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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE NAVSEA HUMAN-FACTORS ENGINEERING program IN SHIP dESIGN

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第4期95卷 139-152页

作者： STEIN, NI BENEL, RA MALONE, TB Mr. Norman I. Stein:received his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1943. MK Stein began his career with the Bureau of Ships Department of the Navy. After his military service with the Army of Occupation in Japan he has held positions with the Corps of Engineering Atomic Energy Commission Walter Reed Army General Hospital and the Protective Structures Development Center Department of the Army. He returned to the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1967 and is currently with the Manning and Controls Integration Branch SEA 55 W16. Mr. Stein is a registered professional engineer in New York state and also is a certified fallout shelter analyst with the Department of the Army. He has authored a comprehensive study on air distribution studies in multi-room shelters presentedpapers on human factors engineering to the Association of Scientists and Engineers and recently contributed a chapter on human factors engineering which will be incorporated in the proposed Naval Sea Systems Handbook on Surface Ship Design. Russell A. Benel:received his Ph. D. in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with Essex Corporation where he is the manager of the Man-Machine Systems Department. He has been responsible f o r scientific studies associated with the Human Factors Engineering f o r ships program under contract to the Naval Sea Systems Command specifically the development application and validation of human factors engineering technology f o r surface ship systems such as aircraft launch and recovery propulsion engineering combat direction weapons and total ship systems. He is currently providing Human Factors Engineering Support on the DDG-51. His other activities include a variety of research development test and evaluation activities for military systems. He had been with the Crew Performance Branch of the Crew Technology Division at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine as a National Research Council Postd

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, and the HFE Technology for Ships program, managed by SEA 061R, is described. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are examined for their source and possible ameliorative steps.

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EMERGING ROLES OF NIH ANd EPA IN THE REGULATION OF RdNA TECHNOLOGY

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BIO-TECHNOLOGY 1983年第9期1卷 757-768页

作者： KORWEK, EL Edward L. Korwek Ph.D. J.D. is associated with the law offices of Keller and Heckman 1150 17th St. N.W. Washington D.C. 20036.REFERENCES Committee on Recombinant DNA "Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules" Nature250: 175 (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.71: 2593 (1974) Science185: 303 (1974).|Article|Fed. Regist.48: 24556 (1983).Milewski E. Editor's Note. Recombinant DNA Tech. Bull.4: i (1981).Inside EPA 4 1 (1983). EPA has already held a meeting and published a draft report on the subject of its regulation of this area under the TSCA. EPA "Administrator's Toxic Substances Advisory Committee Meeting" Fed. Regist.48: 8342 (1983) Regulation of Genetically Engineered Substances Under TSCA Chemical Control Division Office of Toxic Substances Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. (March 1982). Congress also recently held a hearing on the subject of existing federal authority over the release of R-DNA-containing organisms into environment. M. Sun Science221: 136 (1983).Sects. 2-30 15 U.S. Code sects. 2601-2629 (1976 and Supp. V 1981). Hereinafter all references in the text to TSCA refer to the section numbers as enacted and not to the corresponding U.S. Code sections.The Administrative Procedure Act specifically states that the reviewing court shall "hold unlawful and set aside agency action findings and conclusions found to be hellip in excess of statutory jurisdiction authority or limitations or short of statutory right. hellip " 5 U.S. Code sect. 706(2)(C) (1976).PHS Act 42 U.S. Code sects. 217a and 241 (1976) Charter Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee Department of Health and Human Services (1982).Korwek E. Food Drug and Cosm. L. J.35: 633 (1980) p. 636.Although DHHS has some authority under Section 361 of the PHS Act to regulate R-DNA materials that cause human disease and are communicable most types of experimentation would not fall into this category. Because of this limitation the Sub committee of the Federal

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Training Resident Advisors to Provide Community Residential Services: A University-Based program

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research and Practice for Persons with Severe disabilities 1982年第1期7卷 13 - 19页

