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The use of invertebrates in ground water monitoring: A rising research field

GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1996年第2期16卷 103-113页

作者： Malard, F Plenet, S Gibert, J Florian Malard (Groundwater Hydrobiology and Ecology Laboratory University of Lyon I Bat. 403 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France) graduated from the Agricultural Engineering College of Dijon in 1989. He joined the Geography Department of Loughborough University of Technology in 1989 the Ecology Laboratory of the University of Dijon in 1991 the Hydrogeology Laboratory of the University of Montpellier in 1992 and the Groundwater Hydrobiology and Ecology Laboratory of the University of Lyon I in 1993. He received an M.Sc. degree and a Ph.D. in hydrobiology from the University of Lyon I in 1991 and 1995 respectively. His most recent work has been in the field of organic contamination of karstic aquifers as related to ground water invertebrates. Sandrine Plenet (Groundwater Hydrobiology and Ecology Laboratory University of Lyon I Bat. 403 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69 622 Villeurbanne France) received her Ph.D. in hydrobiology from the University of Lyon in 1993 where she is currently an assistant lecturer. Her research interest is the influence of environmental variables on the dynamics of invertebrate communities with special emphasis on the impact of contaminants such as heavy metals on interstitial invertebrate assemblages. From 1991 to 1993 her work involved the search for indicator species of ground water contamination within the framework of a French Water Agency environmental program. Janine Gibert (Groundwater Hydrobiology and Ecology Laboratory University of Lyon I Bat. 403 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918 69 622 Villeurbanne France) is a professor at the University of Lyon I. She is also head of the Freshwater and River Ecology Research Unit 1974 of the C.N.R.S. and head of the Groundwater Hydrobiology and Ecology Laboratory of the University of Lyon I. She is engaged in collaborative research projects on a wide range of issues exploring ground water ecology in the perspective of environmental sustainability. She is involved in international programs on the ecology and management of aquat

The use of invertebrates as biomonitors of ground water quality is a relatively new approach that has come of age with the development of ground water ecology. The benefits of such an approach are illustrated by four examples of field biomonitoring from several sites in various hydrogeological settings. Contamination of the interstitial zone by heavy metals in some sectors of the Rhone River (France) was shown by the scarcity of insect species;sewage pollution in the saturated zone of a karstic aquifer was indicated by the low relative abundances of stygobites as compared with those of stygophiles and stygoxenes;and enrichment with organic matter of an underflow was dearly demonstrated by the extremely high density of ground water invertebrates such as oligochaetes, ostracods, and isopods. Examination of the spatial changes in the composition and abundance of invertebrate assemblages was also useful in determining the direction and intensity of water fluxes between a river and its underflow, as well as in delineating the reduced or oxidized zones in a manganese-polluted aquifer. Finally, the selected case studies emphasized the variety of methodological approaches that could be developed in ground water contamination biomonitoring, as well as the complementary and sometimes new information provided by this innovative method in comparison with that obtained by conventional pollution monitoring techniques.

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Proof Method for correctness of refinements of algebraic specification in abstract sequential machine style

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SYSTEMS ANd COMPUTERS IN JAPAN 1996年第5期27卷 25-38页

作者： Okano, K Higashino, T Taniguchi, K Member Faculty of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan 560 Teruo Hipshino received his B.E. M.E.and Ph.D. degrees in Information and Computer Sciences from Osaka University Osaka Japan in 1R9 1981 and 1984 respectively. He joined the Faculty of Osaka University in 1984. Since 1991 he has been an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Sciences at Osaka University. In 1990 he was a Visiting Researcher of Dept. I.R.O. at University of Montreal Canada. His current research interests include design and analysis of distributed systems specification and verification of communication protocols and formal approach of program design. He is a member of IEEE-CS ACM IEICE of Japan and IPS of Japan.

