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Tuberculosis infection and lung adenocarcinoma: Mendelian randomization and pathway analysis of genome-wide association study data from never-smoking Asian women

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Genomics 2020年第2期112卷 1223-1232页

作者： Jason Y Y Wong Han Zhang Chao A Hsiung Kouya Shiraishi Kai Yu Keitaro Matsuo Maria Pik Wong Yun-Chul Hong Jiucun Wang Wei Jie Seow Zhaoming Wang Minsun Song Hee Nam Kim I-Shou Chang Nilanjan Chatterjee Wei Hu Chen Wu Tetsuya Mitsudomi Wei Zheng Jin Hee Kim Adeline Seow Neil E Caporaso Min-Ho Shin Lap Ping Chung She-Juan An Ping Wang Yang Yang Hong Zheng Yasushi Yatabe Xu-Chao Zhang Young Tae Kim Qiuyin Cai Zhihua Yin Young-Chul Kim Bryan A Bassig Jiang Chang James Chung Man Ho Bu-Tian Ji Yataro daigo Hidemi Ito Yukihide Momozawa Kyota Ashikawa Yoichiro Kamatani Takayuki Honda H dean Hosgood Hiromi Sakamoto Hideo Kunitoh Koji Tsuta Shun-Ichi Watanabe Michiaki Kubo Yohei Miyagi Haruhiko Nakayama Shingo Matsumoto Masahiro Tsuboi Koichi Goto Jianxin Shi Lei Song Xing Hua Atsushi Takahashi Akiteru Goto Yoshihiro Minamiya Kimihiro Shimizu Kazumi Tanaka Fusheng Wei Fumihiko Matsuda Jian Su Yeul Hong Kim In-Jae Oh Fengju Song Wu-Chou Su Yu-Min Chen Gee-Chen Chang Kuan-Yu Chen Ming-Shyan Huang Li-Hsin Chien Yong-Bing Xiang Jae Yong Park Sun-Seog Kweon Chien-Jen Chen Kyoung-Mu Lee Batel Blechter Haixin Li Yu-Tang Gao Biyun Qian daru Lu Jianjun Liu Hyo-Sung Jeon Chin-Fu Hsiao Jae Sook Sung Ying-Huang Tsai Yoo Jin Jung Huan Guo Zhibin Hu Wen-Chang Wang Charles C Chung Laurie Burdett Meredith Yeager Amy Hutchinson Sonja I Berndt Wei Wu Herbert Pang Yuqing Li Jin Eun Choi Kyong Hwa Park Sook Whan Sung Li Liu C H Kang Meng Zhu Chung-Hsing Chen Tsung-Ying Yang Jun Xu Peng Guan Wen Tan Chih-Liang Wang Michael Hsin Ko-Yung Sit James Ho Ying Chen Yi Young Choi Jen-Yu Hung Jun Suk Kim Ho Il Yoon Chien-Chung Lin In Kyu Park Ping Xu Yuzhuo Wang Qincheng He Reury-Perng Perng Chih-Yi Chen Roel Vermeulen Junjie Wu Wei-Yen Lim Kun-Chieh Chen Yao-Jen Li Jihua Li Hongyan Chen Chong-Jen Yu Li Jin Tzu-Yu Chen Shih-Sheng Jiang Jie Liu Taiki Yamaji Belynda Hicks Kathleen Wyatt Shengchao A Li Juncheng dai Hongxia Ma Guangfu Jin Bao Song Zhehai Wang Sensen Cheng Xuelian Li Yangwu Ren Ping Cui Motoki Iwasaki Taichi Shimazu Shoichiro Tsugane Junjie Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA. Electronic address: jason.wong@nih.gov. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA. Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Taiwan. Division of Genome Biology National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Nagoya Japan Department of Cancer Epidemiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan. Department of Pathology Queen Mary Hospital The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong. Department of Preventive Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore Singapore. Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory Leidos Biomedical Research Inc Gaithersburg MD USA Department of Computational Biology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA Department of Statistics Sookmyung Women's University Seoul Republic of Korea. Department of Preventive Medicine Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju Republic of Korea. National Institute of Cancer Research National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Taiwan. Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA. Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology Cancer Institute and Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China. Division of Thoracic Surgery Kinki University School of Medicine Sayama Japan. Division of

