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Tobacco Farming and Public Health: Attitudes of the General Public and Farmers

Journal of Social Issues 2010年第1期53卷 113-128页

作者： david G. Altman douglas W. Levine George Howard Hal Hamilton The Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University Winston-Salem North Carolina DAVID G. ALTMAN Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University. Before coming to Bowman Gray School of Medicine in 1994 Dr. Altman spent 10 years at the Stanford Center for Research in Desease Prevention. Dr. Altman has published in the areas of community health promotion and disease prevention most recently on issues related to tobacco control. His current research examines: a) relationships between community participation psychological empowerment and health behavior b) the relationship between tobacco access and tobacco use among youth c) the extent to which tobacco farmers can be encouraged to engage in crop diversification d) strategies for increasing physical activity among the elderly and e) strategies for public health intervention. DOUGLAS W. LEVINE is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences Section on Social Sciences and Health Policy at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University. His areas of expertise are related to statistics and quantitative methods. He is also conducting research on the subsistence activities of the Alaskan native residents in the Bristol Bay Region of Alaska and with David Altman a four-year study with tobacco farmers in North Carolina. GEORGE HOWARD Ph.D. is a Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the Department of Public Health Sciences of Wake Forest University. He received his Dr.P.H. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987 and has published extensively on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular epidemiology risk factors including the effects of active and passive cigarette smoking on atherosclerosis. The Center for Sustainable Systems Berea Kentucky HAL HAMILTON is the executive director of the Center for Sustainable Systems and co-chair of the Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture a network of 570 organizations wor

The tobacco industry remains a formidable influence in thwarting tobacco control efforts, in part because industry leaders have raised policymaker and public concern about how tobacco control might negatively impact tobacco farmers. In this study, we interviewed a random, stratified sample of 528 tobacco farmers in the Southeast and 991 U.S. residents about issues related to tobacco farmers. We found that a majority of the U.S. public expressed the belief that U.S. taxpayers subsidized tobacco farmers. This belief, combined with the strong opposition to tobacco farmer subsidies (15 percent thought there should be subsidies), likely play a role in public attitudes toward tobacco farmers. At the same time, however, we found reasonably strong public support for efforts to help tobacco farmers transition to new enterprises, although the public underestimates tobacco farmer interest in diversification. For example, two of three Americans believe that the government should help farmers make a living other than growing tobacco and over half thought that taxpayers should help pay for such programs. These data illustrate potential common ground for elected officials to consider as they attempt to concomitantly address the needs of farmers and the interests of the public. Ultimately, if the interests of tobacco farmers can be made clearly to the general public, and vice versa, pro- health and pro-farmer policies might well become a reality.

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From the Field: A Comparison of Two Methods for Studying Box Turtle Movements

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Wildlife Society Bulletin 2010年第1期34卷

作者： RAYMONd B. IGLAY JACOB L. BOWMAN NATHAN H. NAZdROWICZ Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 USA Raymond (Ray) B. Iglay(photo) is an M.S. student in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries at Mississippi State University. He received a B.S. in wildlife conservation and entomology with a minor in biology from the University of Delaware in 2003. Ray's current research focuses on the effects of prescribed fire and selective herbicide on invertebrates in pine plantations of Mississippi. His research interests include understanding effects of anthropogenic disturbances on biodiversity. Jacob (Jake) L. Bowmanis an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware. He received his B.S. in forestry and wildlife with a minor in Biology from Virginia Tech in 1992 his M.S. in wildlife ecology with a minor in Statistics from Mississippi State University (MSU) in 1996 and his Ph.D. in forest resources with an emphasis in wildlife ecology from MSU in 1999. Additionally Jake has worked for the USDI National Park Service at Shenandoah National Park and contracted with the USDOD at the Armed Forces Experimental Activity. He was vice-president of the Student Chapter of the Wildlife Society at VA Tech and president of the Student Chapter of the Wildlife Society at MSU. He is president of the Maryland/Delaware State Chapter of the Wildlife Society. His research interests include human-wildlife interactions GIS applications in wildlife ecology population dynamics carnivore and large mammal ecology and management. Nathan (Nate) H. Nazdrowiczis currently a Ph.D. student in the department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware. His research interests include population ecology of reptiles and amphibians and he is currently studying long-tailed salamanders. Nate received his B.S. in ecology from the Institute of Ecology University of Georgia and his M.S. in entomology and applied ecolo

