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Mapping ChatGPT in Mainstream Media to Unravel Jobs and Diversity Challenges: Early Quantitative Insights through Sentiment Analysis and Word Frequency Analysis

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Karanouh, Maya PhD Program of Interdisciplinary Humanities Brock University Canada

The exponential growth in user acquisition and popularity of OpenAI’s ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence(AI) powered chatbot, was accompanied by widespread mainstream media coverage. This article presents a quantitative data analysis of the early trends and sentiments revealed by conducting text mining and NLP methods onto a corpus of 10,902 mainstream news headlines related to the subject of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence, from the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 to March 2023. The findings revealed in sentiment analysis, ChatGPT and artificial intelligence, were perceived more positively than negatively in the mainstream media. In regards to word frequency results, over sixty-five percent of the top frequency words were focused on Big Tech issues and actors while topics such as jobs, diversity, ethics, copyright, gender and women were poorly represented or completely absent and only accounted for six percent of the total corpus. This article is a critical analysis into the power structures and collusions between Big Tech and Big Media in their hegemonic exclusion of the "Other" from mainstream media. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Sentiment analysis

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Change in Functional Status from Preoperative to One Year Postoperative in Patients Who Have Undergone Elective Open-Heart Surgery: A Repeated-Measures Study

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024年第6期14卷 421-433页

作者： A. Kate MacPhedran David Barker Mark Marbey Kieran Fogarty Physical Therapy Program Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences Gannon University Erie PA USA Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program College of Health and Human Sciences Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA Organizational Learning and Leadership PhD Program College of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Gannon University Erie PA USA Cardiac Surgery Services AHN Saint Vincent Health Center Erie PA USA

Purpose: Although patient-related factors affect surgical outcomes, preoperative functional status is not measured by any cardiac risk score. Functional status can, however, be objectively measured using validated outcome tools such as the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI). The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if there was a change over time in functional status, as measured by the LLFDI, in patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery, and if so, 2) what specific aspect(s) of functional status changed. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of one year was conducted on elective cardiac surgery patients (n = 43) using the self-reported LLFDI, which measures Disability Frequency (frequency of participation in social tasks), Disability Limitation (ability to participate in social tasks) and Function Total (ease in performing routine activities). Higher scores indicate increased function and decreased disability. LLFDI scores were compared at three times (preoperative, six-week and one-year postoperative) using repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc pairwise comparison was conducted for specific interactions. Results: Both Function Total and Disability Frequency significantly changed over time (p = 0.047 and p = 0.013, respectively). Specifically, patients’ function level was significantly higher one-year postoperative compared to preoperative (M difference = +3.48, SE = 1.48, p = 0.026). Likewise, Disability Frequency scores were significantly higher (i.e. more active) at one-year postoperative versus preoperative (M difference= +5.98, SE = 2.19, p = 0.033). Disability Limitation scores were not significantly different between any time points (p > 0.05). Conclusion: By one-year postoperative, patients demonstrated increased ease in their routine physical activities and were more participatory in social life tasks. Individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery took more than six weeks to detect notable improvement in functional status,

关键词： Functional Status Elective Cardiac Surgery Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument

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The Yin-Yang of osteopontin in nervous system diseases: damage versus repair

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第6期16卷 1131-1137页

作者： Giuseppe Cappellano Domizia Vecchio Luca Magistrelli Nausicaa Clemente Davide Raineri Camilla Barbero Mazzucca Eleonora Virgilio Umberto Dianzani Annalisa Chiocchetti Cristoforo Comi Department of Health Sciences Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases(IRCAD)University of Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD University of Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly Department of Translational Medicine Neurology UnitInterdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases(IRCAD)University of Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities University of InsubriaVareseItaly

