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A dISTRIBUTEd MEdIA ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR PACKET RAdIO NETWORKS ANd PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS .2. NETWORK SET-UP TIME ANd dATA RATE

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1995年第1期8卷 49-63页

作者： PONd, LC LI, VOK Communication Sciences Electrical Engineering Systems University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-2565 U.S.A. Lawrence C. Pond received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1983 and 1990 respectively. Dr. Pond is currently a scientist at Hughes Space and Communications Company having joined in 1980. He has worked in the fields of communication system design mobile communication network and spacecraft payload design. He is currently working on the development of satellite-based ATM transport and switching architectures for BISDN and Defense Information System Network amlications. Dr. Pond is a member of IEEE. Victor O. K. Li was born in Hong Kong in 1954. He received his SB SM and Sc.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts in 1977 1979 and 1981 respectively. Since February 1981 he has been with the University of Southern California (USC) LOS Angeles California where he is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the USC Communication Sciences Institute. He has published 150 technical papers and has lectured and consulted extensively around the world. His research interests include high-speed communication networks personal communication networks intelligent networks distributed databases queueing theory graph theory and applied probability. Dr. Li is very active in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) having been a member of the Computer Communications Technical Committee since 1983 and having served as Chairman from 1987–1989. He served as Chairman of the Los Angeles Chapter of the IEEE Information Theory Group from 1983–1985. He is the Steering Committee Chair of the International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IC3 N) General Chair of the 1st Annual IC3N held in San Diego California in June 1992 General Chair and Technical Program Chair of the 4th IEEE Workshop on Comp

In this, the second part of a two-part paper, the required time for establishing a mobile packet radio network using the virtual circuit and time division multiple access protocol developed in Part 1 is analysed. Tools are developed to determine the virtual circuit and network set-up times in terms of the channel bandwidth allocated to establish and maintain the network. The tools are then extended to include the effects of user mobility. Then these results are combined with the network capacity results of Part 1 to analyse the trade-off between the data rate and set-up time of the network. Next a hierarchical architecture is proposed and the network data rate versus set-up time trade-off of this architecture is analysed using these tools. This architecture is shown to both provide a higher data rate and establish faster than flat networks of the same number of nodes.

关键词： PACKET RAdIO NETWORK EPLRS dISTRIBUTEd NETWORK TdMA VIRTUAL CIRCUITS MULTIHOP NETWORK BOUNdEd dELAY MOBILITY NETWORK SET-UP TIME HIERARCHICAL NETWORK NETWORK dATA RATE

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ISdN LOOP EXTENSION USING A MId-SPAN AMPLIFIER

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1995年第3期8卷 219-224页

作者： ERKER, GJ dOddS, dE KRZYMIEN, WA David E. Dodds was born in Saskatoon Canada in 1945. He received the B. Eng. and MSc. degrees from the University of Saskatchewan in 1966 and 1968 respectively. He worked with Bell Northern Research (Ottawa) on PBX design in 1969 1972 and 1978. Since 1969 he has been with the University of Saskatchewan where he is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering. He teaches courses in electronics and communications and also presents short courses on the fundamentals of telephony. Current research interests are in data transmission signal processing architecture and frame synchronization for PCM and spread spectrum systems. He has been granted five patents relating to commercial products in delta-modulation telephone line interfacing and computer data transmission. In 1986 he was on sabbatical leave at BNR Inc. and worked with an ANSI committee on the standardization of FDDI-II a combined voice and data system. Mr. Dodds is a Registered Consulting Engineer in Saskatchewan. Witold A. Krzyden received his MSc. (Eng.) and Ph.D. degrees (both in Electrical Engineering) in 1970 and 1978 respectively from the Poznan Technical University in Poznan Poland. He was awarded the Minister's of Science and Technology Prize of Excellence for his Ph.D. thesis. From 1970 to 1978 he was a Research Engineer and Teaching Assistant and then from 1978 to 1980 an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Poznan Technical University. In 1980 he won a Dutch Government Research Fellowship at the Twente University of Technology in Enschede the Netherlands for the year of 1980/1981. In the following year of 1981/82 he was a Research Assistant Professor there. From 1982 to 1986 he was an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay Ontario Canada. In 1986 he joined the Univeristy of Alberta and Alberta Telecommunications Research Centre (now Telecommunications Research Laboratories or TRLabs) as an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. Currently he is a Professor of E

The 5.5 km range of the basic rate ISdN loop has been extended by using a negative impedance amplifier and by using a 2 wire/4 wire (2w/4w) amplifier. The negative impedance amplifier extends the range of the loop by 1.0 km, whereas the 2w/4w amplifier extends the range by 1.5 km at the expense of increased complexity. As part of the amplifer design, a resistor/capacitor network has been developed which closely matches the characteristic impedance of telephone cable. Error rate tests have been conducted using various lengths of cable and an operating ISdN line.

