The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the feasibility of using transparent neural interfaces in multimodal in vivo experiments on the central nervous *** electrophysiological and neuroimagin...
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The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the feasibility of using transparent neural interfaces in multimodal in vivo experiments on the central nervous *** electrophysiological and neuroimaging approaches hold great potential for revealing the anatomical and functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles in the intact *** approaches are less time-consuming and require fewer experimental animals as researchers obtain denser,complex data during the combined *** devices that provide high-resolution,artifactfree neural recordings while facilitating the interrogation or stimulation of underlying anatomical features is currently one of the greatest challenges in the field of *** are numerous articles highlighting the trade-offs between the design and development of transparent neural interfaces;however,a comprehensive overview of the efforts in material science and technology has not been *** present work fills this gap in knowledge by introducing the latest micro-and nanoengineered solutions for fabricating substrate and conductive ***,the limitations and improvements in electrical,optical,and mechanical properties,the stability and longevity of the integrated features,and biocompatibility during in vivo use are discussed.
Most mammals have sensory tactile hairs, also known as whiskers or vibrissae. Traditionally, whiskers are associated with diverse survival skills, including tactile discrimination, distance assessment, food acquisitio...
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, manifesting in distinct symptoms and varying degrees of...
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, manifesting in distinct symptoms and varying degrees of severity among patients. While the cellular processes underlying the neurobiology of ADHD are still being explored, in vitro studies suggest the involvement of certain cellular pathways in its clinical manifestations. Neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD are caused by malfunctions in numerous cells in the central nervous system (CNS) throughout development; nevertheless, most of the research focuses on neuronal dysfunction. In the last decade, it has become evident that glia and astrocytes play a crucial role in neurodevelopmental processes, which, if deficient, may result in neurodevelopmental disorders. Besides contributing to homeostatic maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other glial cell types, astrocytes provide neurons with structural, trophic, and metabolic support, which is indispensable for their proper functionality. Emerging evidence implicates that astrocytes are involved in processes associated with the etiopathology of ADHD, including oxidative stress, aberrant synaptic formation, neuroinflammation, and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. This review will summarize the current knowledge addressing astrocyte dysfunction in ADHD, the remaining caveats in clinical data, and the possibilities for drug therapy. Findings substantiated by in vivo, in vitro , and genetic data will be provided, along with the impact of methylphenidate on astrocyte condition.
Slow waves (SWs) are spatio-temporal patterns of cortical activity that occur both during natural sleep and anesthesia and are preserved across species. Even though electrophysiological recordings have been largely us...
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BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular dysfunction (CVD) is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contributing to the pathology progression, and suggesting a strict association between CVD and neurodegeneration. The ...
BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular dysfunction (CVD) is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contributing to the pathology progression, and suggesting a strict association between CVD and neurodegeneration. The majority of AD cases present cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), neuropathological feature characterized by abnormal vasculotropic deposition of amyloid beta, mainly Aβ40. Severe CAA is also induced by familial Aβ variants, such as the Dutch-Q22. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that brain vascular amyloidosis elicits mitochondrial dysregulation and caspase-mediated apoptosis, in cells composing the neurovascular unit, including neurons, endothelial, glial and smooth muscle cells. Additionally, we showed that acetazolamide (ATZ) and methazolamide (MTZ), FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) which cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), hamper these detrimental processes. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) represent a family of metalloenzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, and their inhibition improves cerebral blood flow, vasoreactivity and neuronal excitability, pointing to CAs as CVD targets in AD. METHOD: We employed Tg-SwDI mice (expressing human amyloid precursor protein, APP, carrying the Swedish, Dutch and Iowa mutations), which develop fibrillar amyloid burden, primarily in the cerebral microvasculature, starting at 6 months. We fed the animals (from 8 to 16 months of age) a CAI-diet, following which we performed behavioral analysis, and harvested the brains for both biochemical and immunohistochemical examination. RESULT: Compared to untreated Tg mice, ATZ- and MTZ-fed animals showed reduced cognitive impairment, along with decreased vascular Aβ overload and astrogliosis, main pathological hallmarks of the disease. Tg animals exhibited Aβ deposition in endothelial and glial cells, leading to cell-specific caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, CAI-diet reduced endothelial and astrocytic Aβ deposits, and Aβ-induced cas
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