We investigated whether genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) influences lung adenocarcinoma development among never-smokers using TB genome-wide association study (GWAS) results within the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia. Pathway analysis with the adaptive rank truncated product method was used to assess the association between a TB-related gene-set and lung adenocarcinoma using GWAS data from 5512 lung adenocarcinoma cases and 6277 controls. The gene-set consisted of 31 genes containing known/suggestive associations with genetic variants from previous TB-GWAS. Subsequently, we followed-up with Mendelian Randomization to evaluate the association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma using three genome-wide significant variants from previous TB-GWAS in East Asians. The TB-related gene-set was associated with lung adenocarcinoma (p = 0.016). Additionally, the Mendelian Randomization showed an association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.66, p = 0.027). Our findings support TB as a causal risk factor for lung cancer development among never-smoking Asian women.

关键词： Lung adenocarcinoma Lung cancer Mendelian randomization Pathway analysis Tuberculosis

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From dissemination to Propagation: A New Paradigm for Education developers

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Change 2017年第4期49卷 35-42页

作者： Froyd, Jeffrey E. Henderson, Charles Cole, Renée S. Friedrichsen, debra Khatri, Raina Stanford, Courtney Jeffrey E. Froyd is a Research Professor at Texas A&M University. His research interests include sustained adoption of improvements in learning and teaching systematic reviews in engineering education evaluation of faculty campus climates and assessment of complex learning outcomes. Charles Henderson is a Professor at Western Michigan University with a joint appointment between the Department of Physics and the Mallinson Institute for Science Education. His research focuses on promoting productive changes in higher education at the individual department institution and national levels. Renée S. Cole is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Iowa. She teaches introductory and advanced courses in chemistry and runs a research program focused on the design and assessment of instructional materials and teaching strategies and faculty professional development. Debra Friedrichsen founded and operates a small consulting company. She received her Ph.D. from Oregon State University in Chemical Engineering with a dissertation focused on engineering education. Debra also has a MBA a MS and a patent for sensor development. Raina Khatri is a doctoral student in the Mallinson Institute for Science Education at Western Michigan University. Her research focus is understanding how education developers in STEM can promote sustained adoption of their innovations. Courtney Stanford is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Chemistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Her current research focuses on the identification development and assessment of process skills (also known as professional skills) in active learning undergraduate STEM classrooms.

Scholarly studies and national reports document failure of current efforts to achieve broad, sustained adoption of research-based instructional practices, despite compelling bodies of evidence supporting efficacy of many of these practices. The authors of this paper argue that many change agents who are working to promote systemic adoption of these teaching practices use approaches that are characterized by what the authors call the "dissemination paradigm." A dissemination paradigm characterizes patterns of these current, failing efforts. Change agents, working within the dissemination paradigm, try to convince adopters that their innovations can help their students. Efforts within the dissemination paradigm have not led, and are unlikely to lead, to systemic adoption. The authors offer the "propagation paradigm" as an alternative with the potential to produce improved results. Change agents, working within the propagation paradigm, engage with adopters early and often to understand their instructional systems and interactively develop a strong product adaptable to specific contexts.

关键词： Models Change Agents Teaching Methods Information dissemination Educational Innovation Instructional Systems STEM Education Comparative Analysis

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Association between GWAS-identified lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility loci and EGFR mutations in never-smoking Asian women, and comparison with findings from Western populations

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Human molecular genetics 2017年第2期26卷 454-465页