关键词： ISdN phYSICAL LAYER BASIC RATE LOOP RANGE EXTENSION

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Performance of a three‐phase induction motor fed from a non‐ideal single‐phase supply

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European Transactions on Electrical Power 1995年第3期5卷 215-220页

作者： Abdel‐Halim, I.A.M. Slama, M.M. Hamed, H.G. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ibnhim A. M. Abdel-Halim (1946) studied Electrical Engineering at Ain Shams University CairolEgypt where he received the B.Sc. degree in 1%8. He received his M. Sc. degree from Cairo University in 1973 and in 1978 a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Loughbcrough University ofTechnology in England. Since 1985 he has been a Professor of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics at the Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University (Benha Branch) CairdEgypt. He is a Fellow of the IEE (England). (Zagazig University (Benha Branch) Faculty of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department 108 Shoubra Street CairolEgypt T + 20 2 I3 49 46 78 Fax + 202 12 02 33 36) Dr. Mohamed Moenes Slama (1948) received his 9. Sc. degree from the Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University Egypt in 1970 the M. Sc. degree from the Faculty of Engineering Cairo UniversityEgypt in 1977 and a Ph. D. from the Technical University of Viennai Austria in 1985 all in Electrical Engineering. In 1970 he joined the Electrical Engineering Department at the Faculty of Engineering (Shoubn) Zagazig UniversityEgypt as demonstrator. Now he is Assistant Professor. His main field of interest is power-system analysis. (Zagazig University (Benha Branch) Faculty of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department 108 Shoubra Street Cairo/Egypt T + 20 212 9 1 02 26 Fax + 2021202 33 36) Dr.-Ing. Hamed Galal Hamed (1943) received the B. Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Zagazig University (Benha Branch) CairoEgypt in 1974 and the M. Eng. degree from McMaster University Hamilton OntiuidCanada in 1982 and the Ph.D. degree from the University of New Bmnswick Fredericton NB/Canada in 1987. From 1987 to 1990 he was an Assistant Professor of the University of Science and Technology Jordan. Since 1990 he has been an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University (Benha Branch) Cairo/Egypt. (Zagazig University (Benha Branch) Faculty of Engineering Ele

The effect of supply reactance on the performance of a three‐phase induction motor fed from a non‐ideal single‐phase supply, using a capacitor phase converter, is investigated. Equations for predicting the performance of the motor are derived, with the effect of the single‐phase supply reactance taken into consideration. Star‐and delta‐connected motors are considered in deriving the performance equations. Computed results for the motor‐performance characteristics obtained when the motor is fed from a non‐ideal single‐phase supply are compared with those obtained when the motor is fed from a non‐ideal three‐phase balanced supply having the same supply reactance as that of the single‐phase supply. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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CHEMICAL MASS-BALANCE APPROACH TO FIELd-EVALUATION OF BIOREMEdIATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS 1995年第1期14卷 F2-F3页

作者： SIMS, RC SIMS, JL Utah State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Utah Water Research Laboratory Logan UT 84322 Professor and Head of the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. He holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) environmental engineering (M.S.) and biological and agricultural engineering (Ph.D). He has worked as Director of the International Program in Industrial Development Chapel Hill NC as Supervisor of the Environmental Control Laboratory for Mobay Chemical Corporation Charleston SC and as environmental engineer with Research Triangle Institute NC. Dr. Sims currently is involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation. Research Assistant Professor in the Division of Environmental Engineering at Utah State University. She holds degrees in biology (B.S.) environmental chemistry and biology (M.S.) and soil science (M.S.). She has held positions as an Associate in a private consulting firm in Raleigh NC and as Chairperson of the on-site wastewater disposal committee of the State of Utah. Judith Sims is currently involved in teaching research and technology transfer in the area of contaminated soil characterization and remediation.

