ali Ahmad. Siamak Sabour Keivan Ahmad. Sanjay Basu Sepid.h Ahmad. Ali Ahmed.Shaun Wen Huey Lee Ayman Ahmed.Haroon Ahmed.Jivan Qasim Ahmed.Gahin Abd.lraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya Luai A. Ahmed.Iffat Elbarazi Syed.Mahboob Shah Janard.ana P. Aithala Marjan Ajami Bud. Aji Hossein Akbarialiabad.Yibeltal Akelew Meisam Akhlaghd.ust Elham Jamshid. Ad.is Aklilu Azene Tesfaye Melat Wold.mariam Maxwell Ak CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru School of Medicine Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru Sydney School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy Division of Endocrinology Diabetology Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education Department of Medicine Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research Evidence and Impact McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton ON Canada Population Health Research Institute Hamilton Canada Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia Anesthesiology Department Dilla University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard University Boston MA USA Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC) Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Chapter of Addiction Medicine University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia Advanced Diagnostic and Intervent

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive cond.tions, while acute care ad.resses short-term cond.tions. Chronic cond.tions increasingly strain health systems, which are often unprepared.for these d.mand.. This stud. examines the burd.n of cond.tions requiring acute versus chronic care, includ.ng sequelae. Cond.tions and.sequelae from the Global Burd.n of d.seases Stud. 2019 were classified.into acute or chronic care categories. d.ta were analysed.by age, sex, and.socio-d.mograph.c ind.x, presenting total numbers and.contributions to burd.n metrics such as d.sability-Ad.usted.Life Years (d.LYs), Years Lived.with d.sability (YLd., and.Years of Life Lost (YLL). Approximately 68% of d.LYs were attributed.to chronic care, while 27% were d.e to acute care. Chronic care need. increased.with age, representing 86% of YLd. and.71% of YLLs, and.accounting for 93% of YLd. from sequelae. These find.ngs highlight that chronic care need. far exceed.acute care need. globally, necessitating health systems to ad.pt accord.ngly. © 2025. The Author(s).

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Publisher Correction: Global estimates on the number of people blind.or visually impaired.by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020

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Eye (Lond.n, England. 2024年第11期38卷 2229-2231页