Osteopontin is a broadly expressed pleiotropic protein,and is attracting increased attention because of its role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory,degenerative,autoimmune,and oncologic *** fact,in the last decade,several studies have shown that osteopontin contributes to tissue damage not only by recruiting harmful inflammatory cells to the site of lesion,but also increasing their *** detrimental role of osteopontin has been indeed well documented in the context of different neurological conditions(i.e.,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s,and Alzheimer’s diseases).Intriguingly,recent findings show that osteopontin is involved not only in promoting tissue damage(the Yin),but also in repair/regenerative mechanisms(the Yang),mostly triggered by the inflammatory *** two apparently discordant roles are partly related to the presence of different functional domains in the osteopontin molecule,which are exposed after thrombin or metalloproteases *** functional domains may in turn activate intracellular signaling pathways and mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix *** review describes the current knowledge on the Yin and Yang features of osteopontin in nervous system *** the mechanisms behind the Yin/Yang would be relevant to develop highly specific tools targeting this multifunctional protein.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease cytokine immunity microglia multiple sclerosis neuroinflammation neuroprotection neurotoxicity Parkinson’s disease Spp1 stroke

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Rethinking Graduate Education in the humanities

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Change 2018年第5期50卷 46页

作者： Balleisen, Edward J Wisdom, Maria LaMonaca Edward J. Balleisen (eballeis@duke.edu) is Vice Provost for Interdisciplinary Studies and Professor of History and Public Policy at Duke University. He is also PI for Duke’s NEH NextGen PhD implementation grant an initiative to help humanities Ph.D. programs rethink doctoral training for the 21st century. Balleisen’s recent books include Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff (2017) and the co-edited interdisciplinary volume Policy Shock: Recalibrating Risk and Regulation after Oil Spills Nuclear Accidents and Financial Crises (2017). Maria LaMonaca Wisdom (maria.wisdom@duke.edu) is Duke Graduate School’s first extra-departmental advisor for humanities Ph.D. students and also Project Director for the NEH-funded program Versatile Humanists at Duke. Previously she was Executive Director for the Institute for the Arts and Humanities at UNC Chapel Hill. Wisdom’s background includes eleven years an English professor at Columbia College in South Carolina she is the author of Masked Atheism: Catholicism and the Secular Victorian Home (2008).

Balleisen and Wisdom talk about reform of graduate education in the humanities. Doctoral program reform can and should consider the intellectual formation of students from year one through completion, including helping late-stage doctoral students transition to nonacademic careers. An NEH-funded reform effort at Duke University is developing best practices to support doctoral students: off-campus internships, interdisciplinary collaborative research experiences, and supplemental doctoral program advising. The Duke project suggests practical advice for university administrators, graduate faculty, and graduate students in navigating the landscape of humanities doctoral reform.

关键词： GRADUATE education humanities COOPERATIVE education DOCTORAL students MENTORING

