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Institutional Innovation For Cogeneration

Review of Policy Research 1985年第1期5卷 89-95页

作者： Chartock, Michael A. devine, Michael d. Gunn, Elizabeth M. Currently Staff Scientist in the Office for Planning and Development at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California. Formerly he was a Research Fellow in the Science and Public Policy Program and Associate Professor of Zoology at the University of Oklahoma. He has a Ph.D. in Biological Science from the University of Southern California. He is a co-author of five books and numerous papers on energy and environmental issues. Technical Project Coordinator at the Energy Resources Institute at the University of Oklahoma and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science. She is author with Kenneth J. Meier and Ronald D. Sylvia of The Manager and Program Planning and Evaluotion (Brooks/-Cole 1985). She has also published in edited works on groundwater management in the U.S. and on growth change and environmental quality in the Sunbelt.

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A METHOdOLOGY FOR SETTING COMBAT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 274-278页

作者： MENSH, dR The Author received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in applied physics from Loyola College in Baltimore Md. and the American University in Washington D.C. He also has completed his course work towards his Ph.D. degree in computer science specializing in the fields of system analysis and computer simulation. He has been employed at the Naval Surface Weapons Center White Oak Laboratory Silver Spring Md. for the past eighteen years in the areas of weapon system analysis and the development of weapon system simulations. Since 1978 he has been involved in the development of simulation tools that can be applied to the solution of shipboard combat system architecture and engineering problems. Currently at the White Oak Laboratory he is responsible for the application of and further development of the single ship combat system simulation.

This paper describes a methodology for setting combat system requirements for all ship classes. The requirements are determined from a battle group perspective. The methodology uses ship damage as a measure of effectiveness for setting combat system requirements. The ship damage data used was derived from the Navy tactical game (NAVTAG). The methodology that determines ship class combat system requirements consists of a set of logical steps that are iterative by design. It provides insight and valid estimates of numerical measures of defined force requirements at several levels. This process is not trivial; the expected level of effort could be significant. The method consists of five basic stages considered necessary to achieve valid results. These stages are (1) determination of force level requirements, (2) determination of force level capability, (3) analysis of force level capability, (4) determination of class requirements by battle overviews, and (5) determination of class requirements — overall. The methodology was used by the combat system master plan (CSMP) manager for determining top level combat system requirements for individual platforms in a battle group. In addition, once levels of combat system performance have been defined, this methodology generates a quantitative data base that becomes a useful tool in ship combat suite selection. Once alternate combat system suites have been defined, these suites can be analyzed in terms of combat system performance capability versus cost.

关键词： NAVAL WARFARE

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ENERGY POLICY: HOW FAILURE WAS SNATCHEd FROM THE JAWS OF SUCCESS

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Review of Policy Research 1985年第3期4卷 433-444页

作者： Kashand, don E. Rycroft, Robert W. DON E. KASH is George Lynn Cross Research Professor of Polltlcal Science and Research Fellow in Science and Public Policy at the University of Oklahoma. From 1978 through 1981 he served as Chief of the Consstvatlon Division U.S. Ceolcgical Survey. Currently he chairs the Committee on National Dredging Issues National Research Council. Dr. Kashls research interests are in the areas of science policy and energy policy. ROBERT W. RYCROFT is Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and Political Science and Deputy Director of the Graduate Program in Science Technology and Public Policy The George Washington University. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Oklahoma and has held research and teaching positions a t Oklahoma Princeton and the University of Denver. Dr. Rycroft's research interests are in the areas of science and technology policy energy policy and bureaucratic politics.