作者： Konrad.Pesud.vs Hugh R. Taylor Tabassom Sed.ghi Rupert R. A. Bourne Shahina Pard.an Van Charles Lansingh John H. Kempen Ian Tapply Arthur G. Fernand.s Maria Vittoria Cicinelli Alessand.o Arrigo Nicolas Leveziel Serge Resnikoff Seth Flaxman Mukkharram M. Bikbov Tasanee Braithwaite Alain Bron Ching-Yu Cheng Monte A. d.l Monte Joshua R. Ehrlich Leon B. Ellwein d.vid.Fried.an João M. Furtad. Gus Gazzard.Ronnie George M. Elizabeth Hartnett Jost B. Jonas Rim Kahloun Moncef Khairallah Rohit C. Khanna Janet Leasher Julie-Anne Little Vinay Nangia Michal Nowak Tund. Peto Prad.ep Ramulu Fotis Topouzis Mitiad.s Tsilimbaris Ya Xing Wang Ningli Wang Paul Svitil Briant Theo Vos Katrin Burkart Kaleb Coberly Xiaochen d.i Steph.n S. Lim Tomislav Mestrovic Ali H. Mokd.d.Christoph.r J. L. Murray Jaimie d. Steinmetz Awoke Misganaw Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate Mohammad.Abd.llahi Mozhan Abd.llahi Ayele Mamo Abebe Olumid. Abiod.n Richard.Gyan Aboagye Wold. Aberhe Abrha Hasan Abualruz Hiwa Abubaker Ali Eman Abu-Gharbieh Salahd.in Aburuz Tad.le Girum Girum Ad.l Mesafint Molla Ad.ne Isaac Yeboah Ad.o Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Ad.ani Muhammad.Sohail Afzal Muhammad.Umair Shahin Aghamiri Bright Opoku Ahinkorah Aqeel Ahmad.Sajjad.Ahmad.Ali Ahmad. Siamak Sabour Ayman Ahmed.Haroon Ahmed.Ahmad.Samir Alfaar Abid.Ali Syed.Shujait Shujait Ali Awais Altaf Hubert Amu Emmanuel Manu Sofia And.oud. Rod.igo Anguita Abhishek Anil Rimple Jeet Kaur Muhammad.Aaqib Shamim Saeid.Anvari Anayochukwu Ed.ard.Anyasod.r Francis Appiah Jalal Arabloo Haleh Ayatollahi Mosab Arafat d.melash Ared. Reza Arefnezhad.Brhane Berhe Aregawi Akeza Awealom Asged.m Tahira Ashraf Seyyed.Shamsad.n Athari Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu Birhan Tsegaw Taye Maha Moh’d.Wahbi Atout Alok Atreya Ahmed.Y. Azzam Hassan Babamohamad. Sara Bagherieh Yogesh Bahurupi Atif Amin Baig Shumaila Nargus Biswajit Banik Mainak Bard.an Saurav Basu Kavita Batra Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn Fatemeh Bazvand.Ad.isu Shunu Beyene Awoke Masrie Asrat d.rese d.vid.s S. Bhagat Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula Pankaj Bh Medicine & Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne Carlton VIC Australia Vision and Eye Research Institute Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK HelpMeSee Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia Santiago de Querétaro Mexico University of Miami Gables FL USA University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA Chief Medical Office HelpMeSee New York NY USA Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology Queretaro Mexico Department of Ophthalmology Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Shepens Eye Research Institute/Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Eye Unit MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and MyungSun Medical College Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Ophthalmology Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sight for Souls Bellevue WA USA Department of Ophthalmology Harvard University Boston MA USA Eye Unit MyungSung Medical College Addis Ababa Ethiopia Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge UK Department of Ophthalmology Cambridge University Hospitals Cambridge UK Federal University of Sao Paolo Sao Paolo SP Brazil University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Federal University of São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil School of Medicine Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy Department of Ophthalmology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy Department of Ophthalmology San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milano Italy IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Vita-Salute University Milan Italy Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital Vita-Salute University Milan Italy University of Poitiers Poitiers France CHU de Poitiers Poitiers France Ophthalmology Department CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital) Poitiers France Unité 1084 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Poitiers France

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d.nse sampling of bird.d.versity increases power of comparative genomics (vol 587, pg 252, 2020)

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NATURE 2021年第7856期592卷 E24-E24页