In this paper, new methods for providing the correctness of refinement among abstract sequential machine style programs are described. The programs are described in algebraic language ASL using some useful notions, i.e., the extended projection and the valid reachability condition for each transition function. These notions allow a designer to refine a given text (program or specification) to a concrete text more freely than the text that does not use such notions. These notions can also enhance the expressive power of the text. On the other hand, these advantages would have lost half their values, if useful methods to prove the correctness of refinement among the texts using them are not found. Thus new methods for proving the correctness of the texts are proposed, and they do not require much proof loads. First, the correctness of refinement among the ASL texts with the extended projection is defined. Second, a method is proposed for proving the correctness of refinement among such texts. Also proposed is a definition of the correctness of refinement among the texts with the valid reachability conditions and a method to prove their correctness. These methods do not require more proof loads than the usual methods for the texts that do not use such notions in the abstract sequential machine style. Therefore, these methods are useful.

关键词： abstract sequential machine ASL language proof algebraic specification

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Affordability, logistics R&d and fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, dP Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of ''doing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&d effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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Fabrication of SiN films at low temperature by RF biased coaxial-line microwave plasma CVd

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ELECTRONICS ANd COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第11期79卷 58-65页

作者： Morita, Y Kato, I Nakajima, T School of Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan Received a B.S. in 1992 from the Department of Electronics and Communication Waseda University. He is now enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the same university. He has been involved in research on microwave plasma CVD. He is a member of the Japanese Society of Applied Physics. Received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electronics and Communication Waseda University in 1967 and 1973 respectively. In 1973 he joined the faculty of Waseda University becoming an associate professor in 1978. He was Visiting Professor at Manitoba University Canada in 1979–1981. He has supervised research and participated in joint research with die Canadian National Research Council. He became a professor at Waseda University in 1993. He has been involved in research on microwave plasma CVD photonics lasers electronic materials evaluation technologies photonic materials opto-quantum electronics and semiconductor dun films. He is a member of die IEE of Japan die Japan Society of Applied Physics die TV Society die Japanese Vacuum Society and IEEE. Received die B.S. from die Department of Electronics and Communication Waseda University in 1994. He is now enrolled in die master's program at die same university. He has been involved in research on microwave plasma CVD. He is a member of die Japan Society of Applied Physics.

This paper discusses the influence of ion bombardment on the characteristics of SiN films. In this study, the double-tube coaxial-line microwave plasma CVd system, which is suitable for the investigation of ion bombardment, is used to deposit SiN films. The ion bombardment energy is varied by varying the RF bias at constant ion density, As the RF bias is increased, the film density increases and the hydrogen concentration decreases, but the dangling bond density increases. The increase in the film density and decrease of hydrogen concentration are caused by the increase in film surface temperature, while the increase of the dangling bond density is caused by bond breakage due to the N+ ion implantation. When the substrate temperature is 200 degrees C and the RF bias is -175 V, the film density is 3 g/cm(3) and the hydrogen concentration is 9 at.% because of the film surface heating effect of ion bombardment acid also due to substrate heating. Substrate heating at 200 degrees C suppresses the increase in the dangling bond density. It is also demonstrated that the film surface temperature is about 200 degrees C when RF bias is -70 similar to-80 V and the substrate is unheated by any heater.

关键词： microwave plasma CVd SiN film RF bias ion bombardment effect film surface hearing effect

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A RISK-BASEd APPROACH FOR MANAGING HAZARdOUS-WASTE

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1995年第1期15卷 79-89页

作者： CHIANG, CY PETKOVSKY, Pd MCALLISTER, PM Chen Y. Chiang received his Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Rice University. He is a senior research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center (3333 Hwy. 6 South Houston TX 77082 fax (713) 544–8727). He serves on the Hydrologic Science Panel of the National Science Foundation and on the Ground Water/Soil Technical Task Force of the American Petroleum Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of the Rutgers DARPA/ONR research program. His research interests include in situ bioremediation processes ground water/soil sampling and monitoring multiphase fluid flow phenomenon and risk/ exposure assessment. Paul Petkovsky is a senior research technician in the Groundwater Modeling Group of Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. His responsibilities include site data analysis and the numerical modeling of the fate and transport of organics in ground water. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in chemical engineering with an environmental emphasis at the University of Houston. Paul McAllister received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas in 1987 and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1991. He is currently an associate research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. Since joining Shell he has conducted research and provided technical support on ground water modeling and remediation issues. His research interests include in situ bioremediation of ground water and residual hydrocarbons natural attenuation of contaminants and subsurface fate and transport phenomena in the subsurface.