Prior to the energy crisis of 1973, the U.S. did not have an energy policy. The failure of the American political system to anticipate and respond to the changing facts of energy was an inevitable outcome of the way policy is made. Consistent with tradition, the search for a consensus was begun from 1973–1980. The U.S. abandoned cheap energy as a high priority and adopted secure, abundant and clean energy. Conservation came to be viewed as a source of energy along with nuclear power and synfuels. Price deregulation was the most important policy tool. The Reagan administration upset this consensus and substituted the market place as the means for maximizing supplies rather than reduce demand. The federal role was limited to bringing publicly‐owned bonds into the marketplace. At the same time, it reduced REd and concern for the environment. Thus, the Reagan administration succeeded in snatching failure from the jaws of success. Copyright © 1985, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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FIRE MAIN CONTROL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第6期97卷 35-48页

作者： MALKOFF, dB MOY, MC WILLIAMS, HL Dr. Donald B. Malkoff majored in physics as an undergraduate at Harvard University. He received an M.D. degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in 1960. This was followed by an internship and residency in neurology at University Hospital in Ann Arbor Michigan. He spent several years at the National Institutes of Health engaged in gerontology research has practiced and taught clinical neurology and in 1983 received an M.S. degree in computer science at the University of California San Diego. Currently Dr. Malkoff is employed by the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center in San Diego California where he is senior investigator in a human factor/computer display-and-control project involving the DDG-51 gas turbine propulsion unit. He is a member of the American Academy of Neurology the Society for Neuroscience the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing Machinery. Dr. Malkoff is certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology has taught computer science at UCSD and published in several research areas including magnetoencephalography and electron microscopy. His basic interests are in the areas of artificial intelligence and learning expert systems particularly as they apply to the problems of fault-detection and control. Dr. Melvyn C. Moy received his undergraduate training in mathematics and chemistry at the University of Texas Austin. He studied experimental psychology at the University of Wisconsin Madison receiving his M.S. in 1970 and Ph.D. in 1972. He served as an assistant professor at the University of South Dakota where he taught experimental design and methodology for a year before joining the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center in 1973. His work and research since then spans across many application areas such as the development of manpower planning models for the Navy the design of operational decision aids the human engineering of interactive large-scale war gaming systems and the evaluation o

The ship fire main has undergone considerable development throughout the past 2,000 years, resulting in a system that is critical both for normal ship function and for ship survivability in emergencies. Because of its complexity, the modern firemain system is highly vulnerable to malfunction and to damage during combat. Firemain fault detection and fault recovery are currently conducted manually by damage control teams. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and alternative methods of fault detection and recovery are explored. An interactive computer program is introduced which uses central control over remotely situated valves to facilitate fault detection and recovery, significantly reducing recovery-time and manpower requirements. These reductions may result in savings of lives, ship systems, and ships themselves. The computer program is based upon an algorithm which is, in effect, a prescription that can be followed manually by the operator or be completely automated. The color graphic display which is used for monitoring can also be utilized for the training of damage control operators or for the evaluation of other algorithms for firemain control. Alternative firemain hardware and configurations could lead to even more efficient methods of fault detection and recovery as well as improved firemain water supply management in general.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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AIR-CUSHION LANdING CRAFT NAVIGATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 248-260页

作者： GRAHAM, HR KIM, JC BANd, EGU FOWLER, AW Herbert R. Graham:received his degrees of B.S. in 1951 and M.S. in 1958 in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology respectively. He also attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. He is presently a task manager at TRW Inc. McLean Virginia responsible for landing craft air cushion (LCAC) engineering support. Since joining TRW in 1967 he has had several technical project management and system engineering responsibilities in amphibious ships transportation and energy. He was responsible for the preliminary engineering design and cost estimates for tracked air cushion vehicles (TACVs). He has been active in several professional societies including ASNE and served as vice-chairman Los Angeles Section American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. John C. Kim:received his degrees of B.S. in electrical engineering Tri-State University 1959 M.S. in electrical engineering Michigan State University 1960 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering Michigan State University. He is presently a senior staff engineer with TRW Inc. McLean Virginia where his technical experience has included communications system engineering and navigation system analysis. Since joining TRW in 1969 he has held numerous positions including section head project manager and department manager. His previous employment includes E-Systems/Melpar Division and Honeywell. Dr. Kim has been active in the IEEE Washington Chapter activities which included secretary vice-chairman and chairman of Systems Science and Cybernetics Group. Edward G.U. Band:received a B.S. degree in mechnical engineering in 1946 and a D.I.C in aeronautical engineering in 1947 at the City and Guilds College of London University. In 1951 he received an M.S. degree from Stevens Institute of Technology in fluid dynamics. After a career in the aircraft industry in England Canada and the U.S.A. he spent several years teaching in Chile and at Webb Institute of Naval Archi

Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) have operated successfully on commercial routes for about twenty years. The routes are normally quite short; the craft are equipped with radar and radio navigation aids and maintain continuous contact with their terminals. Navigation of these craft, therefore, does not present any unusual difficulty. The introduction of air cushion vehicles into military service, however, can present a very different picture, especially when external navigation aids are not available and the craft must navigate by dead reckoning. This paper considers the problems involved when navigating a high-speed air cushion vehicle by dead reckoning in conditions of poor visibility. A method is presented to assess the ACV's navigational capability under these circumstances. A figure of merit is used to determine the sensitivity of factors which affect navigation such as the range of visibility, point-to-point distance, speed, turning radius and accuracy of onboard equipment. The method provides simplistic but adequate answers and can be used effectively to compare the-capability and cost of alternative navigation concepts.

关键词： AIR CUSHION VEHICLES

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MULTIPROCESSOR UNIX OPERATING-SYSTEMS

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AT&T BELL LABORATORIES TECHNICAL JOURNAL 1984年第8期63卷 1733-1749页

作者： BACH, MJ BUROFF, SJ AT&T Bell Laboratories. Maurice J. Bach: B.A. (Physics) 1973 Yeshiva University Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1979 Columbia University AT&T Bell Laboratories 1977—. Steven J. Buroff: B.S. and M.S. (Electrical Engineering) 1968 and 1969 respectively Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1977 Illinois Institute of Technology

This paper describes the problems posed by running the UNIX ™ operating system on multiprocessors, as well as some solutions. The resulting systems function like their single-processor counterparts but yield 70 percent better throughput for two-processor configurations. Closely coupled multiprocessor UNIX systems currently run on IBM and AT&T Technologies hardware, but the implementation described in this paper ports to other architectures as well, and the design is not limited to two-processor configurations.

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dATA ABSTRACTION IN C

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AT&T BELL LABORATORIES TECHNICAL JOURNAL 1984年第8期63卷 1701-1732页

作者： STROUSTRUP, B AT&T Bell Laboratories. Bjarne Stroustrup: Cand. Scient. (Mathematics and Computer Science) 1975 University of Aarhus Denmark Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1979 Cambridge University AT&T Bell Laboratories 1979—.

C++ is a superset of the C programming language; it is fully implemented and has been used for nontrivial projects. There are now more than one hundred C++ installations. This paper describes the facilities for data abstraction provided in C++. These include Simula-like classes providing (optional) data hiding, (optional) guaranteed initialization of data structures, (optional) implicit type conversion for user-defined types, and (optional) dynamic typing; mechanisms for overloading function names and operators; and mechanisms for user-controlled memory management. It is shown how a new data type, like complex numbers, can be implemented, and how an “object-based” graphics package can be structured. A program using these data abstraction facilities is at least as efficient as an equivalent program not using them, and the compiler is faster than older C compilers.

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dEBUGGING C-programS WITH THE BLIT

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AT&T BELL LABORATORIES TECHNICAL JOURNAL 1984年第8期63卷 1633-1647页

作者： CARGILL, TA AT&T Bell Laboratories. Thomas A. Cargill: B.S. (Mathematics/Computer Science) 1973 University of Reading England M. Math. 1975 and Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1979 University of Waterloo Ontario AT&T Bell Laboratories 1982—.