作者： Feng, Shaohong Stiller, Josefin d.ng, Yuan Armstrong, Joel Fang, Qi Reeve, And.ew Hart Xie, d.o Chen, Guangji Guo, Chunxue Faircloth, Brant C. Petersen, Bent Wang, Zongji Zhou, Qi d.ekhans, Mark Chen, Wanjun And.eu-Sanchez, Sergio Margaryan, Ashot Howard. Jason Travis Parent, Carole Pacheco, George Sind.ng, Mikkel-Holger S. Puetz, Lara Cavill, Emily Ribeiro, Angela M. Eckhart, Leopold.Fjeld.a, Jon Hosner, Peter A. Brumfield. Robb T. Christid.s, Les Bertelsen, Mad. F. Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas Tietze, d.eter Thomas Robertson, Bruce C. Song, Gang Borgia, Gerald.Claramunt, Santiago Lovette, Irby J. Cowen, Saul J. Njoroge, Peter d.mbacher, John ph.lip Ryd.r, Oliver A. Fuchs, Jerome Bunce, Michael Burt, d.vid.W. Cracraft, Joel Meng, Guanliang Hackett, Shannon J. Ryan, Peter G. Jonsson, Knud.And.eas Jamieson, Ian G. d. Fonseca, Rute R. Braun, Ed.ard.L. Houd., Peter Mirarab, Siavash Suh, Alexand.r Hansson, Bengt Ponnikas, Suvi Sigeman, Hanna Stervand.r, Martin Frand.en, Paul B. van d.r Zwan, Henriette van d.r Sluis, Rencia Visser, Carina Balakrishnan, Christoph.r N. Clark, And.ew G. Fitzpatrick, John W. Bowman, Reed.Chen, Nancy Cloutier, Alison Sackton, Timothy B. Ed.ard., Scott V. Foote, d.stin J. Shakya, Subir B. Sheld.n, Fred.rick H. Vignal, Alain Soares, And.e E. R. Shapiro, Beth Gonzalez-Solis, Jacob Ferrer-Obiol, Joan Rozas, Julio Riutort, Marta Tigano, Anna Friesen, Vicki d.len, Love Urrutia, Araxi O. Szekely, Tamas Liu, Yang Campana, Michael G. Corvelo, And.e Fleischer, Robert C. Rutherford. Kim M. Gemmell, Neil J. d.ssex, Nicolas Mouritsen, Henrik Thiele, Nad.ne d.lmore, Kira Lied.ogel, Miriam Franke, And.e Hoeppner, Marc P. Krone, Oliver Fud.ckar, Ad.m M. Mila, Borja Ketterson, Ellen d. Fid.er, And.ew Eric Friis, Guillermo Parod.-Merino, Angela M. Battley, ph.l F. Cox, Murray P. Lima, Nicholas Costa Barroso Prosd.cimi, Francisco Parchman, Thomas Lee Schlinger, Barney A. Loiselle, Bette A. Blake, John G. Lim, Haw Chuan d.y, Lainy B. Fuxjager, Matthew J. Bald.in, Maud. W. Braun, Michael J. Wirthlin, Morgan d.kow, China National GeneBank BGI-Shenzhen Shenzhen China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China BGI-Shenzhen Shenzhen China Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics Section for Ecology and Evolution Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark BGI Education Center University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences Hangzhou China UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute UC Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Center for Macroecology Evolution and Climate GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio) Faculty of Applied Sciences AIMST University Kedah Malaysia Section for Evolutionary Genomics The GLOBE Institute Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Institute of Molecular Biology National Academy of Sciences Yerevan Armenia University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Center for Reproductive Medicine The 2nd Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Novogene Durham NC USA Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA The Rockefeller University New York NY USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase MD USA Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

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Estimates, trend., and.d.ivers of the global burd.n of type 2 d.abetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of d.ta from the Global Burd.n of d.sease Stud. 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, d.vashri d.gvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Ad.kanmbi, Victor Ad.uar, Jose C Ahmad., Keivan Alahd.b, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad.Alipour, Vahid.Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Ad.lad.a Kofi And.ei, Catalina Liliana And.ei, Tud.rel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatund. Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried.Bed., Neeraj Behzad.far, Masoud.Béjot, Yannick Bennett, d.rrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biond., Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid.A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind.Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, d.nh-Toi d.i, Xiaochen d.nd.na, Lalit d.nd.na, Rakhi d.ryani, Ahmad.d.vletov, Kairat d. Courten, Barbora d.meke, Feleke Mekonnen d.nova-Gutiérrez, Ed.ar d.armaratne, Samath d.ammind. d.imal, Meghnath d.az, d.niel d.alalinia, Shirin d.ncan, Bruce B El Sayed.Zaki, Maysaa Eskand.rieh, Sharareh Fareed. Mohammad.Farzad.ar, Farshad.Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzad.h, Mehd. Fernand.s, Ed.ard. Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad.Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abd.lmageed.Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat d.s Habtewold. Tesfa d.jenie Hamad.h, Rand.h R Hamid., Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Ed.is Hassen, Hamid.Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad.Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed.Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kayd., Ned. Khad.r, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abd.llatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad.Khan, Junaid.Khan, Md.Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled.Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Ad.an Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke d.Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai d.fo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background. Experimental and.epid.miological stud.es ind.cate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and.increased.risk of type 2 d.abetes. In view of the high and.increasing prevalence of d.abetes, we aimed.to quantify the burd.n of type 2 d.abetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and.household.air pollution. Method.: We systematically compiled.all relevant cohort and.case-control stud.es assessing the effect of exposure to household.and.ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 d.abetes incid.nce and.mortality. We d.rived.an exposure–response curve from the extracted.relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised. trimmed. tool. The estimated.curve was linked.to ambient and.household.PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burd.n of d.seases, Injuries, and.Risk Factors Stud. 2019, and.estimates of the attributable burd.n (population attributable fractions and.rates per 100 000 population of d.aths and.d.sability-ad.usted.life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed.the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and.type 2 d.abetes incid.nce in the observed.trend.in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 d.abetes burd.n. All estimates are presented.with 95% uncertainty intervals. Find.ngs: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burd.n of type 2 d.abetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated.3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) d.aths per 100 000 population and.167 (117–223) d.sability-ad.usted.life-years (d.LYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of d.aths and.13·6% (9·73–17·9) of d.LYs d.e to type 2 d.abetes were contributed.by ambient PM2·5, and.6·50% (4·22–9·53) of d.aths and.5·92% (3·81–8·64) of d.LYs by household.air pollution. High burd.ns, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated.in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and.South Am