The accuracy of using radiotelemetry for studying animal movements has not been fully investigated. Although telemetry is a technological advance for tracking animals, it may lack the accuracy of thread trailing for quantifying distance traveled. The objective of this study was to compare straight-line distance between consecutive telemetry locations of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) and actual distances traveled between those locations using thread trailers. We randomly selected 20 radiotagged turtles per week. We radiolocated each of these turtles and attached a thread trailer for 24 ± 3 hours. We used the beginning and ending global positioning system (GPS) locations to calculate the straight-line distance, and we compared this distance to the actual distance the turtle moved (thread length). Thread-trailing distances were greater than telemetry distances (P < 0.001). We recommend that future studies investigating box turtle movements use thread trailing, though radiotelemetry may be accurate for coarse analysis of direct-route movements.

关键词： delaware eastern box turtle movements radiotelemetry Terrapene carolina thread trailing

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Numerical Simulation of Nanopulse Penetration of Biological Matter Using the z -Transform

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Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms 2005年第1期4卷 99-110页

作者： S. Su W. dai d. T. Haynie R. Nassar N. Simicevic Ph.D. Program in Computational Analysis and Modeling College of Engineering & Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston USA Mathematics & Statistics College of Engineering & Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston USA Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering & Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston USA Physics College of Engineering & Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston USA Institute for Micromanufacturing College of Engineering & Science Louisiana Tech University Ruston USA

Short duration, fast rise time ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulses (“nanopulses”) are generated by numerous electronic devices in use today. Moreover, many new technologies involving nanopulses are under development and expected to become widely available soon. Study of nanopulse bioeffects is needed to probe their useful range in possible biomedical and biotechnological applications, and to ensure human safety. In this work we develop a computational approach to investigate electromagnetic fields in biological cells exposed to nanopulses. The simulation is based on a z-transformation of the electric displacement and a second-order Taylor approximation of a Cole–Cole expression for the frequency dependence of the dielectric properties of tissues, useful for converting from the frequency domain to the time domain. Maxwell’s equations are then calculated using the finite difference time domain method (FdTd), coupled with a perfectly matched layer to eliminate reflections from the boundary. Numerical results for a biological cell model are presented and discussed.

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PROPOSITION 8 ANd CRIME RATES IN CALIFORNIA: THE CASE OF THE dISAPPEARING dETERRENT

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Criminology & Public Policy 2006年第3期5卷

作者： CHERYL MARIE WEBSTER ANTHONY N. dOOB FRANKLIN E. ZIMRING Assistant Professor of Criminology. She received her Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of Toronto in 2003. Her most recent research has focused on general deterrence as applied to sentencing the structure of criminal courts and the processing of cases the role of the Superior Court in the administration of Canadian Criminal law and policies related to imprisonment Professor of Criminology at the University of Toronto. Most of his recent work has been in the area of youth justice. His coauthored book (with Carla Cesaroni) Responding to Youth Crime in Canada was published by the University of Toronto Press in 2004. He has also carried out research on sentencing and the operation of the criminal courts and on attitudes (of the public and judges) about various aspects of the criminal justice system. Most recently he has collaborated with Cheryl Webster on the study of policies related to imprisonment in Canada The William Simon Professor of Law and Director of the Criminal Justice Research Program at the University of California. He now serves as the first Wolfen Distinguished Scholar at Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California Berkeley. He is the author or co-author of many books on topics including deterrence (Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control published in 1972) the changing legal world of adolescence capital punishment the scale of imprisonment and drug control. Recent books include The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment (2003) American Youth Violence (1998) and The Great American Crime Decline (2006).