作者： Joseph S. Fiorelli Howard Margolis Mary Ann Heverly Evelyn Rothchild daniel J. Keating Joseph S. Fiorelli Ed.M. Director of Education Moss Rehabilitation Hospital Philadelphia Howard Margolis Ed.D. Director of Program Development Star Systems Consultation and Training Philadelphia Mary Ann Heverly Ph.D. Assistant Research Professor Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute/Medical College of Pennsylvania Evelyn Rothchild M.A. Practicum Supervisor Developmental Disabilities Center Temple University Daniel J. Keating III Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist Woods School Langhorne Pennsylvania

With deinstitutionalization comes the responsibility of providing quality residential settings for developmentally disabled clientele in need of continued supervision and training. Unfortunately, little effort has gone into training resident advisors (RAs) to work with residents in small community homes. This paper details the formulation of a curriculum development model for training RAs and presents data from a university-based training effort designed to evalute the model initially.

关键词： resident advisor training deinstitutionalization curriculum development preservice training normalization community residences competency-based training developmentally disabled

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MEdICAL ANTHROPOLOGY HEALTH POLICY ANd THE STATE: A CASE STUdY OF SUdAN

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Review of Policy research 1981年第1期1卷 47-65页

作者： Gruenbaum, Ellen ELLEN GRUENBAUM spent five years in Sudan lecturing at the University of Khartoum and researching rural health services. Since 1979 she has been a research associate in the Department of Community Medicine at the University of Connecticut Health Center where she served as editor of the Comparative Health Systems Newsletter and coordinated the Cross-National Study of Health Systems Program. She received her B.A. from Stanford University M.A. in anthropology from the University of Connecticut and is currently completing her Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Connecticut. The title of her dissertation is “Health Services” Health and Development in Sudan: The Impact of the Gezira Irrigated Scheme.

Medical anthropologists have frequently limited themselves to studying cultural factors in illness, curing or resistance to the acceptance of modern Western medical services. This prevailing “socioculturalist” approach has serious analytical shortcomings resulting from underestimating the importance of the social formations in which cultural factors occur. Consequently, the policy recommendations produced in medical anthropology are often crippled by theoretical limitations. It is argued that the historically specific constellation of social relations governing production and the appropriation and distribution of the economic surplus‐commonly embodied in the functions of the state‐have profound effects on the pattern of health and illness as well as on the availability of health services. In underdeveloped countries an analysis of the role of the state in health is especially important, since the organs of state power play a stronger role in health care than in countries with well developed markets for medical services. In the case of Sudan, the interests of the state in colonial and postindependence periods required a development strategy involving large‐scale irrigated agriculture utilizing seasonal migrant labor. The labor and health policies aimed at economic productivity and political stability are analyzed here in relation to the adverse health effects and serious maldistribution of health services which resulted. Copyright © 1981, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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UNITEd-STATES-NAVY SHIPBOARd ENERGY R-ANd-d - AN OVERVIEW

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第2期93卷 154-161页

作者： KROLICK, CF THE AUTHOR:: received his B.S. degree in Physics from Saint Francis College in 1962 and subsequently his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Maryland in 1969 and 1971. He is the Director of the Navy's Shipboard Energy R&D Program at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center and has received awards for Outstanding Performance and Sustained Superior Performance. While at the University of Maryland he was recipient of an NSF Fellowship an NDEA Fellowship and an AEC Traineeship. Dr. Krolick is a member of Sigma Xi and the American Nuclear Society.

The U.S. Navy shipboard energy situation is presented both in terms of historical, current, and projected postures. R&d programs to minimize the impact of diminishing fossil fuel resources while ensuring full operational readiness are described. Near term efforts are directed at the achievement of the 1985 Chief of Naval Operations goal of twenty percent reduction in fossil fuel consumption per underway steaming hour, and they are intended primarily for the conventional steam-powered Fleet which presently comprises eighty-four percent on an installed horsepower basis. Longer range efforts attempt to facilitate the goal of a more energy-efficient future Fleet in terms of new construction ships. Alternate Fuels programs are structured to provide a capability to operate on future fuels which are readily available, and they include development of guidelines for the use of a broad range of petroleum-base fuels as well as the qualification of snythetic fuels derived from coal, oil shale, and tar sands.

