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The Right to die: State Courts Lead where Legislatures Fear to Tread

Law & Policy 1992年第4期14卷 337-380页

作者： HOEFLER, JAMES M. KAMOIE, BRIAN E. **James M. Hoefler is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Coordinator for the Policy Studies Program at Dickinson College in Carlisle Pennsylvania. He holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Syracuse University and the M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the State University of New York at Buffalo. His research and teaching interests focus on domestic public policy state politics and public administration especially in the areas of job training health care and the right to die. ***Brian E. Kamoie holds a B.A. degree in Policy and Management Studies from Dickinson College in Carlisle Pennsylvania. He maintains an ongoing interest in public policy regarding health care education and foreign affairs and has worked directly with these issues through positions with the Pennsylvania State Senate and the London Embassy of the U.S. Department of State. Mr. Kamoie is currently pursuing a law degree at George Washington University in preparation for a career in the public service.

The right to die may be among the most legally complex and culturally sensitive areas of civil rights to emerge in our time. The thorny issues associated with a terminally ill individual's right to self‐determination, and the disposition of individuals who are incompetent to make right to die decisions for themselves, promises to keep all parties involved ‐ health care professionals, medical ethicists, families, lawyers, judges, and state legislators ‐busy for some time to come. To this point, the state courts have taken the lead in the right to die debate, while the state legislatures have tended to drag their collective feet. This article lays the case law groundwork for right to die decision making, then goes on to assay the legislative responses to the issue that have been rendered in the fifty states. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词： death and Euthanasia Legal Approach Medicaid

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ON THE dEVELOPMENT OF SEAKEEPING CRITERIA

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 259-275页

作者： GRAHAM, R BAITIS, AE MEYERS, WG Ross Graham:is head of the Sonar Systems Assessment Section at Defence Research Establishment Atlantic (DREA). He received his BSc from the University of Toronto in mathematics and physics in 1977 his MA. from Princeton University in 1978 and his Ph.D. in mathematical physics in 1982 also from Princeton. He joined the Ship Dynamics Group at DREA upon graduation becoming leader of that group in 1986. Dr. Graham was an exchange scientist at the David Taylor Research Center in 1990–91 after which he returned to DREA to take on the duties of his current position. His research interests have been in seakeeping criteria slamming roll prediction methods and rudder roll stabilization. A. Erich Baitis:has been a naval architect at the David Taylor Research Center since the days when it was known as the David Taylor Model Basin. He graduated from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1961 and has worked in the Hydromechanics Department since prior to graduation. His field of work has been the measurement and prediction of ship motions and their effect on ship mission performance through the mechanism of motion induced performance capability degradations of crew and subsystems. Special areas of interest have been the interface between ships and aircraft and the reduction by means of active or passive devices of roll pitch and the associated accelerations. William G. Meyers:has been a physicist at the David Taylor Research Center since February 1965. He graduated from the University of New Hampshire in 1963 and has worked in the Hydromechanics Department. His interests have been in the application of computer technology to ship motion measurements roll stabilization and ship motion predictions. He is the author of the users guide for the Navy Standard Ship Motion Prediction computer program as well as coauthor of a number of papers on rudder roll stabilization.

In order to determine the effects of ship motion on operational performance, quantitative seakeeping criteria are required. In this paper, we propose that seakeeping criteria should be presented in terms of limits on the incidence of whatever degrading event is determined to curtail the operation of interest, rather than limits on the underlying ship motions. For personnel operating on deck, the degrading events of most interest are the onset of loss-of-balance incidents, termed motion-induced interruptions, due to tipping or sliding. For unsecured helicopter operations, the most important degrading event is the helicopter sliding. We present a frequency-domain method of predicting the incidence of personnel or of equipment sliding which includes the forces due to roll, pitch, longitudinal, lateral and vertical accelerations, and also the effects of non-zero mean heel angles. We then present a method for predicting the incidence of personnel experiencing motion-induced interruptions due to loss of balance which includes the above forces and also the effects of steady and unsteady winds. In order to work in the frequency-domain, all of the forces are linearized and we consider only the linear turbulent wind force, and neglect the nonlinear term. Two main applications of the method are anticipated. The first application is to design. The seakeeping criteria presented here are closely linked with the physical phenomena that are causing performance to be degraded, and are equally applicable to all ship types. The second application is to active operational guidance systems which provide real time information to the operators of naval vessels on the effects of changes in speed or heading on operations. developing criteria in terms of the degrading events of most interest to the operator should result in an immediate improvement in the quality of the guidance.