In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed risk-based management of hazardous waste. A major component of the proposed rule is the determination of non-site-specific screening concentration levels from waste leachate. Ground water at a downgradient exposure point must not exceed those screening levels, or more stringent requirements would apply. The screening concentration level is determined with verified models and equations that simulate the transport and attenuation of chemicals as they travel from the source area to the exposure point. A consortium of screening levels is determined in this paper by considering varying physical, chemical, and biological conditions. In addition, a method is developed for multicomponent leaching from contaminated soils in a landfill to determine the time-dependent behavior of a finite source. Finally, this paper discusses infiltration rate through the clay liner.

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Undersea technologies in the former Soviet Union

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1995年第6期107卷 85-92页

作者： deHaemer, dJ Dr. Michael J. DeHaemer:is Director of the World Technology Evaluation Center and the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center at Loyola College in Baltimore. He has directed more than a dozen studies of technologies in foreign countries under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation ARPA Departments of Energy and Commerce and other agencies. He has a continuing interest in assessing foreign technologies in comparison to the United States.—-On the faculty of the Sellinger School of Business at Loyola College Dr. DeHaemer is a former department chairman and an associate professor of information systems and decision sciences. He teaches the strategic use of information technology and human-computer interface design. His research includes user performance with automated speech recognition systems for computers and business applications of artificial intelligence. Dr. DeHaemer completed an earlier career as a submarine officer including command of a ballistic missile submarine. He holds a B.S. degree from the University of Notre Dame and a Master's degree in Operations Analysis from the Naval Postgraduate School. He has an M.B.A. an M.S. in Industrial Engineering and a Ph.D. in Management Information Systems from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

A team of experts, assembled by the World technology Evaluation Center, visited twenty-five locations in Russia and Ukraine to observe the state of undersea technologies. Academic sites, basic research institutes, industrial development laboratories, and oceanographic operating bases were visited. The report highlights specific technologies that support research submersibles;and critiques the strengths and weaknesses of the ocean technologies establishment. Russia and Ukraine were found to have a number of strengths, especially in test facilities, a large fleet of surface and submersible research vessels, and highly educated and qualified engineers and scientists. Although political and economic conditions need to be over-come, there is motivation for many cooperative commercial or research ventures with both government institutes and new private companies in Russia and Ukraine.

关键词： Ocean engineering

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AdAPTIVE FINITE-ELEMENT MESH GENERATION program FOR ELECTRON-GUN SIMULATION

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MOdELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS dEVICES ANd FIELdS 1995年第2期8卷 109-125页

作者： XIA, S BROERS, AN Engineering Department Cambridge University Trumpington Street Cambridge CB2 1PZ U.K. Dr Shanhong Xia received her B.Sc. in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University Beijing in 1983 her M.Sc. in Electron Physics in 1986 while working at the Institute of Electronics Academia sinica Beijing and her Ph.D. from Cambridge University in 1994. She worked as a Royal Society visiting scientist at the Cambridge University Engineering Departmnet duing 1990–1991. She has worked on many aspects of electron optics including theoretical and experimental studies of lens systems and electron guns for lithography and microscopy. Following her Ph.D. she worked as a post-doctoral worker at Cambridge and has now returned to the Institute of Electronics Academia Sinica in Beijing. Alec Broers is Head of the Department of Engineering at Cambridge University and Master of Churchill College. He was educaated at Melbourne University (B.Sc. Physics and Electronics) and Cambridge University (B.A. Ph.D. Sc.D.) Engineering. After completing his Ph.D. in 1965 he spent sixteen years as a researcher at the IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center in New York. During this time he worked on the application of high resolution electron X-ray and ultra-violet light optics to microscopy and to the fabrication of microelectronic components. He held a series of management positions and was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1977. From 1980 to 1983 he worked in IBM's East Fishkill laboratory where he became responsible for the advanced development of semiconductor devices. In 1983 he was appointed to the IBM Corporate Technology Committee and subsequently became a member of IBM's Science Advisory Committee. He returned to Cambridge in 1984 where he continues his research on the fabrication of nanometre-size devices. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society the Royal Academy of Engineering the Institution of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Physics and is a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering.