Research Summary: In 1999, daniel Kessler and Steven Levitt published an article that purported to provide support for the marginal deterrent effects of harsher sanctions on levels of crime. Specifically, they concluded that sentence enhancements that came into effect in California in June 1982 as a result of Proposition 8 were responsible for a subsequent drop in serious crime in this state. Our article examines the analyses and findings of this article and suggests that their conclusion of a deterrent impact fails to withstand scrutiny when more complete and more detailed crime data are used and the comparability of “control” groups is carefully examined. In particular, the addition of annual crime levels for all years (versus only the odd-numbered years that Kessler and Levitt examine) calls into question the prima facie support for a deterrent effect presented by Kessler and Levitt. Specifically, it demonstrates not only that the crime drop in California began before, rather than after, the passing into law of the sentence enhancements in 1982 but also that the downward slope did not accelerate after the change in law. Furthermore, the comparability of the two “control” groups with the “treatment” group is challenged, rendering suspect any findings based on these comparisons. Policy Implications: Case studies suggesting that crime decreased after the imposition of harsh sentencing policies are often cited as evidence of marginal general deterrence. As has been demonstrated in other contexts, the question that needs to be asked is “Compared with what?” Kessler and Levitt's (1999) article demonstrates that those interested in sentencing policy need to be sensitive not only to the appropriateness of the comparisons that are made, but also to the choice of data that are presented.

关键词： deterrence Proposition 8 Sentence Enhancements Crime Rates

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Ecological model of interactions between escaped and wild Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

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Journal of Fish Biology 2004年第S1期65卷

作者： A. Stephens A. B. Cooper (1Ocean Sciences Ph.D. Program Mangel Lab Applied Math and Statistics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA 95060 U.S.A. 2College of Life Sciences and Agriculture University of New Hampshire Taylor Hall Durham NH 03824 U.S.A.).

Atlantic salmon in Maine were once abundant but have become depleted, and are listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act. Historically, salmon numbers in Maine may have been as high as 100 000 adults, but habitat loss, pollution and overfishing have contributed to the decline of the species. In 2000, only 110 adults returned to spawn in Maine rivers. Maine produces c. 15 000 metric tons/year of aquacultured Atlantic salmon from a total of nearly 600 coastal net pens. Escapees from these pens may interact with the wild salmon. The dynamics of salmon populations under such conditions are poorly understood. In order to illuminate the role aquaculture may play in such a system, we have developed a model for simulating population trajectories for both wild salmon and competing populations derived from aquaculture escapes. The model simulates a small population of wild salmon based in a stream/estuary system, into which an aquaculture facility is losing fish to escapes. Biological parameters in the model were estimated as much as possible from data in the USFWS report on Maine salmon. We used the model to investigate the consequences of a variety of ecological interactions between the wild and cultured fish including competitive, genetic and disease effects. Initial results indicate that many of these effects allow the aquaculture‐derived population to supplant the wild fish, but that wild populations may still persist under some conditions.

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Substance abuse during pregnancy: Clinical and public health aporoaches

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JOURNAL OF LAW MEdICINE & ETHICS 2003年第3期31卷 340-350页

作者： Jos, ph Perlmutter, M Marshall, MF Philip H. Jos M.P.A. Ph.D. is Professor of Political Science at the College of Charleston in Charleston South Carolina. He received his Ph.D. from the University of South Carolina in Columbia South Carolina and his M.A. and B.A. from Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green Kentucky. Martin Perlmutter Ph.D. is Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and the Director of the Jewish Studies Program at the College of Charleston in Charleston South Carolina. Dr. Perlmutter received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in Champaign Illinois and completed his undergraduate studies at City College of New York. Mary Faith Marshall Ph.D. is Professor of Medicine and Director of the Program in Bioethics at the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City Kansas. She is the Chairperson of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee. She received her undergraduate education and Ph.D. in religious studies with a concentration in applied ethics from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville Virginia.

