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Operational systems, logistics engineering and technology insertion

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 205-220页

作者： Grubb, MJ Skolnick, A Michael J. Grubb:has perfomzed naval engineering at the Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) for more than twenty-five years. He currently the program manager for the Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practice Program (SHARP). is a Navy-wide logistics research and development prgram aimed at the successful transiton of proved technologies inot the fleet. SHARP focuses on reducing acquisition performance capability reliability maintainability and readiness of these systems. Mr. Grubb has served as a department director for the past eleven years. His most recent assignment was as director of the Tactical Computer Resources and Test Equipment Department. This organization provided acquisition and in-service engineering support of the Navy's tectical embedded computers priphirals displays and mass memory storage devices. The organization also provided a complete range of product engineering and metrology engineerig services for SSP NevSeaSysCom and the Trident Program. Prior to this appointment Mr. Grubb was deptuy director psysical security programs department and site responsible for program management and system integration of ashore integrated security systems. Mr. Grubb holds a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Iowa State Universtiy an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from Purdue University and has copleted the course work (Dec.'96 for a master's degree in public and environment affairs at Indiana University-Purdue Univeristy Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick operates System Science Consultants (SSC) specilizing in strategic planning technical program definiton technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. He has taught physics mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University and is currently adjunct professor of mathematics at Northern Virginia Community College. Form 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Noval Engineers. Dr. Skolnick served at Applied Physic

In an era of fiscal austerity, downsizing and unforgiving pressure upon human and economic capital, it is an Augean task to identify resources for fresh and creative work. The realities of the day and the practical demands of more immediate fleet needs can often dictate higher priorities. Yet, the Navy must avoid eating its seed corn. Exercising both technical insight and management foresight, the fleet, the R&d community, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) and the product engineering expertise of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) are joined and underway with integrated efforts to marry new, fully demonstrated technologies and operational urgencies. defense funding today cannot sponsor all work that can be mission-justified over the long term because budgets are insufficient to support product maturation within the classical development cycle. However, by rigorous technical filtering and astute engineering of both marketplace capabilities and currently available components, it is possible in a few select cases to compress and, in effect, integrate advanced development (6.3), engineering development (6.4), weapon procurement (WPN), ship construction (SCN), operation and maintenance (O&M,N) budgetary categories when fleet criticalities and technology opportunities can happily meet. In short, 6.3 funds can be applied directly to ''ripe gateways'' so modern technology is inserted into existing troubled or aging systems, sidestepping the lengthy, traditional development cycle and accelerating practical payoffs to recurrent fleet problems. To produce such constructive results has required a remarkable convergence of sponsor prescience and engineering workforce excellence. The paper describes, extensively, the philosophy of approach, transition strategy, polling of fleet needs, technology assessment, and management team requirements. The process for culling and selecting specific candidate tasks for SHARP sponsorship (matching operational need with t

关键词： Naval vessels

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developing a prototype concurrent design tool for composite topside structures

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 279-290页

作者： dirlik, S Hambric, S Azarm, S Marquardt, M Hellman, A Bartlett, S Castelli, V Steve Dirlik:began his career at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division in 1981 as an aerospace engineer co-op student. He completed his bachelor of science degree in aeropace and ocean engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985 and his master of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland in 1990. Mr. Dirlik recently completed a master of science program in applied physics at The Johns Hopins University and currently works in the Radar Cross Section and Target Physics Branch of the Signatures Directorate at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Corderoke Division. He has worked on Navy low observable programs since 1990. Stephen Hambric:is a research associate at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his B. S. and M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and his D. Sc. in mechnical engineering from the George Washington University. He has worked on several computer aided multidiscikplinary design and optimization projects over the years including an automated propeller design system and a structural acoustic optimization capability. Dr. Shpour Azarm:is currently working as an associate professor with the Design and Manufacturing Group of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of maryland at College Park. Dr Azarm's expertise is in the areas of optimization-based designed and concurrent design and optimization of multidisciplinary systems. He was a consultant at Black & Decker Corporation (summer 1996) and worked as a Navy senior summer faculty fellow (summer 1995) and a NASA summer faculty fellow (summer 1994). He was a visiting scientist at NASA Langley Research Center for Multidisciplinary Analysis and Applied Structural Optimzatiom at the University of Siegen in Germany (spring 1992) and the Design Institute of the Technical University of Denmark (summer 1990). Dr Azarm was an associate technical editor of the ASME Jour