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A Sophisticated Ground Water Analytical Tool

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Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 1995年第2期15卷 134-139页

作者： Tonjes, david J. Heil, James H. Black, John A. David J. Tonjes is a doctoral candidate in coastal oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook through its Waste Management Institute (Waste Management Institute Marine Sciences Research Center University at Stony Brook 11794–5000). Under a grant from the Town Board he is a technical adviser to the commissioner of waste management of the town of Brookhaven New York in solid waste planning regulatory compliance and environmental site monitoring. Tonjes has a B.A. in liberal arts from St. John's College an M.S. in computer science from New York Institute of Technology and an M.S. in technological systems management from the University at Stony Brook. James H. Heil is commissioner of waste management for the town of Brookhaven (Department of Waste Management Town of Brookhaven 3233 Rte. 112 Medford NY 11763). Heil received a B.S. from Manhattan College and an M.S. from New York University in civil engineering and is a licensed professional engineer in New York. He is a former president of the New York State Solid Waste Management Association. John A. Black is the coordinator of the environmental science program at Suffolk County Community College (Environmental Science Program Suffolk County Community College Selden NY 11784). He is currently the chair of the Ecology Committee of the Pine Barrens Advisory Committee for Suffolk County and is a member of the Suffolk County Pine Barrens Review Commission. Black received a B.S. in chemistry from Adephi University an M.S. in public administration from the University at Stony Book an M. S. from Hofstra University and a Ph. D. from Adlephi in marine sciences.

Stiff diagrams arc a multivariate method of analysis used to describe the chemical state of ground water. The use of Stiff diagrams to describe multiconstituent contamination sites, such as landfills, has distinct advantages over single constituent analyses. Problems associated with traditional Stiff diagram analyses, such as diagram attentuation, can be addressed by allowing the scale of the diagram to vary with the ionic strength of the analyzed sample. The use of these sliding scale Stiff diagrams reveals the chemical slate of the ground water over wide ranges of constituent concentrations and thus allows for sensitive and sophisticated depictions of complicated contamination sites in a fashion that is extremely difficult to replicate with single constituent analyses. This approach has possible applications for understanding and tracing the mixing and chemical changes in uncontaminated settings. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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THE COMPLEX SUBSPACE ITERATION FOR THE COMPUTATION OF EIGENMOdES IN LOSSY CAVITIES

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MOdELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS dEVICES ANd FIELdS 1995年第6期8卷 385-398页

作者： SCHMITT, d SCHUHMANN, R WEILANd, T Technische Hochschule Darmstadt FB 18 Fachgebiet Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder D-64289 Darmstadt Germany Dietmar Schmitt was born in Erfurt Germany in 1965. He received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Ilmenau in 1990 and the Ph.D. degree from the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt department of ‘Theory of Electromagnnetic Fields’ in 1994. His main research interest is electromagnetic field theory with emphasis on numerical modelling and simlation. Rolf Schuhmann was born in Osterburken Germany in 1968. He received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt in 1994. Theomas Weiland born in 1951 studied electrical engineering and mathematics at the Technische Hochschule armstadt. In 1977 he received his Ph.D. In his thesis he worked out a finite difference method in the frequency domain and applied it to lossfree and lossy waveguide mode computation which resulted in unique solutionsa priorifree of spurious modes. As fellow at the European Institute for Nuclear Research (CERN Switzerland) he continued his work on electromagnetic computing extending yee's algorithm to include fields of moving charges. At the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY in Hamburg he founded in 1983 an international collaboration for three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation. The software paaackage called MAFIA which resulted from this collaboration has been in use since 1984 in 22 countries and was the first widely distributed 3-D code for radiofrequency field simulation. In 1984 he published a basic paper on the matrix formulation of Maxwells' equations and the uniqueness of numeical solutions. For his contributions to the field of scientific computing he received in 1986 the ‘Physics Prize’ of the German Physical Society and the ‘Prize for Achievements in Accelerator Physics and Technology’ of the US Particle Accelerator School and the ‘Leibniz Prize’ from the German Research Association in 1987. His work on electrom

A typical application of numerical frequency-domain computations is the calculation of electromagnetic fields in cavities. Not only the field vectors of the desired modes, but also parameters such as the resonance frequency and, in the lossy case, the damping coefficient and the quality factor of the cavity can be obtained. This problem leads to an analytical eigenvalue equation, which can be transformed in an algebraic, complex, linear eigenvalue problem by the finite integration method. The consideration of energy losses in materials is straightforward in the analytical theory, using complex material quantities, but it is still a difficult subject area to solve a complex algebraic eigenvalue problem. Generally problems with very large, complex matrices (dimension >100,000) have to be solved, and no commonly applicable algorithm is known so far. This paper deals with a special variant of subspace iteration with polynomial acceleration, and some problems of the application of the complex Chebyshev polynomials are discussed. Two examples with weakly lossy cavities demonstrate the capability of the new algorithm, which is successfully applied to very large problems of up to 490,000 real unknowns.