[...]rather than focus on one particular threat to health, e.g. drug addiction, the public health approach is concerned with a wider range of such threats (e.g. alcohol abuse, smoking, environmental toxins, etc.). [...]vaccinations, water treatment programs, drug education programs in schools, job training, income support, community policing, needle exchange programs, and health and safety regulation in the workplace all make a contribution to health in ways that lie outside the boundaries of the clinical encounter. [...]although the public health model emphasizes prevention, macro-level policy efforts and community-based prevention programs must be linked to an understanding of addiction and the limits of any one strategy. By extending the "state's interests" logic to fetuses, the South Carolina Court has redefined substance abuse by pregnant women as a public health problem. [...]the Court's affirmation that mothers are not allowed to neglect their unborn, even in utero, once they are capable of surviving without the mother's assistance, does not rest on the legality of the substance that the mother ingests.66 So, the Whitner decision explicitly states that otherwise legal behaviors, such as alcohol use or cigarette use, that endanger fetal health constitute child neglect. [...]the OPRR deferred renewal of the Medical University's Multiple Project Assurance for one year, thereby threatening millions of dollars in federal funds if the Interagency Policy were continued. 16.

关键词： Pregnant Women Public Health Female Fetus Humans Politics Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Public Health Administration Research Support Non-U.S. Gov't Substance-Related disorders

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Human systems integration and advanced technology in engineering department workload and manpower reduction

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2003年第1期115卷 57-65页

作者： Lively, KA Seman, AJ Kirkpatrick, M KENNETH A. LIVELY graduated from the University of Colorado with a BS in applied mathematics and an MS in mathematics in 1976 and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with an MS in electrical engineering and the degree ocean engineer in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1984. He retired from the U.S. Navy in 1989 after 23 years of service. Assignments included electrical officer on the USS Constellation (CV 64) project engineer for the DDG 51 machinery control system (NAVSEA) and DDG 51 Technical Director (NAVSEA). He was vice president of the PDI Division of Bird-Johnson Company from July 1989 to November 1998 where he managed various gas turbine and machinery controls related development projects. He joined Anteon Corporation's Systems Engineering Group as senior controls engineer in December 1998 where he provided technical support to the integrated power systems program (NAVSEA PMS 510) and managed the Office of Naval Research Afloat Laboratory. DR. MARK KIRKPATRICK is currently an independent consultant in human factors and work-load/manning analysis and modeling. He holds a Ph.D. degree in experimental psychology from The Ohio State University and has 34 years of experience in applied human factors. From 1982 through 2000 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as the senior vice president of Carlow International. Prior to joining Carlow in 1982 Dr. Kirkpatrick served as a member of the technical staff at North American Rockwell's Missiles Division and as a project director and vice president for Essex Corporation. His areas of expertise include workload simulation task analysis operator-in-the-loop simulation human performance experimentation statistical analysis and human factors T&E. He has directed and/or participated in human factors projects for the U.S. Navy U.S. Army NASA Department of Transportation the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and private industry. ANTHONY J. SEMAN III is the technical manager for the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence (RSVP) advanced technology d

Aboard current ships, such as the ddG 51, engineering control and damage control activities are manpower intensive. It is anticipated that, for future combatants, the workload demand arising from operation of systems under conditions of normal steaming and during casualty response will need to be markedly reduced via automated monitoring, autonomous control, and other technology initiatives. Current ddG 51 class ships can be considered as a manpower baseline and under Condition III typical engineering control involves seven to eight watchstanders at manned stations in the Central Control Station, the engine rooms and other machinery spaces. In contrast to this manning level, initiatives such as dd 21 and the integrated engineering plant (IEP) envision a partnership between the operator and the automation system, with more and more of the operator's functions being shifted to the automation system as manning levels decrease. This paper describes some human systems integration studies of workload demand reduction and, consequently, manning reduction that can be achieved due to application of several advanced technology concepts. Advanced system concept studies in relation to workload demand are described and reviewed including. Piecemeal applications of diverse automation and remote control technology concepts to selected high driver tasks in current ddG 51 activities. development of the reduced ship's crew by virtual presence system that will provide automated monitoring and display to operators of machinery health, compartment conditions, and personnel health. The IEP envisions the machinery control system as a provider of resources that are used by various consumers around the ship. Resource needs and consumer priorities are at all times dependent upon the ship's current mission and the availability of equipment pawnbrokers.

