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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： G.G. Lendaris T.T. Shannon A. Rustan Systems Science Ph.D. Program and Electrical & Computer Engineering Department Portland State University USA

A variety of alternate training strategies for implementing the dual heuristic programming (dHP) method of approximate dynamic programming in the neurocontrol context are explored. The dHP method of controller training has been successfully demonstrated by a number of authors on a variety of control problems in recent years, but no unified view of the implementation details of the method has yet emerged. A number of options are described for sequencing the training of the controller and critic networks in dHP implementations. Results are given about their relative efficiency and the quality of the resulting controllers for two benchmark control problems.

关键词： Neural networks Shape control dynamic programming Equations design optimization Amorphous materials design methodology Feedback loop Supervised learning Process design

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Health risk assessment of hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene residues in fish collected from a hazardous waste contaminated wetland in Louisiana, USA

ASTM Special Technical Publication

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ASTM Special Technical Publication 1999年第1333期 368-382页

作者： Tchounwou, Paul B. Abdelghani, Assaf A. Pramar, Yashoda V. Heyer, Lorenzo R. Environmental Science Ph.D. Program School of Science and Technology Jackson State University Jackson MS 39217 United States Dept. of Environ. Health Sciences Tulane Univ. Sch. Pub. Hlth. T. New Orleans LA 70112 United States Dept. of Basic Pharmaceutical Sci. College of Pharmacy Xavier University of Louisiana New Orleans LA 70125 United States

Improper disposal of hazardous materials has often led to significant adverse effects on environmental quality and human health. This investigation was undertaken to compare the concentration levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBd) in various fish collected from a local hazardous waste contaminated wetland to those of a control site, and to assess the potential health risk that may be associated with consuming such fish. A total of 201 samples including 146 fish from the study site and 55 fish from a control site were examined. Statistical analyses revealed a highly significant difference (p less than or equal 0.01) in concentrations between the 2 sites. Mean levels of contaminants in edible tissues were 23.52 ± 53.54 ng/g (HCB) and 226.33 ± 778.40 ng/g (HCBd) in the study site, and 2.00 ± 5.62 ng/g (HCB) and 6.84 ± 10.41 ng/g (HCBd) in the control site. For the study site, a combined hazard index of 0.65 was computed for a 10-kg child eating 6.5 g of fish per day, while 70-kg adults with daily intakes of 6.5 g toxicant (general population), 30 g (sport fishermen) and 140 g (subsistence fishermen) yielded hazard indices of 0.11, 0.50 and 2.32, respectively;indicating that subsistence fishermen had a higher risk for systemic effects, with an exposure in excess of the EPA-Reference dose. Cancer risks varied from 3.52x10-6 to 75.52x10-6 for HCB, and from 1.64x10-6 to 35.33x10-6 for HCBd, indicating an exposure in excess of the widely accepted risk level of 1x10-6. For the control site, a significantly lower level of exposure was estimated for both HCB and HCBd.

关键词： Contaminated fish Human exposure Risk estimation Toxic organics

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definition of evaluation criteria for system development acquisition modeling and simulation

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第1期111卷 55-64页

作者： Leite, MJ Mensh, dR Michael J. Leite:is a Principal Engineer with PRC Inc. a division of Litton Industries. He supports combat system engineering for theater air and missile defense. His other tasks have included the command and control for the AEGIS shipbuilding program systems engineering for the 21st Century Surface Combatant combat system survivability and the development of NATO standardization agreements for naval ordnance. He was previously a Senior Engineer with San Diego Gas & Electric with responsibility for its energy application and lighting programs. Prior to joining SDG&E Mr. Leite was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy where he served in operations and engineering assignments. Following active duty he accepted a Naval Reserve commission and has retired with the rank of Captain. His assignments included command operational and engineering tours. Mr. Leite has also served as an expert witness in admiralty and engineering matters. He is a gradate of the University of California Berkeley with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Engineering and also holds a Masters Degree in Business Administration from National University in San Diego. Mr. Leite is a Registered Professional Engineer in the States of California and Minnesota. Mr. Leite is a member of ASNE ASCE MORS the Illuminating Engineering Society and the U.S. Naval institute. Dennis Roy Mensh:is a Senior Engineer with PRC Inc. a division of Litton Industries in Crystal City VA where he supports modeling and simulation tasking for combat systems. He received BS and MS degrees in applied Physics from Lopola College in Baltimore MD and the American University in Washington DC. He has also completed the course work towards a Ph.D. degree in computer science specializing in the fields of Operations Reseurch Anabsis Systems Analysis and Computer Modeling and Simulation. Previously he was employed at the White Oak Laboratory of the Naval Surface Warfare Carter in Silver Spring MD where he worked in the areas of naval sensor and weapon system analysis