关键词： Iterative methods

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Acceptance and generation of general wave by a natural observation filter

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ELECTRONICS ANd COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNdAMENTAL ELECTRONIC science 1995年第11期78卷 1-8页

作者： Iijima, T Honorary Member Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Ishikawa Japan 923-12 Taizo lijima:graduated with a B.E. degree from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1948 and received his Ph.D. degree later. He joined the Electro-Technical Laboratories in 1948and since then has been involved in research on electromagnetic theory pattern recognition theory image processing voice recognition and research and development of OCR etc. After serving as the head of Iijima Special Research Laboratories he became Professorat the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1972. Later he became the Professor Emeritus of that Institute in 1986. He became a Professor at Tokyo Engineering University and Professor Emeritus of that University in 1991. In 1991 he became Professor at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and was appointed Vice President of that Institute in 1992. He served successively as editor examiner secretary of general affairs inspector councilor committee-head of pattern recognition and specialized studies head of Tokyo chapter and vice president of this Institute. In 1991 he became the Honorary Member.He received the Paper Award from the Institute four times and the literary works Award once. He received the Achievement Award and the Distinguished Service Award in 1976 and 1989 respectively. He received the Purple Ribbon Medal from the Emperor in 1988.

during the past few years, there has been a series of papers published on the theory of the natural observation method. As one of the important applications of this theory, the problems of acceptance and generation of a general waveform are discussed here. The case of polynomial waveforms and its corresponding theory was published previously. A great extension of that theory which covers general waveforms is presented here and its full picture is clarified.

关键词： natural observation filter acceptance of a wave generation of a wave theory of natural observation of the normal type

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AUTOMATEd OPPOSING FORCES FOR TRAINING SIMULATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1995年第3期107卷 245-252页

作者： ANTON, PS MCAdOW, KL SMITH, dB LEHNER, PE SHARP, MA Dr. Philip S. Anton:is currently the Terhnology Area Manager of Modeling and Reasoning in the MITRE Advanced Information Technologies Center. His research at MITRE has included behavioral models of military doctrine and command environmental modeling and reasoning for command forces and intelligent simulations of military entities. His other interests include neural networks artificial intelligence and intelligent agents. Dr. Anton received a U.S. degree in Computer Engineering from UCLA and an M.S. degree and a Ph.D in Computational Neuroscience from the University of California. Irvine After finishing nuclear power training Mr. McAdow served as an Engineering Department Division Officer on USS Mariano G. Vallejo (SSBN 658). He then worked as a civilian far the Naval Coastal Systems Center and then far Martin Marietta Aero and Naval Systems in the development of various submarine systems and unmanned undersea vehicles. David Smith:has been a member of the technical staff at MITRE s Advanced Information Technologies center since 1993. He has a B.S. degree in Computer Science and Mathematics from Albright College and an M.S. degree in Information and Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Paul Lehner:is a part-time Principal Scientist in the MITRE Advanced Information Technologies Center. In addition. Dr. Lehner is an Associate Professor of Systems Engineering at George Mason University. His research at MITRE has included automated planning and scheduling adversarial planning and reasoning against uncertainty. Dr. Lehner received a B.S. degree in Psychology from Bethany College. He also holds M.S. degrees in Psychology and Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Mathematical Psychology from the University of Michigan. Prior to his current employment at MITRE and at George Mason University Dr. Lehner served as the Technical Director of the Decision Sciences Section at PAR Government Systems Corporation. After finishing nuclear power training Cdr. Sharp served as an Engineering Department Divisi

Providing realistic opposing forces is critical to the successful use of military training simulations. Unfortunately, a number of issues can make the manual control of realistic opposing forces difficult or unattainable, This paper explores these issues while discussing how Automatic Interactive Targets (AITs) can assist Training Exercise Controllers (TECs) in providing validated and realistic opposing forces in highly interactive situations. The features of the prototype Remote AIT Processing System (RAPS) are used to demonstrate how an AIT system can be designed to meet TEC requirements for automated entities, RAPS can provide remote control of AITs for existing or new systems while providing sufficient features to allow a TEC to appropriately select and control AITs for individual training exercises and crew proficiencies.