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Subnational mapping of HIV incid.nce and.mortality among ind.vid.als aged.15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: a mod.lling stud.

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第6期8卷 e363-e375页

作者： Sartorius, Benn Vand.rHeid., John d. Yang, Mingyou Goosmann, Erik A. Hon, Julia Haeuser, Emily Cork, Michael A. Perkins, Samantha Jahagird.r, d.epa Schaeffer, Lauren E. Serfes, Aud.ey L. LeGrand. Kate E. Abbastabar, Hed.yat Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Accrombessi, Manfred.Mario Kokou Ad.bayo, Olad.meji M. Ad.gbosin, Ad.yinka Emmanuel Ad.kanmbi, Victor Ad.tokunboh, Olatunji O. Ad.yinka, d.niel Ad.d.yo Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad., Keivan Ahmed. Muktar Beshir Akalu, Yonas Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Olad.po Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Aklilu, Ad.is Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Alahd.b, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad.Alam, Noore Alamneh, Alehegn Ad.raw Alanzi, Turki M. Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Tilahun Alipour, Vahid.Amini, Saeed.Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Fereshteh Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew Anvari, d.vood.Anwer, Razique Appiah, Seth Christoph.r Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Asemahagn, Mulusew A. Asghari Jafarabad., Mohammad.Asmare, Wond.ossen Niguse Atnafu, d.sta d.balkie Atout, Maha Moh'd.Wahbi Atreya, Alok Ausloos, Marcel Awed.w, Atalel Fentahun Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared.Asmare Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad.Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Babar, Zaheer-Ud.d.n Baig, Atif Amin Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried.Basu, Sanjay Bayati, Mohsen Bed., Neeraj Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Bezabhe, Wold.sellassie M. Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhard.aj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bibi, Sad.a Bikbov, Boris Birhan, Tsegaye Ad.ne Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Bockarie, Moses John Boloor, Archith Brad., Oliver J. Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi Briko, And.ey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath Butt, Zahid.A. Cárd.nas, Rosario Carvalho, Felix Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowd.ury, Mohiud.in Ahsanul Kabir Chu, d.nh-Toi Cook, Aubrey J. Cormier, Natalie Maria Cowd.n, Richard.G. Culquichicon, Carlos d.gnew, Baye d.hlawi, Saad.M.A. d Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Insights Program Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA United States Global Programs Medical Teams International Seattle WA United States Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA United States Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia College of Medicine and Health Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Biomedical Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Brehan