关键词： Ships

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A METHOd FOR ASSESSING RESIdUAL NAPL BASEd ON ORGANIC-CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1991年第2期11卷 128-136页

作者： FEENSTRA, S MACKAY, dM CHERRY, JA Stan Feenstra is a hydrogeochemist and president of Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in Mississauga Ontario He received a B.Sc. in earth sciences and an M.Sc. in hydrogeology from the University of Waterloo in 1978 and 1980 respectively and was designated a Certified Ground Water Professional by AGWSE in 1989. Since 1980 he has been a ground water consultant with Golder Associates in Mississauga Ontario and Zenon Environmental in Burlington Ontario and founded Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in 1987. Feenstra specializes in the hydrogeochemical evaluation of ground water contamination at waste disposal facilities and chemical spill sites. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in hydrogeology and research associate in the Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) and is involved in research related to the behavior of dense organic solvents in ground water. Douglas M. Mackay is an adjunct professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L3G1). Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively. From 1986 to 1990 he was a faculty member of the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water various scale studies of decontamination of soil and ground water and ground water monitoring technologies. John A. Cherry is a professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L 3G1). He received his B.S. in geological engineering from the University of Saskatchewan in 1962. He received his M.S. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1964 and his Ph.D. from the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois in 1966. His research interests include the field study and modeling of contaminants in ground wat

Ground water contamination by non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals is a serious concern at many industrial facilities and waste disposal sites. NAPL in the form of immobile residual contamination, or pools of mobile or potentially mobile NAPL, can represent continuing sources of ground water contamination. In order to develop rational and cost-effective plans for remediation of soil and ground water contamination at such sites, it is essential to determine if non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals are present in the subsurface and delineate the zones of NAPL contamination. The presence of NAPL pools may be evident as a floating or sinking phase in monitoring wells. The residual NAPL contamination may be identified in soil samples if residual contents are high and contaminated zones in the soil cores are thick. However, visual identification may not be effective if residual contents ar elow or if the NAPL residual is distributed heterogeneously in the samples. The chemical analysis of soil samples provides a measure of the total chemical concentration in the soil but cannot determine directly whether NAPL is present in the samples. Qualitatively, soil analyses that exhibit chemical concentrations in the percent range or > 10,000 mg/kg would generally be considered to indicate the presence of NAPL. However, the results of soil analyses are seldom used in a quantitative manner to assess the possible presence of residual NAPL contamination when chemical concentrations are lower and the presence of NAPL is not obvious. The assessment of the presence of NAPL in soil samples is possible using the results of chemical and physical analyses of the soil, and the fundamental principles of chemical partitioning in unsaturated or saturated soil. The method requires information on the soil of the type typically considered in ground water contamination studies and provides a simple tool for the investigators of chemical spill and waste disposal sites to assess whether soil

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computer MOdELING OF SCALE FORMATION dURING TREATMENT OF GROUNd-WATER IN AIR STRIPPERS - dISCUSSION

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1991年第4期11卷 165-165页

作者： AGGARWAL, PK Gerald Matisoff is an associate professor of Geological Sciences at Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland OH 44106). He obtained his B.S. at MIT in 1973 and received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1978. His research has focused on the important mineral precipitation/dissolution and oxidation/reduction reactions that govern solution chemistry and chemical mass transport in recent sediments and ground water. He has developed computer models for the smectite to illite transformation in rocks the biological transport of solutes and particulates in sediments and for geochemical equilibrium and non-equilibrium in water. He has served on peer review panels for NSF and EPA. Clifford Narquis is a project leader at the BP Research and Environmental Science Center (4440 Warrensville Center Rd Cleveland OH 44128–2837) in Warrensville Heights Ohio. His recent work has included research into the applications of geophysics environmental modeling and field analytical chemistry to environmental site assessment projects. Narquis holds a B.S. in professional chemistry from the University of Miami Florida and an M.S. in chemistry from Case Western Reserve University.

during treatment to remove volatile organic compounds from contaminated ground water, inorganic scale sometimes precipitates in an air stripper tower. This leads to increased costs and down-time associated with tower media replacement. In order to determine the kind, quantity, and rate of scale formation, the ground water from five locations in Florida was simulated using an aqueous equilibrium chemistry and flow process model. In all cases the ph of the outflow water is higher than that of the inflow water because of degassing of CO 2 . This often results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The addition of air to reduced ground water results in the oxidation of iron and the precipitation of ferric hydroxides. Model estimates of scale formation are about a factor of two to five too high. This indicates that the precipitation reactions do not reach equilibrium within the air stripper. Future work will require the inclusion of biological fouling and a kinetic expression to account for the observed non-equilibrium.