关键词： Naval warfare

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Monitoring the navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2002年第4期114卷 95-104页

作者： Smith, dE Breslin, dA Toms, GS Norton, P DENNIS E. SMITH PH.D. is currently a statistical consultant for GEO-CENTERS INC. He received a B.A. in Mathematics (magna cum laude)from Wabash College and an M.S. in mathematics an M.S. in statistics and a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Wisconsin. From November 1973 until February 1999 he was president and principal statistician at Desmatics Inc. where he participated in a number of studies involving the application of statistical methods to various technical problems in the Navy's environmental-protection and auxiliary-machinery programs. Dr. Smith was instrumental in developing the statistical procedures underlying the Navy's ODS reserve monitoring plan. DAVID A. BRESLIN P.E. is the director of technical operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and chairs the ASNE/SNAME Joint Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech a master of engineering administration in industrial and systems engineering from Virginia Tech and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC and Halon Elimination Program and played a critical role in establishing the Navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. GREGORY S. TOMS P.E. is the CFC &Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center)where he worked on the development of advanced cent

The domestic production of the most powerful ozone-depleting substances (OdSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire-fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of OdSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of OdSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained Fleet operations into the middle of the century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may face similar challenges. This is the third of three papers that cover all aspects of the Navy's strategic reserve of OdSs. Breslin (1999) documented the history of the Navy's effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support Fleet operations until the middle of the century. Breslin, Smith, and Toms (2000) addressed in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. This paper discusses the Navy's plan for monitoring the Navy's strategic reserves of OdSs and describes the methods used in the monitoring process. In particular it discusses the underlying assumptions and statistical techniques associated with the Navy's prediction of the expected drawdown of the reserves. A comparison of actual data, collected since the strategic reserves began operations in 1995, with the predicted reserve drawdown, is included in the paper.

关键词： Marine engineering

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A statistical method for estimating the life expectancy of certain shipboard equipment

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2002年第1期114卷 27-32页

作者： Smith, dE Breslin, dA Toms, GS DENNIS E. SMITH PH.D. is a statistical consultant for Geo-Centers Inc. He received a B.A. in mathe-matics (magna cum laude) from Wabash College and an M.S. in mathematics an M.S. in statistics and a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Wisconsin. From November 1973 until February 1999 he was President and Principal Statistician at Desmatics Inc. where he participated in a number of studies involving the application of statistical methods to various technical problems in the Navy's environmental-protection and auxiliary-machinery programs. Dr. Smith was instrumental in developing the statistical procedures underlying the Navy's ODS reserve monitoring plan. DAVID A. BRESLIN P.E. is the Director of Technical Operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and is the chairperson of ASNE's Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science degree in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech a master of engineering administration in indus-trial & systems engineering from Virginia Tech and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC & Halon Elimination Program and played a critical role in establishing the Navy's strategic reserve of ozone-depleting substances. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recogni-tion of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. GREGORY S. TOMS P.E. is the CFC & Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center) where he worked on the development of advanced cent

This paper reviews an inexpensive statistical-sampling methodology that can be used to determine the attrition rates of certain types of shipboard equipment. The methodology relies on surveys that are conducted in conjunction with regularly scheduled ship visits over a period of time and a statistical analysis of the survey results. The statistical technique allows for reasonably accurate estimates to be made of attrition rates. The specific example cited in this paper is related to galley-type refrigeration equipment, such as salad chillers, beverage dispensers, et cetera. In the case of galley-type refrigeration equipment, the Navy needs to know whether the Fleet's inventory of equipment relying on Class I Ozone-depleting Substances (OdSs) will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of fiscal year (FY) 2005, at which time supplies of OdS-based refrigerants will no longer be available for use by ship galleys. This paper outlines the process used to gather data, the analysis of the data, and concludes that the Navy's inventory of galley equipment using Class I OdSs will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of FY05. The methodology reviewed by this paper has wider applications. For various types of shipboard equipment, the methodology can also be used to estimate with reasonable accuracy life expectancies, configurations, conditions, and other items of interest.

关键词： Ship equipment

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Editors' notes

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New directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2002年第91期2001卷

作者： Catherine A. Hansman Peggy A. Sissel Catherine A. Hansman is associate professor and program director of the M.Ed. program in adult learning and development and the leadership and lifelong learning track in the Ph.D. program in urban education at Cleveland State University Ohio. Peggy A. Sissel is a researcher and consultant with the Center for Applied Studies in Education at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

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