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FIELd TRAPPING OF SUBSURFACE VAPOR-phASE PETROLEUM-HYdROCARBONS

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1994年第1期14卷 110-119页

作者： MOYER, EE OSTENdORF, dW KAMPBELL, dH XIE, YF Ellen E. Moyer (ENSR Consulting and Engineering 35 Nagog Park Acton MA 01720) is a senior environmental engineer at ENSR Consulting and Engineering in Acton Massachusetts. Her research interests include bioremediation air sparging soil venting and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. Moyer is a registered Professional Engineer with an M.S. in environmental engineering and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and a member of the National Ground Water Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the environmental engineering program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Ostendorf is a registered Professional Engineer and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Ground Water Association. Don H. Kampbell (Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Ada OK 74820) is a research chemist at the U.S. EPA Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada Oklahoma. His research interests include gas chromatog- raphy GC/mass spectrometry industrial waste processes soil bioreactor systems aquifer biorestoration and soil gas measurements. Kampbell is a certified Professional Soil Scientist and a registered Professional Engineer as well as a member of the Soil Science Society of America and the American Chemical Society. Yuefeng Xie (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a postdoctoral research associate in the environmental engineering program of the Civil Engineering Depart

Soil gas samples from intact soil cores were collected on adsorbents at a field site, then thermally desorbed and analyzed by laboratory gas chromatography (GC). Vertical concentration profiles of predominant vapor phase petroleum hydrocarbons under ambient conditions were obtained for the zone directly above the capillary fringe. Water and residual phase weathered aviation gasoline were present in this region of the profile. The sampling, trapping, and GC methodology was effective in most respects. Reproducibility, trapping, and desorption efficiency were generally satisfactory, and different sorbent tubes gave similar results. A minor shortcoming of the method occurred with the most volatile compound, 2,3-dimethylbutane, which was poorly retained during several weeks of storage time and was also poorly desorbed. Vapor phase concentrations of predominant hydrocarbon compounds all increased with depth at one sampling location. At a more highly contaminated location, concentrations of highly volatile compounds increased with depth while concentrations of less volatile compounds remained constant or decreased, possibly indicating distillation effects. Scatter in the data was attributed to heterogeneities in water and residual phase distribution.

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ENHANCEd dEGRAdATION OF dISSOLVEd BENZENE ANd TOLUENE USING A SOLId OXYGEN-RELEASING COMPOUNd

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1994年第1期14卷 120-128页

作者： BIANCHIMOSQUERA, GC ALLENKING, RM MACKAY, dM Gino Bianchi-Mosquera is principal geochemist at Stollar Bianchi (140 Ravenna Dr. Long Beach CA 90803). He received a B.A. degree in geochemistry from Occidental College in Los Angeles California an M.S. degree in geochemistry from The Pennsylvania State University and a D. Env. degree from the University of California Los Angeles in 1982 1986 and 1993 respectively. His research interests include the transport and fate of organic compounds in the subsurface and the design and evaluation of new aquifer cleanup techniques. Douglas Mackay is adjunct professor in the Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) Canada and a visiting scientist at the UCLA Department of Civil Engineering. From 1986 to mid- 1990 he was a faculty member in the environmental science and engineering program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water and ground water decontamination technologies. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively.

A field test to evaluate the applicability of an oxygen-releasing compound (ORC) to the remediation of ground water contaminated with benzene and toluene was conducted in the Borden Aquifer in Ontario, Canada. Benzene and toluene were injected as organic substrates to represent BTEX compounds, bromide was used as a tracer, and nitrate was added to avoid nitrate-limited conditions. The fate of the solutes was monitored along four lines of monitoring points and wells. Two lines studied the behavior of the solutes upgradient and downgradient of two large-diameter well screens filled with briquets containing ORC and briquets without ORC. One line was used to study the solute behavior upgradient and downgradient of columns of ORC powder placed directly in the saturated zone. The remaining line was a control. The results indicate that ORC in both briquet and powder form can release significant amounts of oxygen to contaminated ground water passing by it. In the formulation used in this work, oxygen release persisted for at least 10 weeks. Furthermore, the study indicates that the enhancement of the available dissolved oxygen content of at least 4 mg/L each of the ground water by ORC can support biodegradation of benzene and toluene dissolved in ground water. Such concentrations are typical of those encountered at sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons;therefore, these results suggest that there is promise for ORC to enhance in situ biodegradation of BTEX contaminants at such sites using passive (nonpumping) systems to contact the contaminated ground water with the oxygen source.

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