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FIELd SAMPLING OF RESIdUAL AVIATION GASOLINE IN SANdY SOIL

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1991年第2期11卷 107-120页

作者： OSTENdORF, dW LEACH, LE HINLEIN, ES XIE, YF David W. Ostendorf is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Water Well Association. Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RS Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. EPA P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK74820). Leach received his B.S. ingeological engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 1959 and has been a registered professional engineer in Oklahoma since 1966. With 29 years of experience in field applications of geological engineering he is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials for the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory. Erich S. Hinlein is a research assistant in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include ground water pollution hazardous waste site investigation and transport processes in unconfined aquifers. Hinlein graduated with a B.S. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in May 1985 and entered the Environmental Engineering Master's Degree Program in January 1989. Yuefeng Xie is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engine

Two complementary field sampling methods for the determination of residual aviation gasoline content in the contaminated capillary fringe of a fine, uniform, sandy soil were investigated. The first method featured field extrusion of core barrels into pint-size Mason jars, while the second consisted of laboratory partitioning of intact stainless steel core sleeves. The barrel extrusion procedure involved jar headspace sampling in a nitrogen-filled glove box, which delineated the 0.7m thick residually contaminated interval for subsequent core sleeve withdrawal from adjacent boreholes. Soil samples removed from the Mason jars (in the field) and sleeve segments (in the laboratory) were subjected to methylene chloride extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to compare their aviation gasoline content. The barrel extrusion sampling method yielded a vertical profile with 0.10m resolution over an essentially continuous 5.0m interval from the ground surface to the water table. The sleeve segment alternative yielded a more resolved 0.03m vertical profile over a shorter 0.8m interval through the capillary fringe. The two methods delivered precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline at a given horizontal location, and a consistent view of the vertical profile as well. In the latter regard, a 0.2m thick lens of maximum contamination was found in the center of the capillary fringe, where moisture filled all voids smaller than the mean pore size. The maximum peak was resolved by the core sleeve data, but was partially obscured by the barrel extrusion observations, so that replicate barrels or a half-pint Mason jar size should be considered for data supporting vertical transport analyses in the absence of sleeve partitions.

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPId PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT dEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, dE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military Engineering

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MAGNETOHYdROdYNAMIC SUBMARINE PROPULSION SYSTEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 141-157页

作者： SWALLOM, dW SAdOVNIK, I GIBBS, JS GUROL, H NGUYEN, LV VANdENBERGH, HH Daniel W. Swallomis the director of military power systems at Avco Research Laboratory Inc. a subsidiary of Textron Inc. in Everett Mass. Dr. Swallom received his B.S. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa in 1969 1970 and 1972 respectively. He has authored numerous papers in the areas of power propulsion and plasma physics and currently is a member of the Aerospace Power Systems Technical Committee of the AIAA. Dr. Swallom has directed various programs for the development of advanced power generation systems lightweight power conditioning systems and advanced propulsion systems for marine applications. His previous experience includes work with Odin International Corporation Maxwell Laboratories Inc. Argonne National Laboratory and the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory. Currently Dr. Swallom is directing the technical efforts to apply magnetohydrodynamic principles to a variety of propulsion and power applications for various marine vehicles and power system requirements respectively. Isaac Sadovnikis a principal research engineer in the Energy Technology Office at Avco Research Laboratory Inc. a subsidiary of Textron Inc. He received his B.S. in engineering (1974) B.S. in physics (1975) M.S. in aeronautics and astronautics (1976) and Ph.D. in physics of fluids (1981) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Sadovnik has been involved in research work funded by DARPA concerning the use of magnetohydrodynamics for underwater propulsion. He has built theoretical models that predict the hydrodynamic behavior of seawater flow through magnetohydrodynamic ducts and their interaction with the rest of the vehicle (thrust and drag produced). In addition Dr. Sadovnik has been involved in research investigations geared toward the NASP program concerning the use of magnetohydrodynamic combustion-driven accelerator channels. Prior to joining Avco Dr. Sadovnik was a research assistant at MIT where he conducted experimental and

Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion systems for submarines offer several significant advantages over conventional propeller propulsion systems. These advantages include the potential for greater stealth characteristics, increased maneuverability, enhanced survivability, elimination of cavitation limits, greater payload capability, and the addition of a significant emergency propulsion system. These advantages can be obtained with a magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system that is neutrally bouyant and can operate with the existing submarine propulsion system power plant. A thorough investigation of magnetohydrodynamic propulsion systems for submarine applications has been completed. during the investigation, a number of geometric configurations were examined. Each of these configurations and mounting concepts was optimized for maximum performance for a generic attack class submarine. The optimization considered each thruster individually by determining the optimum operating characteristics for each one and accepting only those thrusters that result in a neutrally buoyant propulsion system. The results of this detailed optimization study show that the segmented, annular thruster is the concept with the highest performance levels and greatest efficiency and offers the greatest potential for a practical magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system for attack class submarines. The optimization study results were used to develop a specific point design for a segmented, annular magnetohydrodynamic thruster for an attack class submarine. The design point case has shown that this thruster may be able to provide the necessary thrust to propel an attack class submarine at the required velocity with the potential for a substantial acoustic signature reduction within the constraints of the existing submarine power plant and the maintenance of neutral buoyancy. This innovative magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system offers an approach for submarine propulsion that can be an important contributio

关键词： Ship Propulsion

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SMALL SHIPS, AdVANCEd TECHNOLOGY ANd WARFIGHTING PERFORMANCE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 30-45页

作者： SKOLNICK, dH SKOLNICK, A David H. Skolnickhas practiced naval engineering in both government and industry. He has supported the Military Sealift Command and the Naval Sea Systems Command Ship Design Group and Amphibious Ship Acquisition Program Office participating in the design and assessment of ship structure evaluation of intact and damaged stability and arrangements during design and construction phases of acquisition conversion and overhaul. He is currently involved in systems engineering and integration. Recent responsibilities have included requirements analyses and feasibility studies interface analyses and computer aided analyses. He received his B.S. in naval architecture and marine engineering from Webb Institute of Naval Architecture in 1982 (as an ASNE scholar) and is currently an M.S. candidate in systems engineering at the University of Virginia. Alfred Skolnickserved over 30 years as an engineering duty officer and retired from the Navy with the rank of captain in 1983. His early assignments included tactical missile engineering shipboard duty and Polaris submarine inertial navigation. He later served in the Deep Submergence Systems Project was project director surface effect ships (SES) David Taylor Model Basin director of technology Joint Navy-Commerce SES Program director combat systems Naval Sea Systems Command and project manager directed energy weapons. His awards include the Navy League's Parsons Award in 1979 for scientific and technical progress ASNE's Gold Medal in 1981 for high energy laser development the Navy Legion of Merit in 1983 National Capital Engineer of the Year in 1986 and the American Defense Preparedness Association Gold Medal in 1988 for contributions to strategic defense. He was president of ASNE from 1985–1989. He received his B.S. in mathematics from Queens College his M.A. in mathematics from Columbia University his M.S. in electrical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering/applied mathematics from Polytechnic University. He w

Changing threat requirements and radical budget shifts imply that Navy operational needs will broaden and engineering solutions will face tougher constraints. Existing and emerging technology promise increased combat capability in smaller packages;space-based assets will allow operator orchestration of widely dispersed naval units via connectivity attributes previously unavailable. Tactical data relay by downlink may permit reallocation of responsibilities among several platforms, space, air, or seaborne, so ships can be outfitted for custom-use (sensing, unique data processing, high-firepower) and optimized to meet specific mission needs. These evolving capabilities demand a fresh look at ship concepts and prospective force structures consistent with global and fiscal realities. Warfighting performance formerly unknown in small ship design may offer a very effective solution to the intricate, interacting issues of falling defense budgets, diverse operational requirements and complex national priorities. Multimission ships which take advantage of new or current technology to reduce ship size, manning and cost could be affordable in sufficient numbers to meet our continuing worldwide obligations, complement our larger ships' force structure, and produce a balanced fleet. These same ships could satisfy U.S. maritime needs beyond the Navy and improve export trade through foreign military sales (FMS).