A prototype concurrent engineering tool has been developed for the preliminary design of composite topside structures for modern navy warships. This tool, named GELS for the Concurrent Engineering of Layered Structures, provides designers with an immediate assessment of the impacts of their decisions on several disciplines which are important to the performance of a modern naval topside structure, including electromagnetic interference effects (EMI), radar cross section (RCS), structural integrity, cost, and weight. Preliminary analysis modules in each of these disciplines are integrated to operate from a common set of design variables and a common materials database. Performance in each discipline and an overall fitness function for the concept are then evaluated. A graphical user interface (GUI) is used to define requirements and to display the results from the technical analysis modules. Optimization techniques, including feasible sequential quadratic programming (FSQP) and exhaustive search are used to modify the design variables to satisfy all requirements simultaneously. The development of this tool, the technical modules, and their integration are discussed noting the decisions and compromises required to develop and integrate the modules into a prototype conceptual design tool.

关键词： Warships

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, dE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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AUTOMATEd OPPOSING FORCES FOR TRAINING SIMULATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1995年第3期107卷 245-252页

作者： ANTON, PS MCAdOW, KL SMITH, dB LEHNER, PE SHARP, MA Dr. Philip S. Anton:is currently the Terhnology Area Manager of Modeling and Reasoning in the MITRE Advanced Information Technologies Center. His research at MITRE has included behavioral models of military doctrine and command environmental modeling and reasoning for command forces and intelligent simulations of military entities. His other interests include neural networks artificial intelligence and intelligent agents. Dr. Anton received a U.S. degree in Computer Engineering from UCLA and an M.S. degree and a Ph.D in Computational Neuroscience from the University of California. Irvine After finishing nuclear power training Mr. McAdow served as an Engineering Department Division Officer on USS Mariano G. Vallejo (SSBN 658). He then worked as a civilian far the Naval Coastal Systems Center and then far Martin Marietta Aero and Naval Systems in the development of various submarine systems and unmanned undersea vehicles. David Smith:has been a member of the technical staff at MITRE s Advanced Information Technologies center since 1993. He has a B.S. degree in Computer Science and Mathematics from Albright College and an M.S. degree in Information and Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Paul Lehner:is a part-time Principal Scientist in the MITRE Advanced Information Technologies Center. In addition. Dr. Lehner is an Associate Professor of Systems Engineering at George Mason University. His research at MITRE has included automated planning and scheduling adversarial planning and reasoning against uncertainty. Dr. Lehner received a B.S. degree in Psychology from Bethany College. He also holds M.S. degrees in Psychology and Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Mathematical Psychology from the University of Michigan. Prior to his current employment at MITRE and at George Mason University Dr. Lehner served as the Technical Director of the Decision Sciences Section at PAR Government Systems Corporation. After finishing nuclear power training Cdr. Sharp served as an Engineering Department Divisi

Providing realistic opposing forces is critical to the successful use of military training simulations. Unfortunately, a number of issues can make the manual control of realistic opposing forces difficult or unattainable, This paper explores these issues while discussing how Automatic Interactive Targets (AITs) can assist Training Exercise Controllers (TECs) in providing validated and realistic opposing forces in highly interactive situations. The features of the prototype Remote AIT Processing System (RAPS) are used to demonstrate how an AIT system can be designed to meet TEC requirements for automated entities, RAPS can provide remote control of AITs for existing or new systems while providing sufficient features to allow a TEC to appropriately select and control AITs for individual training exercises and crew proficiencies.

