Highlights•There are no formal screening guidelines for pancreatic cancer and often diagnosed late, with a high mortality rate. •This manuscript provides clinically relevant information for health care providers who m...
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Highlights•There are no formal screening guidelines for pancreatic cancer and often diagnosed late, with a high mortality rate. •This manuscript provides clinically relevant information for health care providers who manage this patient population. •This research is unique given its focus on asymptomatic versus hereditary diagnosis, using a robust search strategy. •This study is innovative for the following reasons: (1) use of the IVhet model over the less robust random-effects and fixed-effect(s) models that are used, (2) use of what is considered to be the more interpretable DOI plot versus the traditionally used funnel plot for small-study effects, (3) use of what is the more robust LFK index versus the traditionally used Egger's regression intercept test for the quantitative assessment of small-study, (4) use of 95 % prediction intervals, a statistic that is rarely used but a better measure of between-study heterogeneity than Q and I-squared.
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