The Blit terminal is changing the way we debug C programs. Using multiple virtual terminals on the Blit, a programmer can interact simultaneously with several of the tools needed when debugging. This makes existing tools more useful and influences the design of new tools. In particular, the Blit cleanly separates the programmer's communication with a debugger from communication with the program being debugged. Moreover, joff, a debugger for C programs that run in the Blit, demonstrates the advantage of operating a debugger asynchronously with the subject process and the effectiveness of a source-level user interface based on pop-up menus. The graphics user interface supports “pointer chasing” through arbitrary data structures and graphical display of graphics data objects.

关键词： computerS

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OPTIMUM SCAN-WIdTH SELECTION UNdER CONTAINMENT CONSTRAINTS

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AT&T BELL LABORATORIES TECHNICAL JOURNAL 1984年第6期63卷 1191-1212页

作者： GAREY, MR PINTER, RY AT&T Bell Laboratories. Michael R. Garey: B.S. (Mathematics) 1967 M.S. (Computer Science) 1969 and Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1970 University of Wisconsin AT&T Bell Laboratories 1970—. Ron Y. Pinter: B.S. (Computer Science) 1975 Technion—Israel Institute of Technology S.M. and Ph.D. (Computer Science) The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1980 and 1982 respectively AT&T Bell Laboratories 1982–1983 IBM Israel Scientific Center 1983—.

We consider the following algorithmic problem, which arises in connection with optimally choosing beam widths and positions for electron exposure of integrated circuit wafers. Let H > 0 be a fixed real number, and let c be a fixed, positive-valued, nondecreasing cost function defined on (0, H ]. An instance of the problem consists of a given range R = [ a, b ] and n given intervals I i = [ a i , b i ], 1 ≤ i ≤ n , each contained in R and of length not exceeding H . A solution (or feasible solution) for such an instance is a collection of segments, S 1 , S 2 , …, S k , each of length at most H and contained in R , such that each given interval is contained in at least one segment and the union of all the segments is R . The goal is to find an optimal solution with respect to c , i.e., a solution for which the sum of the costs of the individual segment lengths is as small as possible. The segments in a solution describe the beam positions and widths, projected on one side of the wafer, and the given intervals correspond to particularly sensitive regions on the layout mask, each of which must be entirely exposed by a single scan. The cost function gives the time required for a single scan of given width, including alignment overhead. Using dynamic programming techniques, we give efficient algorithms and data structures for solving this problem for several natural classes of cost functions, the most general of which is the class of all concave increasing functions, solved by an algorithm that runs in time O ( n 2 ).

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A SIMULATION-BASEd COMPARISON OF VOICE TRANSMISSION ON CSMA/Cd NETWORKS ANd ON TOKEN BUSES

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AT&T BELL LABORATORIES TECHNICAL JOURNAL 1984年第1期63卷 33-55页

作者： dETREVILLE, Jd AT&T Bell Laboratories. John D. DeTreville: B.S. (Mathematics) 1970 University of South Carolina S.M. (Computer Science) 1972 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ph.D. (Computer Science) 1978 Massachusetts Institute of Technology AT&T Bell Laboratories 1978—.

digitized speech can be transmitted over a variety of digital media. An interesting choice is the use of a Local-Area Network (LAN), for which digitized speech is packetized at the transmitter and depacketized at the receiver. Many local-area networks exhibit good throughput but poor delay characteristics; variable or excessive transmission delay can become noticeable and objectionable to the users of such a voice system. A number of simulations were performed to assess the delay characteristics of a Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision detection (CSMA/Cd) LAN and of a similar token bus LAN. A comparison of the results shows that the token bus performs somewhat better. The CSMA/Cd LAN's performance was characterized by carrying voice well until a point of collapse is reached; the token bus's performance degraded more continuously. In either case, throughput close to the theoretical capacity of the LAN was found achievable with appropriate techniques.

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