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APPLICATION OF OPEN SYSTEMS STANdARdS TO dOd AVIONICS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第6期106卷 65-69页

作者： ROARK, C KICZUK, B Chuck Roark: a Senior Member of the Technical Staff is currently responsible for Software IR&D within Texas Instruments Defense Systems & Electronics Group (DSEG) leading the software effort for TI's participation in the JAST program and systems engineer on the Navy's Dynamic Reconfiguration Demonstration System (DRDS) program. He is also coordinator of standards activities within DSEG. Dr. Roark formerly was manager/technical lead for the Aladdin program was responsible for software inputs in support of AX prime contractors and had software responsibilities on the LH and YF-22 programs. He currently chairs the SAE AS5 Software Committee SAE AS2 Backplane Interconnect Committee and SAE AS2 Pi-Bus Working Group is vice-chair of the IEEE POSIX P 1003.21 Real-Time Distributed Systems Communications Working Group and is member of the SAE AS5 Generic Open Avionics Architecture (GOAA) Task Group. Dr. Roark has over 40 published technical articles. Dr. Roark received a B.S. M.A. and Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Oklahoma in 1972 1974 and 1976 respectively and a M.S. in Computer Science from Wright State University in 1980.

The dod is transitioning to open systems standards as a means to reduce cost. Key aspects of this thrust are: (1) the development and cataloging of a preferred set of standards which can be uniformly interpreted and applied across dod programs;(2) the ability to develop target independent software which can be affordably retargeted to rapidly evolving commercially based hardware;and (3) a method for transitioning emerging standards and products to programs with minimum risk.

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3-d EdGE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF dIELECTRIC-LOAdEd RESONANT CAVITIES

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MOdELLING-ELECTRONIC NETWORKS dEVICES ANd FIELdS 1994年第1期7卷 35-41页

作者： ZHU, ZL dAVIES, JB FERNANdEZ, FA Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London WC1E 7JE U.K. On leave from the Department of Radio Electronics Peking University Beijing 100871 People's Republic of China. Le-zhu Zhou was born in Guizhou China in 1944. He received the B.S. degree in Physics and M.S. degree in Electronics from Peking University Beijing China in 1968 and 1981 respectively. Since 1981 he has been on the staff of the Department of Radio-Electronics of Peking University. In 1983 he was appointed as a Lecturer. In 1989 he became an Associate Professor. Since September 1991 he has been doing research as an Academic Visitor at the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering of University College London. He has been engaged in the electromagnetic field theory and its application. Recently his research interest has been in the computer modelling of optical and microwave structures by using edge element methods. J. Brian Davies was born in Liverpool England in 1932. He received the B.A. degree in mathematics in 1955 from Jesus College Cambridge England. He received the M.Sc. degree in mathematics the Ph.D. degree in mathematical physics and the D.Sc. (Eng) degree in engineering in 1957 1960 and 1980 respectively from the University of London England. From 1955 to 1963 he worked at the Mullard Research Laboratories Salford Surrey England except for two years spent at University College London. In 1963 he joined the academic staff of the Department of Electrical Engineering University of Sheffield England. Since 1967 he has been on the staff at University College London where he is now Professor of Electrical Engineering. From 1971 to 1972 he was Visiting Scientist at the National Bureau of Standards Boulder CO. In 1983 he was a Visitor at the Department of Engineering Science University of Oxford England. From 1988 to 1989 he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder CO. His research interests have included microwave and optical aspects of electr

The eigenmodes in electromagnetic cavities, loaded with arbitrarily shaped dielectric materials, are computed by the edge element method. The computation shows that the well known 'spurious modes' no longer appear. Formulae are given and verified so that the number of zero eigenvalues, which come from del x H = 0, may be accurately predicted. Formulae for the order and density of the global matrices are given for a rectangular cavity regularly divided into bricks and tetrahedra, allowing an associated comparison between the contrasting edge and nodal element formulations. Comparison of the computed results with available theoretical and previously published data show the edge element approach to be a robust, accurate and effective method.