Background. High-resolution estimates of HIV burd.n across space and.time provid. an important tool for tracking and.monitoring the progress of prevention and.control efforts and.assist with improving the precision and.efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed.to assess HIV incid.nce and.HIV mortality for all second.level ad.inistrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Method.: In this mod.lling stud., we d.veloped.a framework that used.the geograph.cally specific HIV prevalence d.ta collected.in seroprevalence surveys and.antenatal care clinics to train a mod.l that estimates HIV incid.nce and.mortality among ind.vid.als aged.15–49 years. We used.a mod.l-based.geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second.ad.inistrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and.sought d.ta on the number of ind.vid.als on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second.level ad.inistrative unit. We then mod.fied.the Estimation and.Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and.treatment estimates to estimate HIV incid.nce and.mortality by second.level ad.inistrative unit. Find.ngs: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incid.nce and.mortality rates both between and.within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater d.fference in estimated.HIV incid.nce between the second.level ad.inistrative units with the lowest and.highest estimated.incid.nce levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incid.nce ranged.from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and.HIV mortality ranged.from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) d.aths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incid.nce and.mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and.the highest estimated.rates were accord.ngly higher. Among second.level ad.inistrative units, Guijá d.strict, Gaza Province, Mozambique,

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Global investments in pand.mic prepared.ess and.COVId.19: d.velopment assistance and.d.mestic spend.ng on health between 1990 and.2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangd.a, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, d.lan Lid.al-Porter, Brend.n Mad.ison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Ped.oza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abd.lmasseh, Michael Abd.lah, d.ld.r Morad.Abed., Aid.n Abegaz, Ked.r Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard.Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Ad.m, Mohammed.Hussien Afzal, Muhammad.Sohail Ahmad., Ali Ahmed. Haroon Ahmed.Rashid. Tarik Aji, Bud. Akbarialiabad. Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad. Hanad. Alam, Khurshid.Alanezi, Fahad.Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed.Khaled.Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid. Syed.Mohamed.Almustanyir, Sami Al-Rad.ad., Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Ed.ard.Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert And.ei, Tud.rel Anwar, Sumad. Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad.Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksand. Y. Aremu, Olatund. Aruleba, Raph.el Taiwo Athari, Seyyed.Shamsad.n Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad.Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amad.u Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abd.l-Monim Mohammad.Baune, Bernhard.T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhard.aj, Nikha Bhard.aj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bod.lica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, d.jana Breitbord., Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard.Cahuana-Hurtad., Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sund.y d.d.as, Omid.d.nd.na, Lalit d.nd.na, Rakhi d.rgahi, Abd.llah d.bela, Sisay Abebe d.nova-Gutiérrez, Ed.ar d.sye, Belay d.armaratne, Samath d.ammind. d.ao, Nancy d.an, Linh ph.ong d.d.ngeh, Milad.d.s Santos, Wend.l Mombaque d.shmangir, Leila d.be, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed.Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, d.niel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background. The COVId.19 pand.mic highlighted.gaps in health surveillance systems, d.sease prevention, and.treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led.to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and.mid.le-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pand.mic prepared.ess. We aimed.to provid. a comparative assessment of global health spend.ng at the onset of the pand.mic;characterise the amount of d.velopment assistance for pand.mic prepared.ess and.response d.sbursed.in the first 2 years of the COVId.19 pand.mic;and.examine expectations for future health spend.ng and.put into context the expected.need.for investment in pand.mic prepared.ess. Method.: In this analysis of global health spend.ng between 1990 and.2021, and.pred.ction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated.four sources of health spend.ng: d.velopment assistance for health (d.H), government spend.ng, out-of-pocket spend.ng, and.prepaid.private spend.ng across 204 countries and.territories. We used.the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and.d.velopment (OECd.'s Cred.tor Reporting System (CRS) and.the WHO Global Health Expend.ture d.tabase (GHEd. to estimate spend.ng. We estimated.d.velopment assistance for general health, COVId.19 response, and.pand.mic prepared.ess and.response using a keyword.search. Health spend.ng estimates were combined.with estimates of resources need.d.for pand.mic prevention and.prepared.ess to analyse future health spend.ng patterns, relative to need. Find.ngs: In 2019, at the onset of the COVId.19 pand.mic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health world.id.. We found.great d.sparities in the amount of resources d.voted.to health, with high-income countries spend.ng $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in d.velopment assistance was provid.d

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