作者： Wei Jie Seow Keitaro Matsuo Chao Agnes Hsiung Kouya Shiraishi Minsun Song Hee Nam Kim Maria Pik Wong Yun-Chul Hong H dean Hosgood Zhaoming Wang I-Shou Chang Jiu-Cun Wang Nilanjan Chatterjee Margaret Tucker Hu Wei Tetsuya Mitsudomi Wei Zheng Jin Hee Kim Baosen Zhou Neil E Caporaso demetrius Albanes Min-Ho Shin Lap Ping Chung She-Juan An Ping Wang Hong Zheng Yasushi Yatabe Xu-Chao Zhang Young Tae Kim Xiao-Ou Shu Young-Chul Kim Bryan A Bassig Jiang Chang James Chung Man Ho Bu-Tian Ji Michiaki Kubo Yataro daigo Hidemi Ito Yukihide Momozawa Kyota Ashikawa Yoichiro Kamatani Takayuki Honda Hiromi Sakamoto Hideo Kunitoh Koji Tsuta Shun-Ichi Watanabe Hiroshi Nokihara Yohei Miyagi Haruhiko Nakayama Shingo Matsumoto Masahiro Tsuboi Koichi Goto Zhihua Yin Jianxin Shi Atsushi Takahashi Akiteru Goto Yoshihiro Minamiya Kimihiro Shimizu Kazumi Tanaka Tangchun Wu Fusheng Wei Jason Y Y Wong Fumihiko Matsuda Jian Su Yeul Hong Kim In-Jae Oh Fengju Song Victor Ho Fun Lee Wu-Chou Su Yuh-Min Chen Gee-Chen Chang Kuan-Yu Chen Ming-Shyan Huang Pan-Chyr Yang Hsien-Chih Lin Yong-Bing Xiang Adeline Seow Jae Yong Park Sun-Seog Kweon Chien-Jen Chen Haixin Li Yu-Tang Gao Chen Wu Biyun Qian daru Lu Jianjun Liu Hyo-Sung Jeon Chin-Fu Hsiao Jae Sook Sung Ying-Huang Tsai Yoo Jin Jung Huan Guo Zhibin Hu Wen-Chang Wang Charles C Chung Charles Lawrence Laurie Burdett Meredith Yeager Kevin B Jacobs Amy Hutchinson Sonja I Berndt Xingzhou He Wei Wu Junwen Wang Yuqing Li Jin Eun Choi Kyong Hwa Park Sook Whan Sung Li Liu Chang Hyun Kang Lingmin Hu Chung-Hsing Chen Tsung-Ying Yang Jun Xu Peng Guan Wen Tan Chih-Liang Wang Alan dart Loon Sihoe Ying Chen Yi Young Choi Jen-Yu Hung Jun Suk Kim Ho-Il Yoon Qiuyin Cai Chien-Chung Lin In Kyu Park Ping Xu Jing dong Christopher Kim Qincheng He Reury-Perng Perng Chih-Yi Chen Roel Vermeulen Junjie Wu Wei-Yen Lim Kun-Chieh Chen John K C Chan Minjie Chu Yao-Jen Li Jihua Li Hongyan Chen Chong-Jen Yu Li Jin Yen-Li Lo Ying-Hsiang Chen Joseph F Fraumeni Jie Liu Taiki Yamaji Yang Yang Belynda Hicks Kathleen Wyatt Shengchao A Li Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore and National University Health System Singapore. Division of Molecular Medicine Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Nagoya Japan. Institute of Population Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Taiwan. Division of Genome Biology National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo Japan. Department of Statistics Sookmyung Women's University Seoul Republic of Korea. Department of Preventive Medicine Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju Republic of Korea. Department of Pathology The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong. Department of Preventive Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY USA. Department of Computational Biology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN 38105 USA. National Institute of Cancer Research National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Taiwan. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China. Division of Thoracic Surgery Kinki University School of Medicine Sayama Japan. Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Nashville TN USA. Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology Sejong University Seoul Republic of Korea. Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health China Medical University Shenyang People's Republic of China. Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute Medical Research Center and Cancer Center of Guangdong General Hospital Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic

To evaluate associations by EGFR mutation status for lung adenocarcinoma risk among never-smoking Asian women, we conducted a meta-analysis of 11 loci previously identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genotyping in an additional 10,780 never-smoking cases and 10,938 never-smoking controls from Asia confirmed associations with eight known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two new signals were observed at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), namely, rs7216064 (17q24.3, BPTF), for overall lung adenocarcinoma risk, and rs3817963 (6p21.3, BTNL2) which is specific to cases with EGFR mutations. In further sub-analyses by EGFR status, rs9387478 (ROS1/dCBLd1) and rs2179920 (HLA-dPB1) showed stronger estimated associations in EGFR-positive compared to EGFR-negative cases. Comparison of the overall associations with published results in Western populations revealed that the majority of these findings were distinct, underscoring the importance of distinct contributing factors for smoking and non-smoking lung cancer. Our results extend the catalogue of regions associated with lung adenocarcinoma in non-smoking Asian women and highlight the importance of how the germline could inform risk for specific tumour mutation patterns, which could have important translational implications.