This paper defines, develops and examines a set of generic analysis tools that can be applied to Models and Simulations at the Systems engineering level of fidelity. The tools examine the performance and effectiveness of Sensors;Weapons;and Battle Management, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence ((BMCI)-I-4) systems and equipment. The Measures of Performance (MOPs), Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) and Measures of Force Effectiveness (MOFEs) were extracted from the Modular Command and Control Structure Paradigm which was developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. The paradigm provides for the development of evaluation criteria (MOPs, MOEs, and MOFEs) in a framework that ensures the traceability of system performance and effectiveness to the system operational requirements as specified in the Operational Requirements document (ORd). Also, the analysis tools provide insight and valid estimates of numerical measures of the defined system functionality threads, which represent the system's operational requirements as specified in the ORd. The tools are directly transferrable and applicable to test and evaluation exercise events which are conducted in support of the development and acquisition of systems and equipment. Once the levels of system performance have been defined, the Paradigm generates a quantitative database that becomes a useful tool in system tradeoffs and selection. Once the alternative system suites have been defined, the suites can be analyzed in terms of system functionality threads and their corresponding performance capabilities versus cost.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Sales technology Applications: The Acquisition and Use of Sales Force Automation by Mid-Sized Manufacturers

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Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 1999年第2期19卷 59-73页

作者： L. Mark Rivers[a] Jack dart[b] [a] Mark Rivera (M.Sc. University of Saskatchewan) has acquired extensive experience in the telecommunications and information technology industries beginning with his work as marketing manager at TD Communications Ltd. a medium sized wireless engineering company located in Calgary Alberta. He is currently employed as a Senior Business Analyst in the Global Delivery Planning and Development Group at SHL Systemhouse a major international IT outsourcing company.[b] Jack Dart (Ph.D. University of Colorado) is currently a Professor of Marketing at the University of Saskatchewan. He has published in more than a dozen academic journals including the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Journal of Business Research European Journal of Marketing and Journal of Professional Services Marketing. His current research interests focus on the nature and role of marketing in the information age.

The decade of the nineties has seen considerable attention devoted to the application of information technology to the sales force. This paper reports on an empirical investigation into the factors that relate to the acquisition and effective use of sales force automation. Several correlates relating to the firm's acquisition of sales force technology were identified. In contrast, relatively few variables appear related to whether or not the organization will realize any actual benefits from such investments. A key determinant appears to be whether the firm anticipates that sales force automation is likely to have an impact on areas of the organization extending beyond the sales force itself. The paper concludes with some implications of the findings of the investigation and some suggestions for future research.

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Probabilistic risk analysis of diesel power generators onboard ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 35-58页