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AdVANCEd CONCEPTS IN CHEMICAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR A 500-TON SUBMERSIBLE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第1期93卷 63-75页

作者： URBACH, HB KNAUSS, dT QUANdT, ER Dr. Herman B. Urbach:received his B.A. degree in Chemistry from Indiana University in 1948 his M.A. degree in Physical Chemistry from Columbia University in 1950 his Ph.D. degree in Physical Chemistry from Case-Western Reserve University in 1953 and his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The George Washington University in 1976. After receiving his doctorate he was employed by Olin Mathieson Corporation Niagara Falls N. Y. as a Group Leader and Research Chemist on rocket fuels borane chemistry and the reactions of oxygen atoms with ozone. In 1959 he joined the United Technology Research Laboratories East Hartford Conn. as a Senior Research Scientist working in the area of fuel cells and electrochemistry. Presently he is a Scientific Staff Assistant in the Power Systems Division David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center where since 1965 he has performed research and development studies on fuel cells gas turbines biphase turbines and MHD systems. Additionally Dr. Urbach was a Consultant to the Artificial Heart Program of the National Heart and Lung Institute NIH and presently is a member of the New York Academy of Science Sigma Xi American Chemical Society Electrochemical Society American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Dr. Donald T. Knauss:received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Duke University in 1956 at which time he took employment with the NASA Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio. Here he was involved with aircraft propulsion innovations until his entry into military service with the U.S. Air Force. After completing work toward his M.S.M.E. degree at Purdue University in 1962 he was employed by Battelle Memorial Institute Columbia Ohio where he was involved in a variety of projects related to Fluid and Thermal Mechanics. He was later employed by the Ballistic Research Laboratories Aberdeen Proving Ground Md. where he contributed to studies of the physical gas dynamics of hypers

Alternative advanced power systems designed to operate a 500-ton submersible have been examined with respect to overall weight and volume fractions. Two-week and one-month missions, with and without the conventional “at-sea” recharge capability, were considered to evaluate the impact of advanced technologies on non-nuclear submarine design. Candidate air-breathing, primary-power systems studied included diesel, Closed-Brayton Cycle (CBC), and fuel cells. A number of options for underwater operation were based upon high-energy reactants replenlshable from Base supplies. Another set of options was considered based upon using JP-S fuel with “at-sea” rechargeable secondary power systems, including thermal-energy storage, advanced lithium-sulfur batteries, or flywheels. Replenlshable high-energy reactant systems were, on average, lower in weight and volume than the rechargeable systems for the same submerged-mission profile. Moreover, the replenlshable systems permitted an extended tactical encounter with a maximum duration of 8 to 17 hours at speeds of 30 knots without the need to resurface and recharge a secondary energy storage device. The lowest-weight rechargeable systems in the order of increasing weight were the CBC engine with advanced lithium-sulfur battery, the CBC engine with carbon-block (thermal energy storage), and the diesel engine with advanced lithium-sulfur battery. The rechargeable systems required unacceptable weight fractions in both missions. The high-energy (replenlshable from Base supplies) systems, with the exception of the heavy acid fuel cell using LOX, were all acceptable candidates for application in the two-week mission. Only the CBC engine with a llthium-sulfurhexaflaoride heat source, the lowest-weight system in both mission groups, was acceptable for the one-month mission.

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BANQUET AddRESS - TECHNOLOGY IS FUN, ITS THE OTHER THINGS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1981年第3期93卷 57-59页

作者： FROSCH, RA President American Association of Engineering Societies Inc Dr. Robert A. Frosch born in New York City on 22 May 1928 attended Columbia University from which he received his B.A. degree in 1947 his M.A. degree in 1949 and his Ph.D. degree in 1952 all in the field of Theoretical Physics. While completing his studies for his doctorate he joined Columbia's Hudson Laboratories in 1951 and worked on naval research projects as a Research Scientist until 1958 when he became the Director Hudson Laboratories a post he held until 1963. From 1965 to 1966 he was Deputy Director Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) Department of Defense (DOD) having first joined ARPA in 1963 as the Director for Nuclear Test Detection the position he held until 1965. Since 1969 he also has served as the DOD member of the Committee for Policy Review National Council of Marine Resources and Engineering Development and in 1967 and 1970 as the Chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission meetings at UNESCO in Paris. In addition he was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research & Development from 1966 to 1973 Assistant Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program with the rank of Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations from 1973 to 1975 and Assistant Director for Applied Oceanography at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1975 until mid-1977. In June 1977 he became the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) the position he held prior to joining the American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) Incorporated. On 20 January 1981 he was elected to his present post as President AAES. Additionally he was the Sea Grant Lecturer for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974 and currently is a National Lecturer for Sigma Xi. During his distinguished career Dr. Frosch has been the recipient of numerous awards among which are the Arthur S. Flemming Award in 1966 the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award in 1