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Curcumin suppresses doxorubicin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the inhibition of TGF-β and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Curcumin suppresses doxorubicin-induced epithelial-mesenchym...

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作者： Chen, Wei-Chih Lai, Ying-An Lin, Ying-Chao Ma, Jui-Wen Huang, Li-Fen Yang, Ning-Sun Ho, Chi-Tang Kuo, Sheng-Chu Way, Tzong-der Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology College of Life Sciences China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan Division of Neurosurgery Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Taichung Branch Taichung 427 Taiwan Institute of Biochemistry College of Life Science National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Yuan Ze University Taoyuan 320 Taiwan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan Department of Food Science Rutgers State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08901 United States Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung 40402 Taiwan Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology College of Health Science Asia University Taichung 413 Taiwan

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by a lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2). Therefore, targeted therapy agents may not be used, and therapy is largely limited to chemotherapy. doxorubicin treatment consequently acquires undesired malignance characteristics [i.e., epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and multi-drug resistance]. Our results illustrated that doxorubicin triggered EMT and resulted in the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype in TNBC cells. Moreover, we found that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were acquired for doxorubicin-induced EMT. Interestingly, we found that curcumin suppressed doxorubicin-induced EMT. Curcumin reversed doxorubicin-induced morphological changes, inhibited doxorubicin-induced downregulation of E-cadherin expressions, and inhibited doxorubicin-induced upregulation of vimentin expression. We also found that curcumin inhibited doxorubicin-induced EMT by inhibiting the TGF-β and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Moreover, curcumin enhanced the antiproliferative effects of doxorubicin in TNBC cells. In summary, our results suggest that doxorubicin in combination with curcumin may be a potential therapy for TNBC. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

关键词： Chemotherapy

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The effect of plants on lead dissolution

The effect of plants on lead dissolution

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GeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling and design Conference

作者： Butler, A.d. Thomas, C.C. Medina, V.F. Larson, S.L. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg MS 39180 United States Jackson State University College of Science Engineering and Technology Environmental Science Ph.D. Program 1400 J.R. Lynch Street Jackson MS 39217 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780784410950

Berm soils at small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) are contaminated with metals as bullets impact the soil and corrode. These berms generally lack vegetation and frequently suffer from erosion that may transport heavy metals (e.g. lead) into surface water and, occasionally, into groundwater. Plants are generally useful for stabilizing metals in SAFR soils by reducing particulate runoff. However, results have shown that plants appear to increase lead solubility in surface runoff and leachate. Studies were conducted to investigate this phenomenon that plants enhance lead solubility and complexation. Hydroponic bermuda plant culture solutions were prepared. Plant culture and soluble lead solutions were reacted to form lead complexes. Ion exchange filtration was performed to separate lead complexes based on relative molecular sizes. Results showed that bermuda cultures increased lead solubility and formed measurable lead complexes for fractionated sizes. Continued research will determine the effect of soluble plant organic compounds on metal dissolution. © 2010 ASCE.

关键词： Soil pollution

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Moral Reasoning and Political Beliefs of dutch Adolescents and Young Adults

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Journal of Social Issues 2010年第3期54卷 531-546页

作者： Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers Tom F. M. A. Verbogt Wilma A. M. Vollebergh University of Utrecht the Netherlands QUINTEN RAAIJMAKERS completed his Ph.D. at Utrecht University the Netherlands where he is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Child and Adolescent Studies. His research interests are cognitive moral and political development of adolescents and young adults. TOM VERBOGT studied at Catholic University of Nijmegen and is completing his Ph.D. at Utrecht University. His research interests are moral and political development. WILMA VOLLEBERGH completed her Ph.D. at Utrecht University. She is currently the coordinator of a research program on education and the development of adolescents in different ethnic groups. Her research interests include the etiology of psychopathology cultural orientations identity development and psychosocial problems in adolescents.