作者： Ayyub, BM Karaszewski, ZJ Wade, M Bilal M. Ayyub.:is a Professor of Civil Enginnering and the Director of the Center for Technology and Systems Management at the University of Maryland (College Park). He is also a researcher and consultant in the areas of structural engineering inspection methods and practices reliability and risk analysis. He completed his B.S. degree in civil engineering in 1980 and completed both the M.S. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in civil engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Ayyub has an extensive background in uncertainty modeling and marine structural reliability marine structures uncertainty modeling and anaylsis and mathematical medeling using the theories of probability statistics and fuzzy sets. He has completed several research projects that were funded by the NSF USCG USN the USACE ASME and several engineering companies. Dr. Ayyub served the engineering community in various capacities through societies that include ASNE ASCE ASME SNAME IEEECS and NAFIPS. He is the authour and co-author of about 250 publications in journals and conference proceedings and reports. His publications include edited books textbooks and book chapters. Dr. Ayyub is the only double recipient of the ASNE “Jimmie” Hamilton Award for the best papers in the Naval Engineers Journal in 1985 and 1992. Also he received the ASCE “Outstanding Research Oriented Paper” in the Journal of Walter L. Huber Research Prize in 1997 and the K.S. Fu Award of NAFIPS in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer (PE) with the State of Maryland. Zbigniew J. Karaszewski:is the Associate Director of the University of Maryland's Center for Technology and Systems Management and technical director of the Center for Maritime Leadership. He is a Systems Engineering and Management Consultant specializing in life cycle system support business systems auditing and risk management and loss prevention. Mr. Karasezewski has 30 years of experience in the field of systems performance analysis and management as a practitioner and teacher

In this paper, a methodology and guidelines for applying risk methods in design and operation of maritime systems were developed and demonstrated using a case study of marine diesel generators. The methodology consists of several modules that include system definition based on functional and performance requirements, definition of dependencies among subsystems, data collection and reduction, reliability and risk analyses, and results reduction for use in decision analysis. The methodology was used to assess and analyze typical service diesel generators found onboard ships. The analysis included the generation of cut sets for the overall reliability of the system. The most likely failure scenarios were determined by demonstration as the failure of fuel supply components. The results are consistent with previous findings of the U.S. Coast Guard.

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Removal of volatile organic compounds horn surfactant solutions by flash vacuum stripping in a packed column

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1998年第4期18卷 157-165页

作者： Choori, UN Scamehorn, JF O'Haver, JH Harwell, JH Umesh Choori received his B. Tech. in chemical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur and his M.S. in chemical engineering at the University of Oklahoma. John Scamehorn holds the Asahi Glass Chair in Chemical Engineering and is Associate Director of the Institute for Applied Surfactant Research at the University of Oklahoma (Norman OK 73019). He received his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Nebraska and his Ph.D. at the University of Texas all in chemical engineering. Dr. Scamehorn has worked for Shell Conoco and DuPont and has been on a number of editorial boards for journals in the area of surfactants and separation science. He has edited three books and coauthored more than 120 technical papers. His research interests include surfactant properties important in consumer product formulation and surfactant-based separation processes. John O'Haver is currently an assistant professor in chemical engineering at the University of Mississippi. He received his degrees from the University of Oklahoma two in secondary education and one in chemical engineering. Dr. O'Haver taught high school for 12 years before returning for his Ph.D. His research interests are in the areas of fundamental and applied surfactant science. Jeffrey Harwell holds the Conoco/DuPont Professorship in Chemical Engineering and is Director of the School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Oklahoma. He received his B.A. in chemistry and M.S. in chemical engineering at Texas A&M University a M.Div. at the Western Conservative Baptist Seminary and his Ph.D. at the University of Texas in chemical engineering. Dr. Harwell is a cofounder of Surbec Environmental and is president of Surfactant Associates. He has served as a program director at NSF for one year and was the Victor K. Lamer award winner in 1984. He has edited three books and coauthored more than 80 technical papers. His research interests include surfactants in environmental remediation and in material property modification.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be removed from contaminated ground water and subsurface media by surfactant-enhanced remediation processes. For the process to be economically competitive it is necessary to recover and reuse the surfactant from this concentrated solution. The VOC can be removed from this concentrated solution by flash vacuum stripping, leaving the surfactant solution for reuse. In this study, the flash vacuum stripping of trichloroethylene (TCE) from an anionic surfactant solution in a co-current packed column was studied under rough vacuum conditions. The presence of surfactants lead to a reduction in the overall liquid phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient (MTC) of 40 to 95%, depending on flow rate and surfactant concentration at 50 degrees C and 16 kPa. At liquid loading rates of less than 13 cm(3)/cm(2)min, the MTC of TCE decreases rapidly with an increase in liquid loading rate, and at liquid loading rates above that, the MTC decreases slightly with an increase in the liquid loading rate. This trend may have been due to foaming. At surfactant concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, the effect of surfactant concentration was not significant at liquid loading rates less than 13 cm(3)/cm(2)min. However, beyond that rate, the MTC of TCE decreased drastically with an increase in surfactant concentration. The MTC of TCE increased with an increase in temperature. A large pressure drop (3 to 4 kPa/m) was observed across the packed bed due to foaming.