This paper describes a computer program for generating finite element meshes for electron guns. Two new methods, the 'projection' and the 'mesh density function' methods, are used to generate the mesh. The new methods enable the mesh distribution to be set smoothly and changed easily, and also enable the mesh distribution to be adjusted according to parameters associated with the gun configuration or by feedback from the electric field calculation. The new program, which can handle a large variety of complicated electron gun structures, has been used in conjunction with the SOGUN program which has been developed by Zhu and Munro for electron gun simulation.

关键词： Computer software

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MICRO-PURGE LOW-FLOW SAMPLING OF URANIUM-CONTAMINATEd GROUNd-WATER AT THE FERNALd ENVIRONMENTAL-MANAGEMENT PROJECT

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1995年第3期15卷 168-176页

作者： SHANKLIN, dE SIdLE, WC FERGUSON, ME Dean E. Shanklinearned his B.S. in geological engineering in 1984 at the Colorado School of Mines and is currently an environmental scientist for the Fernald Environmental Restoration Management Corp. (7400 Willey Rd. Fernald OH 45030) where he is involved in the management of the facility's monitoring well network. William C. Sidleearned a B.S. in geological engineering and civil engineering in 1973 at the University of Idaho an M.S. in geology in 1979 at the University of Oregon and a Ph.D. in geochemistry in 1990 at Ohio State University. He is a hydrologist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development MS 163 26 W. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Cincinnati OH 45268). His current research involves the fate and transport of ground water contaminants at the Fernald site. Michelle E. Fergusonearned her B.A. in biology at Hanover College. Currently she is an engineer graduate assistant at the Fernald Environmental Management Project where she is completing work towards an M.S. in environmental science at Miami University (Miami University Institute of Environmental Sciences 102 Boyd Hall Oxford OH 45056).

Efforts to sample representative, undisturbed distributions of uranium in ground water beneath the Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP) prompted the application of a novel technique that is less invasive in the monitoring well. Recent studies (Kearl et al. 1992;Barcelona et al. 1994) indicate that representative samples can and should be collected without prior well volume exchange purging or borehole evacuation. Field experiments conducted at the FEMP demonstrate that under specific sampling conditions in a well-defined hydrogeologic system, representative ground water samples for a monitoring program can be obtained without removing the conventional three well volumes from the well. The assumption is made that indicator parameter equilibration may not be necessary to determine when to collect representative samples at the FEMP. Preliminary results obtained from the field experiments suggest that this may be true. The technique employs low purge rates (< 1 L/min) with dedicated bladder pumps with inlets located in the screened interval of the well, while not disturbing the stagnant water column above the screened interval. If adopted, this technique, termed micro-purge low-flow sampling, will produce representative ground water samples, significantly reduce sampling costs, and minimize waste water over the monitoring life cycle at the FEMP. This technique is well suited for sites that have been fully characterized and are undergoing long-term monitoring.

关键词： Groundwater pollution

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PARALLEL ANd dISTRIBUTEd TLM COMPUTATION WITH SIGNAL-PROCESSING FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC-FIELd MOdELING

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MOdELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS dEVICES ANd FIELdS 1995年第3-4期8卷 169-185页