The relation between moral reasoning and political beliefs is studied by distinguishing between two different domains of political beliefs. These domains were related to the level of moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. A sample of 1,968 dutch adolescents and young adults responded in 1991 to the defining Issues Test (J. R. Rest, 1979a) and seven political attitude scales. This procedure was repeated in 1994 for 1,498 dutch adolescents and young adults, of whom 911 individuals had also participated in the 1991 survey. Thus, longitudinal data were available for this latter group. Results showed, first, that a distinction between economic and cultural dimensions of political beliefs is useful. Second, the level of moral reasoning related to political beliefs, but only in the cultural domain. Third, during adolescence, this correlation increased with age and educational level. The relation between moral reasoning and political beliefs is discussed in terms of similarities in content versus cognitive determinants.

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Community Service and Political Identity development in Adolescence

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Journal of Social Issues 2010年第3期54卷 495-512页

作者： Miranda Yates James Youniss Covenant House MIRANDA YATES received a Ph.D. in Human Development from the Catholic University of America. She is currently a program supervisor at Covenant House in California. Her research interests are in the areas of moral and political development and identity formation. The Catholic University of America JAMES YOUNISS is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Life Cycle Institute at the Catholic University of America. With Miranda Yates and Jeffrey McLellan he has studied the effects of community service in youth.

This article addresses the interconnection of political socialization and identity development. We begin with Erikson's work, which identified the development of political commitment in adolescence as a key aspect of identity formation. We then seek to shed light on the social processes through which youth become engaged in political activities and issues. We discuss the influences of family and peers as well as participation in community service and other civic activities. The development of social responsibility and agency, and an understanding of the complexity of social issues are considered as important facets of political commitment. data from a case study of Black urban adolescents who participated in a year-long service learning program are used to illustrate our perspective. We conclude that social-historical context, instantiated in social relationships and actions, plays a pivotal role in the process and shape of political socialization and identity formation.

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Psychological Thriving Among Latinas With Chronic Illness

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Journal of Social Issues 2010年第2期54卷 405-424页

作者： Ana F. Abraído-Lanza Carolina Guier Rose Marie Colón Columbia School of Public Health ANA ABRAÍDO-LANZA is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Sociomedical Sciences of Columbia University's School of Public Health. She received her Ph.D. in Social-Personality Psychology with a concentration in Health Psychology from the City University of New York in 1994. Her research focuses on cultural psychosocial and socioeconomic processes that affect psychological well-being adjustment to chronic illness and mortality among Latinos. New York NY CAROLINA GUIER holds a B.S. in Psychology from the University of Costa Rica. Her research interests include ethnic minority and children's health issues. She plans to pursue graduate training in psychology and eventually work in a health care setting in her homeland Costa Rica. Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine ROSE COLÓN is a postdoctoral fellow at the Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies a Veterans Affairs health services research and development field program. She received her Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of Houston in 1997. Her research centers on acculturation processes chronic illness and health care services for Latino populations.

This study utilizes a 3-year longitudinal design to explore factors that promote thriving among Latinas facing multiple adversity: poverty and chronic illness (specifically, arthritis). From a thriving paradigm, focus is placed on understanding the positive growth and thriving experiences reported by respondents, as well as the social, cultural, and personal resources that promote thriving. In the baseline interview, we employed a qualitative methodology to understand women's experiences of thriving. Women reported a variety of such experiences, the most frequent being enhanced appreciation of life. In the follow-up study, we created a thriving scale based on responses generated at the initial interview and prior research, then examined which of a number of social/cultural and personal factors predicted thriving 3 years after the initial assessment. Only measures of competence (self-esteem and self- efficacy) and psychological well-being were related to thriving. Path analyses testing the causal sequence of these variables revealed that negative affect contributed to decreased self-efficacy and self-esteem, but it did not have a direct or indirect effect on thriving. Greater self-esteem positively predicted thriving. In contrast, positive affect did not contribute to either measure of competence, but had a direct effect on thriving. Results suggest that psychological well-being (not ill-being) promotes thriving.