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Superconducting magnetic gradiometers for underwater target detection

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第1期110卷 139-149页

作者： Clem, TR Ted R. Clem is a research physicist at the NSWC Coastal Systems Station (CSS). He has been managing the CSSs program to develop and demonstrate superconducting gradiometers since 1992. He joined the research staff at CSS in 1982. His research interests include the application of magnetic sensors for magnetic anomaly detection superconducting sensor development and demonstration and investgation of noise mechanisms associated with superconducting materials. He is also coordinator of low frequency applications in superconductivity for the Naval Consortium for Supercmductivity. The Chief of Naval Research awarded him for co-authoring the Best Nay Independent Research Paper in 1989. In addition he received the CSSas Award for Special Achievement in Science and Technology in 1985 for his endeavors to understand important noise sources in superconducting sensor technology and in 1989 for research with the high temperature superconducting materials. He is a member of the American Physical Society. Dx Clem graduated with a B.S. in physics from North Carolina State University and a Masters and a Ph.D. in bimthematics from North Carolina State University with dissertation research in theoretical statistical mechanics.

Passive magnetic sensors provide one means to conduct mobile area surveys and search operations for the detection of magnetic anomaly targets. Sensors incorporating Superconducting Quantum Interference devices (SQUIds) provide the greatest sensitivity for magnetic anomaly detection available with current technology. A superconducting magnetic-field gradiometer developed in the 1980's has been demonstrated in fusion with acoustic sensors to enhance shallow water sea mine detection and classification, especially for buried mine detection and the reduction of acoustic false alarm rates. This sensor incorporated niobium bulk and wire superconducting components cooled by liquid helium to a temperature of 4 degrees Kelvin (K). An advanced superconducting gradiometer prototype is being developed to increase sensitivity and detection range. This sensor features all thin film niobium superconducting components (replacing the bulk superconducting components used in the preceding generation) and a new liquid helium cooling concept. In the late 1980's, a new class of "high Tc" superconductors was discovered with critical temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K). The use of liquid nitrogen refrigeration offers new opportunities for this sensor technology, providing significant reduction in the size of sensor packages and in the requirements for cryogenic support and logistics. As a result of this breakthrough, a high Tc sensor concept using liquid nitrogen refrigeration has been developed and a test article of that concept is being fabricated and evaluated. In this paper, these recent advances in sensor development will be reviewed and a current perspective on the role of magnetic sensors for underwater target detection, classification and localization will be addressed.

关键词： Magnetometers

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Recapitalizing the Navy through optimized manning and improved reliability

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 61-72页

作者： Anderson, dE Malone, TB Baker, CC Mr. David E. Anderson:is a Navel Engineer with the Naval Sea Systems Command where he is currently assigmd to the HumanSystems Integration branch. Mr Anderson has a Bachelor of Science degree an Environmental Engineering from Flurida Technological University and a Master's in Environmental Engiwering from the University of Central Flurida. He currentEy is an HSI manager for a number oflvay R&D and skig acquisition efforts. Dr. Thomas B. Malone:received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is President of Carlow International Incorporated an organization dedicated to human factors research and development with emphasis an mantime systems. He has directed over 350 programs and projects in his 33 year career and is responsible for overall management of all contract programs within the Corporation. He is a Past President of the Human Factors and E r g m i c s Society (HFES) of which he is a Fellow. He is also a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences He was selected as a member of the N A S Space Sciences Technical Advisuiy Committee on Technoloo Requirements for Human Performance on Long Duration Space Missions in 2989 and 90. He was elected as the First Chair of the Systems Development Technical Group of the HFES. Dr Malone is currently managing eflorts to devehp and auto- mate standardized processes for canducting human systems integration (HSI) in the military weapon systems acquisition process and fov developing automated tools to facilitate fledormance of specific steps in the HSI process. Dr Malone also is currently occupied in applying human engineering to the DD 21 and is serving as the Chair ofthe System ManninglHuman Perfomzance Working IPT under the DD 21 ManninglHSI IPT chaired ty PMS 500M. Mr. Clifford Baker:has over 20 years experience in developing and applying human factors technology to complex systems. He holds a masters degree in psychology with a specialization in human factors engineering and he is a Board Certified Human Factors Engineering Profesional