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EMPASS - A MEANS FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF SHIPBOARd ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第6期92卷 55-59页

作者： COPLEY, JA THE AUTHOR received his B.S. degree from West Virginia Institute of Technology and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. He has been employed by the U.S. Navy since 1963 and involved in naval weapon systems research development testing and evaluation. Currently he is employed at the Naval Surface Weapons Center. White Oak Silver Spring Md. His involvement in the EMPASS Program is concerned with the redesign and upgrading of the collection and analysis system to improve and expand its capabilities in order to keep pace with EM systems being introduced into the Fleet through the 1990 time period.

Currently the Fleet lacks a quantitative description of their electromagnetic (EM) capabilities and vulnerabilities. A ship's mission can be seriously degraded because of unsatisfactory performance of EM system due to various factors found in the operational environment. In addition, a ship can become vulnerable to a potential enemy by inadequate Emission Control (EMCON) of EM energy. The EMPASS measurement platform is capable of collecting and analyzing three-dimensional emission data in the operational environment. The word EMPASS is the acronym for ElectroMagnetic Performance of Aircraft and Ship Systems. EMPASS consists of a calibrated, specially equipped, measurement platform situated on an EP-3A aircraft with complementary ground based data reduction and analysis facilities. The products of the EMPASS program are the effectiveness evaluation of operational EM system, development of the criteria for the mat effective tactical use of EM systems, and the providing of the capability to conduct RdT&E in the operational EM environment. This paper presents a description of the EMPASS capabilities and the results of measurements of some representative EM system used in the Fleet.

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VALIdITY OF COLLEGE GRAdE PREdICTION EQUATIONS OVER TIME

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JOURNAL OF EdUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT 1979年第4期16卷 279-284页

作者： SAWYER, R MAXEY, J The American College Testing Program Institutional Services Research and Development Division ACT P.O. Box 168 Iowa City Iowa 52243. Title: Statistician. Degrees: B.A. Rice University Ph.D. University of Iowa. Specialization: Statistics. Institutional Services Research and Development Division ACT P.O. Box 168 Iowa City Iowa 52243. Title: Assistant Vice President and Director of Institutional Services. Degrees. “B.A. Illinois State University M.A. Ph.D. University of Iowa. Specialization: Educational Research.

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The effect on the doze test of changes in deletion frequency

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Journal of research in Reading 1979年第2期2卷 108-119页

作者： Alderson, J. Charles J. Charles Alderson is Director of the Language Testing Program at the English Language Institute of the University of Michigan. He holds an M.A. in German and French from Oxford University and a Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics from the University of Edinburgh. He has taught in Germany Algeria and the United Kingdom and prior to his present appointment was Head of the Research and Development Unit of the Centro de Ensenanza de Lenguas Extranjeras of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City. His research interests include second language proficiency testing and problems associated with second language processing. Dr. Alderson may be contacted at the English Language Institute The University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48 I 09 USA.

Although the pseudo‐random cloze procedure has been in use for some twenty‐five years as a measure of readability and reading comprehension, little research has been carried out into the effect of deleting words from text more or less frequently. This paper reports on an experiment in which the deletion frequency variable was systematically studied. Every 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th word was removed from three texts of differing difficulty, and the effect studied. Significant differences among cloze tests resulted, but the differences were unpredictable. deleting every 12th word did not necessarily result in an easier test than deleting every 6th 8th or 10th word. However, when only items identical to both cloze tests under consideration were compared, no significant differences were found. It appears that cloze items are, on the whole, unaffected by context greater than five words. Testers are warned that changing deletion frequency may result in a different measure of readability or comprehension. Copyright © 1979, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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