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Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Public Health Policy

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Journal of Social Issues 2010年第1期53卷 13-33页

作者： Stephen J. Heishman Lynn T. Kozlowski Jack E. Henningfield Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Baltimore Maryland DR. STEPHEN J. HEISHMAN is a Research Psychologist in the Clinical Pharmacology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse and Assistant Professor of Behavioral Biology Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Dr. Heishman received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Louisville in 1985. He has served on the faculty of the Department of Psychology Saint Anselm College Manchester New Hampshire and received postdoctoral training in human behavioral pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr. Heishman has served as a consultant to the FAA and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on issues relating to the effects of drug abuse on performance. He has published over thirty research articles in the fields of behavioral pharmacology and drug addiction and in 1994 he published an extensive review of the effects of nicotine on human performance. College of Health and Human Development Pennsylvania State University. DR. LYNN T. KOZLOWSKI got his Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University in 1975. He was an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Wesleyan University until 1979 when he moved to Toronto. For ten years he worked at the Addiction Research Foundation in Toronto where he was a Senior Scientist and Head of the behavioral research program on tobacco use. He was also a Professor of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics and a Professor of Psychology at the University of Toronto. In 1990 he moved to Penn State to join the newly created Ph.D. program in Biobehavioral Health. He is now Head of the Department of Biobehavioral Health the newest department at Penn State. Dr. Kozlowski is on the Editorial Boards of theJournal of Substance Abuseand thePsychology of Addiction.He is Assistant Editor of Addiction. Dr. Kozlowski's res

Although the morbidity and mortality caused by cigarette smoking occur in adulthood, the initiation of tobacco use and the development of nicotine addiction typically occur during adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of nicotine addiction, focusing on the development of addiction in youth, and to explore implications for public health policy. An understanding of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors that determine the course of nicotine addiction is critical in developing rational policies regarding tobacco products. The Food and drug Administration's rule to regulate cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products is discussed. The fact that smokers typically make the transition from casual use to nicotine addiction during adolescence argues for developing and implementing effective prevention efforts and smoking cessation treatment programs that are youth-oriented.

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Tobacco Farming and Public Health: Attitudes of the General Public and Farmers

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Journal of Social Issues 2010年第1期53卷 113-128页

作者： david G. Altman douglas W. Levine George Howard Hal Hamilton The Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University Winston-Salem North Carolina DAVID G. ALTMAN Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University. Before coming to Bowman Gray School of Medicine in 1994 Dr. Altman spent 10 years at the Stanford Center for Research in Desease Prevention. Dr. Altman has published in the areas of community health promotion and disease prevention most recently on issues related to tobacco control. His current research examines: a) relationships between community participation psychological empowerment and health behavior b) the relationship between tobacco access and tobacco use among youth c) the extent to which tobacco farmers can be encouraged to engage in crop diversification d) strategies for increasing physical activity among the elderly and e) strategies for public health intervention. DOUGLAS W. LEVINE is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Health Sciences Section on Social Sciences and Health Policy at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine Wake Forest University. His areas of expertise are related to statistics and quantitative methods. He is also conducting research on the subsistence activities of the Alaskan native residents in the Bristol Bay Region of Alaska and with David Altman a four-year study with tobacco farmers in North Carolina. GEORGE HOWARD Ph.D. is a Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the Department of Public Health Sciences of Wake Forest University. He received his Dr.P.H. from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1987 and has published extensively on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular epidemiology risk factors including the effects of active and passive cigarette smoking on atherosclerosis. The Center for Sustainable Systems Berea Kentucky HAL HAMILTON is the executive director of the Center for Sustainable Systems and co-chair of the Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture a network of 570 organizations wor

The tobacco industry remains a formidable influence in thwarting tobacco control efforts, in part because industry leaders have raised policymaker and public concern about how tobacco control might negatively impact tobacco farmers. In this study, we interviewed a random, stratified sample of 528 tobacco farmers in the Southeast and 991 U.S. residents about issues related to tobacco farmers. We found that a majority of the U.S. public expressed the belief that U.S. taxpayers subsidized tobacco farmers. This belief, combined with the strong opposition to tobacco farmer subsidies (15 percent thought there should be subsidies), likely play a role in public attitudes toward tobacco farmers. At the same time, however, we found reasonably strong public support for efforts to help tobacco farmers transition to new enterprises, although the public underestimates tobacco farmer interest in diversification. For example, two of three Americans believe that the government should help farmers make a living other than growing tobacco and over half thought that taxpayers should help pay for such programs. These data illustrate potential common ground for elected officials to consider as they attempt to concomitantly address the needs of farmers and the interests of the public. Ultimately, if the interests of tobacco farmers can be made clearly to the general public, and vice versa, pro- health and pro-farmer policies might well become a reality.

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