Reduced manning is the process (and the result) of removing human functions from a system while retaining or improving system operability and effectiveness. Reliability and maintainability characterize a system's operability and effectiveness. Reduced manning impacts system reliability by changing the characteristics of (1) human error associated with system operation and maintenance, (2) time to repair failed components, and (3) mean-time-between-failures (MBTF) in a reduced manning environment. Simply reducing manning without compensating for system dependence on human involvement generally has a negative impact on system maintainability. Methods to address this include (1) human-system integration design of maintenance interfaces and (2) design of operations activities that are closely related to device failures. After demonstrating reliable performance through testing and operation, ship commanders can be assured that fewer people can effectively operate and maintain Navy ships and systems.

关键词： Naval vessels

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A survey of the causes of surfactant-induced changes in hydraulic conductivity

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1997年第4期17卷 138-144页

作者： Tumeo, MA Mark A. Tumeo Ph.D. P.E. is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and director of the Center for Environmental Science Technology and Policy at Cleveland State University. He holds a Ph.D. in environmental engineering as well as degrees in civil engineering and biology. He also has attended Martin Luther King Law School to study environmental law.

In reality, all 10 hypotheses discussed in this paper might actually be correct to a greater or lesser extent. As an be seen from each section, each one of the four general theories can be used to explain either a decrease or increase in hydraulic conductivity. Further, because natural soils are a mixture of components, several of these interactions may be occurring simultaneously, with the net observed effect covering the spectrum from a significant decrease, to no change, to an increase in hydraulic conductivity. These interactions may also take place on different time and spatial scales, potentially resulting in fluctuations in hydraulic conductivity over time.

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More on training strategies for critic and action neural networks in dual heuristic programming method

More on training strategies for critic and action neural net...

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IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics

作者： G.G. Lendaris C. Paintz T. Shannon Systems Science & Electrical Engineering Portland State University Portland OR USA Electrical Engineering Portland State University Portland OR USA Systems Science Ph.D. Program Portland State University Portland OR USA

The article describes a modification to the usual procedures for training of critic and action neural networks in the dual heuristic programming (dHP) method (d. Prokhorov and d. Wunsch, 1996; R. Santiago, 1995; P. Werbos, 1994). This modification entails updating both the critic and the action networks at each computational cycle, rather than only one at a time. The distinction lies in the introduction of a (real) second copy of the critic network whose weights are adjusted less often and the "desired value" for training the other critic is obtained from this critic copy. Previously (G. Lendaris and C. Paintz, 1997), the proposed modified training strategy was demonstrated on the pole cart controller problem: the full 6 dimensional state vector was input to the critic and action NNs, however, the utility function only involved pole angle, not distance along the track (x). For the first set of results presented here, the 3 states associated with the x variable were eliminated from the inputs to the NNs, keeping the same utility function previously defined. This resulted in improved learning and controller performance. From this point, the method is applied to two additional problems, each of increasing complexity: for the first, an x-related term is added to the utility function for the pole cart problem, and simultaneously, the x-related states were added back in to the NNs (i.e., increase number of state variables used from 3 to 6); the second relates to steering a vehicle with independent drive motors on each wheel. The problem contexts and experimental results are provided.

关键词： Neural networks Intelligent networks Equations design methodology Sliding mode control Computer networks Vehicle driving Wheels Analytical models Signal generators

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