关键词： dielectric waveguides

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THE CALLING(SM) NETWORK - A GLOBAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION-SYSTEM

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第1期12卷 45-61页

作者： TUCK, EF PATTERSON, dP STUART, JR LAWRENCE, MH Calling Communications Corporation. 1900 West Garvey Ave South. Suite 200 West Covina CA 91790 USA. Chairman of Calling Communications Corporation. He is also the Managing Director of Kinship Venture Management Inc. the general partner of Kinship Partners 11 and a General Partner of Boundary the general partner of The Boundary Fund. As a venture capitalist he has founded or participated in founding several telecommunications companies including Calling Communications Corporation Magellan Systems Corporation manufactures of Global Positioning System receivers Applied Digital Access manufacturer of DS-3 test access and network performance monitoring equipment Endgate Technology Corporation specialists in satellite phased array antennas and Poynting Systems Corporation. now a division of Reliance Corporation manufacturers of fibre optic transport equipment. He was a founder of Kebby Microwave Corporation where he invented the first solid-state. frequency-modulated commercial microwave link system. The company was acquired by ITT Corporation where he rose to the position of V.P. and Technical Director of ITT North America Telecommunications Inc. Subsequently he was V.P. of Marketing and Engineering at American Telecommunications Inc. (ATC). He was founding Director of American Telecom Inc. a joint venture between ATC and Fujitsu and has served on more than 20 boards of directors including those of three public companies. He has authored articles on microwave engineering and telephone signalling and was a contributor to Reference Data For Radio Engineers. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri at Rolla where he was later awarded an honorary Professional degree and serves on its Academy of Electrical Engineering. Mr Tuck is a Senior Member of the IEEE a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (Australia) a Professional Member of the AIAA and a registered professional engineer in three states. More than 25 years of experience in the telecommunications industry where he has been responsibl

There is a very large demand for basic telephone service in developing nations, and remote parts of industrialized nations, which cannot be met by conventional wireline and cellular systems. This is the world's largest unserved market. We describe a system which uses recent advances in active phased arrays, fast-packet switching technology, adaptive routeing, and light spacecraft technology, in part based on the work of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and on recently-declassified work done on the Strategic defense Initiative, to make it possible to address this market with a global telephone network based on a large low-Earth-orbit constellation of identical satellites. A telephone utility can use such a network to provide the same modern basic and enhanced telephone services offered by telephone utilities in the urban centres of fully-industrialized nations. Economies of scale permit capital and operating costs per subscriber low enough to provide a service to all subscribers, regardless of location, at prices comparable to the same services in urban areas of industrialized nations, while generating operating profits great enough to attract the capital needed for its construction. The bandwidth needed to support the capacity needed to gain these economies of scale requires that the system use K(alpha)-band frequencies. This choice of frequencies places unusual constraints on the network design, and in particular forces the use of a large number of satellites. Global demand for basic and enhanced telephone service is great enough to support at least three networks of the size described herein. The volume of advanced components, and services such as launch services, required to construct and replace these networks is sufficient to propel certain industries to market leadership positions in the early 21st Century.

关键词： LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FAST PACKET SWITCHING EARTH FIXEd CELLS AdAPTIVE ROUTEING LIGHT SPACECRAFT K(A) BANd phASEd-ARRAY ANTENNAS