作者： SO, PPM ESWARAPPA, C HOEFER, WJR NSERC/MPR Teltech Research Chair in RF Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3P6 Canada Poman So received his B.Sc. degree in computer science and physics from the University of Toronto Toronto Onatario Canada in 1985. He obtained his B.A. Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering (summa cum laude) from the University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada in 1987 and 1989 respectively. Mr So was a research engineer in the University of Ottawa from January 1989 to October 1991 his research interests included CAD techniques of microwave circuits and numerical methods for electromagnetic wave modelling. He specialized in the development of electromagnetic engineering CAD software and successfully implemented a number of electromagnetic wave simulators based on the two-dimensional and three-dimensional transmission-line matrix methods. From August 1990 to February 1991 he accompanied Professor W. J. R. Hoefer to Rome Italy and Sophia Antiopolas France. During that time he implemented a parallel version of the 3D-TLM simulator for the CM-2 Connection Machine using C-Star and X Windows Library. He is a research engineer and a Ph.D. student at the University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada. He ported the 2D- and 3D-TLM simulators to DECmpp 1200 massively parallel computer using MPL C and C++. He also combined OSA90/hope a commercially available microwave CAD program with a 2D-TLM simulation module for geometry optimization using the Datapipe technique of OSA90/hope. Recently he has developed a distributed client-server computing technique for the TLM method this technique could accelerate the TLM simulation by more than an order of magnitude. Channabasappa Eswarappa received the M.Tech. degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India in 1983 and Ph. D. degree from the University of Ottawa Canada in 1990. He worked as an Assistant Executive Engineer and later as

This paper describes the implementation of transmission-line matrix (TLM) method algorithms on a massively parallel computer (dECmpp 12000), the technique of distributed computing in the UNIX environment, and the combination of TLM analysis with Prony's method as well as with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) digital signal processing for electromagnetic field modelling. By combining these advanced computation techniques, typical electromagnetic field modelling of microwave structures by TLM analysis can be accelerated by a few orders of magnitude.

关键词： Mathematical models

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A dISTRIBUTEd MEdIA ACCESS PROTOCOL FOR PACKET RAdIO NETWORKS ANd PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS .2. NETWORK SET-UP TIME ANd dATA RATE

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1995年第1期8卷 49-63页

作者： PONd, LC LI, VOK Communication Sciences Electrical Engineering Systems University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-2565 U.S.A. Lawrence C. Pond received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1983 and 1990 respectively. Dr. Pond is currently a scientist at Hughes Space and Communications Company having joined in 1980. He has worked in the fields of communication system design mobile communication network and spacecraft payload design. He is currently working on the development of satellite-based ATM transport and switching architectures for BISDN and Defense Information System Network amlications. Dr. Pond is a member of IEEE. Victor O. K. Li was born in Hong Kong in 1954. He received his SB SM and Sc.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts in 1977 1979 and 1981 respectively. Since February 1981 he has been with the University of Southern California (USC) LOS Angeles California where he is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the USC Communication Sciences Institute. He has published 150 technical papers and has lectured and consulted extensively around the world. His research interests include high-speed communication networks personal communication networks intelligent networks distributed databases queueing theory graph theory and applied probability. Dr. Li is very active in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) having been a member of the Computer Communications Technical Committee since 1983 and having served as Chairman from 1987–1989. He served as Chairman of the Los Angeles Chapter of the IEEE Information Theory Group from 1983–1985. He is the Steering Committee Chair of the International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IC3 N) General Chair of the 1st Annual IC3N held in San Diego California in June 1992 General Chair and Technical Program Chair of the 4th IEEE Workshop on Comp

In this, the second part of a two-part paper, the required time for establishing a mobile packet radio network using the virtual circuit and time division multiple access protocol developed in Part 1 is analysed. Tools are developed to determine the virtual circuit and network set-up times in terms of the channel bandwidth allocated to establish and maintain the network. The tools are then extended to include the effects of user mobility. Then these results are combined with the network capacity results of Part 1 to analyse the trade-off between the data rate and set-up time of the network. Next a hierarchical architecture is proposed and the network data rate versus set-up time trade-off of this architecture is analysed using these tools. This architecture is shown to both provide a higher data rate and establish faster than flat networks of the same number of nodes.

关键词： PACKET RAdIO NETWORK EPLRS dISTRIBUTEd NETWORK TdMA VIRTUAL CIRCUITS MULTIHOP NETWORK BOUNdEd dELAY MOBILITY NETWORK SET-UP TIME HIERARCHICAL NETWORK NETWORK dATA RATE

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