关键词： Naval Warfare

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COMPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR SITE ASSESSMENT WITH LOW-LEVEL CONTAMINANTS

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1990年第4期10卷 90-95页

作者： BYRNES, ME NELSON, RW LAPOE, RG LUNdQUIST, dE MCNEILL, W Dr. R. Wayne Nelson is technical director/acting manager of the Environmental Remediation Division of Science Applications International Corp. (14062 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401). Previously he was deputy program manager at Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Air Force Installation Restoration Program (IRP). Dr. Nelson has a Ph.D. from the University of London in Environmental Policy and Planning. Major Robert G. La Poe has a Ph.D. in Environmental Science from Cornell University and is acting as the Vandenberg Air Force Base Project Manager for the Installation Restoration Program (1STRAD/ETC Vandenberg AFB CA 93437). Major La Poe has specialized in the properties of organic contaminants that determine their transport and fate. Dr. William McNeill has a Ph.D. in physical chemistry. He is a senior technical advisor at Science Applications International Corp. (14062 Denver West Parkway Golden CO 80401) and has many years of experience in hazardous waste program management. He was formerly director of Technical Operations at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal where he was responsible for environmental programs and demilitarization of chemical warfare materials.

A remedial investigation (RI) was performed in an area downgradient from an abandoned missile silo at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, as part of the United States Air Force Installation Restoration program (IRP). A number of complementary investigative techniques were used to assure a reliable assessment of site contamination. These included the review of aerial photographs, the use of an organic vapor analyzer (OVA) and carbon adsorption/mass spectrometer (MS) method to conduct a soil-gas survey; magnetic and electromagnetic geophysical surveys; bedrock permeability testing; and the chemical analysis of soil, sediment, surface water, and ground water samples. The results from this investigation revealed the presence of an undocumented landfill and a small trichloroethylene plume in ground water at concentrations ranging from 6.7 ppb to 31 ppb. The investigation also identified local ground water flow direction, provided strong evidence of the location of potential sources of contamination, and defined the downgradient extent of ground water contamination. Because the identified contaminants have not as yet reached the environmentally sensitive wetland at the base of the slope below this facility, there is still time to propose remedial alternatives that would serve to protect this environmentally sensitive area.

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A PROPOSAL TO USE CHLORINE-36 FOR MONITORING THE MOVEMENT OF RAdIONUCLIdES FROM NUCLEAR-EXPLOSIONS

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1990年第3期10卷 106-113页

作者： phILLIPS, FM dAVIS, SN KUBIK, P Fred Phillips is associate professor of Hydrology at New Mexico Tech in Socorro (Geoscience Department New Mexico Tech Socorro NM 87801). He obtained bachelor's degrees in earth science and history from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1976 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in hydrology from the University of Arizona in 1979 and 1981. He has performed research on radiometric dating of ground water application of stable isotopes to Quaternary paleohydrology surface exposure dating using the accumulation of cosmogenic radionuclides and geological controls on solute transport in ground water. In 1988 he was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Geochemical Society in recognition of his work in developing hydrogeologic applications of36C1. Peter W. Kubik (Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627) received his Ph.D. from the Technical University of Munich. He has been with the Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory since 1985 and is now in charge of its accelerator mass spectrometry program.

Chlorine-36 has been produced in large amounts by hundreds of nuclear explosions on the Nevada Test Site as well as 12 off-site explosions at eight locations in five states. Continued monitoring of the redistribution of radionuclides by subsurface water is of concern in most of the areas affected by the detonations. Chlorine-36 has the following advantages as a built-in tracer for this redistribution: its mobility is equal to or greater than water, its long half-life assures its continued usefulness over long periods, collection and storage of samples is simple, it is not subject to vapor transport at ordinary temperatures, its natural background is very low, and it does not form insoluble precipitates. Chlorine-36 from the Gnome event near Carlsbad, New Mexico, illustrates how 36 C1 can be used to help study the redistribution of radionuclides in the soil profile. Chlorine-36 is also potentially useful as a tracer to study movement of contaminants around large nuclear reactor complexes and near respositories for radioactive waste.

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