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UTILIZING RESERVE ASSETS - MUTUAL SUPPORT AT SUPSHIP BATH

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第6期105卷 39-42页

作者： GOLdA, EM PORPORA, GA Cdr. Eugene Michael Golda:is a Naval Reserve engineering duty officer and is commanding officer of NR NavSea PMS Det 302. He has developed and directed mutual support programs assisting the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Brooklyn and has participated in the training and mutual support programs at the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Bath. He received a Ph.D. and M.S. in materials science and engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken N.J. A 1977 graduate of the United States Naval Academy Cdr. Golda has been a member of ASNE since 1974. Cdr. Golda is a materials engineer at the Annapolis Detachment Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center working on naval applications of superconducting technology. LCdr. Gregory A. Porpora:is an IBM market support representative who provides technical consulting support in application development with computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools. Prior to joining IBM he was a senior design engineer for a defense contractor involved in design and development of radar and ASW systems including the AN/BSY-1 combat system trainer. LCdr. Porpora is a member of IEEE the Naval Institute and the Naval Reserve Association. He holds a BSEE and MSEE from the Polytechnic Institute of Technology New York. LCdr. Porpora is currently assigned to NR SupShip Det 502 which provides extensive mutual support for the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Bath and the resident office in Brooklyn New York.

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPId PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT dEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, dE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military Engineering

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THE COMMANd SUPPORT AT-SEA EXPERIMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 25-36页

作者： BUSCHER, dJ SUNdAY, dM David J. Buscher:is an electrical engineer on the Principal Professional Staff of the Fleet Systems Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He earned his BS degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University in 1967 an MSEE degree from the University of Maryland in 1972 and an MS degree in technical management from The Johns Hopkins University in 1985. He was the lead engineer on the Command Support At-Sea Experiment Project. He started his career in 1967 with the U.S. Army Harry Diamond Laboratory working on computer and communications projects. During this time he worked in Vietnam with the United States Army Vietnam Science Advisor Office. Since joining JHU/APL in 1978 he has worked on a variety of projects associated with computer graphics hospital patient information systems computer networks autonomous underwater vehicles and satellite communications. He is currently assistant group supervisor of the Computer Systems Group. Daniel M. Sunday:is a mathematician on the Principal Professional Staff of the Fleet Systems Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Minnesota in 1971 and did postdoctoral research on neural networks at the University of California at Berkeley. Since joining JHU/APL in 1980 Dr. Sunday has worked as a designer and developer of software systems with emphasis on medical imaging interactive graphics natural language interfaces and software standards. He was the network designer for the Headquarters Integrated Office System (HIOS) Network for the Army at the Pentagon. He is currently the lead software engineer on the Command Support At-Sea Experiment Project.

The Command Support At-Sea Experiment (CS@SE) provides experimental advanced graphics display systems consisting of large screen color displays and operator console color displays in the combat information center (CIC) of an Aegis cruiser and in the tactical flag command center (TFCC) of an aircraft carrier. CS@SE systems are designed to prototype potential command support capabilities in an at-sea environment to validate and refine requirements for planned production system upgrades. These systems use sophisticated color graphics techniques to provide real-time tactical displays that improve the availability of information to an operator by reducing clutter through the use of color, area fill, transparen overlays and intensity coding of track symbols. Interfaces wen developed with the Aegis display System (AdS), Shipboarc Gridlock System with Auto-correlation (SGS/AC), Flag dats display System (FddS) and Tomahawk Engagement Planning and Exercise Evaluation System (TEPEE) that provided the data for the presentation of a tactical display. display elements included both real-time and over-the-horizon (OTH) surface track data, velocity leaders, tags, uncertainty ellipses, and history trails. The display also included filled land masses, country boundaries, commercial airways, cities, graphics overlays (i.e., operational areas), weapon system missile performance contours, and engagement plans. This paper describes the experiment, its installation and integration into the shipboard environments of an Aegis cruiser (USS Leyte Gulf ) and an aircraft carrier (USS America , its usage by the ships companies and embarked staffs, and the experiment result! and findings. Key conclusions of the experiment are: 1 Advanced graphics color displays can significantly enhance the ability of the warfighter to assimilate a complex tactical display. 2 Both ships reported a requirement for a correlated OTH and real-time track display with the ability to clearly differentiate the two types

关键词： computer Graphics

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