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020

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EYE 2024年第11期38卷 2156-2172页

作者： Pesudovs, Konrad Lansingh, Van Charles Kempen, John H. Tapply, Ian Fernandes, Arthur G. Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria Arrigo, Alessandro Leveziel, Nicolas Resnikoff, Serge Taylor, Hugh R. Sedighi, Tabassom Flaxman, Seth Bikbov, Mukkharram M. Braithwaite, Tasanee Bron, Alain Cheng, Ching-Yu Del Monte, Monte A. Ehrlich, Joshua R. Ellwein, Leon B. Friedman, David Furtado, Joao M. Gazzard, Gus George, Ronnie Hartnett, M. Elizabeth Jonas, Jost B. Kahloun, Rim Khairallah, Moncef Khanna, Rohit C. Leasher, Janet Little, Julie-Anne Nangia, Vinay Nowak, Michal Peto, Tunde Ramulu, Pradeep Topouzis, Fotis Tsilimbaris, Mitiadis Wang, Ya Xing Wang, Ningli Bourne, Rupert Briant, Paul Svitil Vos, Theo Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abdollahi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mozhan Abebe, Ayele Mamo Abiodun, Olumide Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abrha, Woldu Aberhe Abualruz, Hasan Ali, Hiwa Abubaker Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Aburuz, Salahdein Adal, Tadele Girum Girum Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Aghamiri, Shahin Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Alfaar, Ahmad Samir Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Altaf, Awais Amu, Hubert Androudi, Sofia Anguita, Rodrigo Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Francis Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Damelash Arefnezhad, Reza Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atinafu, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atreya, Alok Ayatollahi, Haleh Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babamohamadi, Hassan Bagherieh, Sara Bahurupi, Yogesh Baig, Atif Amin Banik, Biswajit Bardhan, Mainak Basu, Saurav Batra, Kavita Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew Bazvand, Fatemeh Beyene, Addisu Shunu Bhagat, Devidas S. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bikbov, Mukharram Bineshfar, Niloufar Birck, Marina G. Bitra, Veera R. Burkart, Katrin Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Zahid A. dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano Alberto Ca Univ New South Wales Med & Hlth Sydney NSW Australia HelpMeSee Inst Mexicano Oftalmol Santiago De Queretaro Mexico Univ Miami Gables FL USA Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT USA Harvard Med Sch Dept Ophthalmol Massachusetts Eye & Ear Shepens Eye Res Inst Boston MA 02115 USA Comprehens Specialized Hosp Eye Unit MyungSung Christian Med Ctr MCM Addis Ababa Ethiopia MyungSun Med Coll Addis Ababa Ethiopia Addis Ababa Univ Dept Ophthalmol Addis Ababa Ethiopia Sight Souls Bellevue WA USA Addenbrookes Hosp Cambridge England Fed Univ Sao Paolo Sao Paulo SP Brazil Univ Calgary Calgary AB Canada Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele Sch Med Milan Italy IRCCS San Raffaele Sci Inst Dept Ophthalmol Milan Italy Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele IRCCS San Raffaele Sci Inst Milan Italy Univ Poitiers Poitiers France CHU Poitiers Poitiers France Brien Holden Vis Inst Sydney NSW Australia Univ New South Wales Sch Optometry & Vis Sci Fac Med Sydney NSW Australia Univ Melbourne Sch Populat & Global Hlth Carlton Vic Australia Anglia Ruskin Univ Vis & Eye Res Inst Cambridge England Univ Oxford Dept Comp Sci Oxford England Ufa Eye Res Inst Ufa Russia Kings Coll London Sch Life Course & Populat Sci London England Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust Med Eye Unit London England Univ Hosp Dijon France Natl Univ Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Eye Res Inst Singapore Singapore Univ Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Kellogg Eye Ctr Ann Arbor MI USA Univ Michigan Inst Social Res Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Michigan Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA NEI Bethesda MD 20892 USA Harvard Med Sch Mass Eye & Ear Boston MA 02115 USA Univ Sao Paulo Ribeirao Preto Med Sch Sao Paulo Brazil Inst Ophthalmol UCL London England NIHR Biomed Res Ctr London England Sankara Nethralaya Med Res Fdn Chennai 600006 Tamil Nadu India Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA Heidelberg Univ Med Fac Mannheim Dept Ophthalmol Heidelberg Germany Associated Ophthalmologi

BACKGROUND: To estimate global and regional trends from 2000 to 2020 of the number of persons visually impaired by cataract and their proportion of the total number of vision-impaired individuals. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published population studies and gray literature from 2000 to 2020 was carried out to estimate global and regional trends. We developed prevalence estimates based on modeled distance visual impairment and blindness due to cataract, producing location-, year-, age-, and sex-specific estimates of moderate to severe vision impairment (MSVI presenting visual acuity <6/18, >= 3/60) and blindness (presenting visual acuity <3/60). Estimates are age-standardized using the GBD standard population. RESULTS: In 2020, among overall (all ages) 43.3 million blind and 295 million with MSVI, 17.0 million (39.6%) people were blind and 83.5 million (28.3%) had MSVI due to cataract blind 60% female, MSVI 59% female. From 1990 to 2020, the count of persons blind (MSVI) due to cataract increased by 29.7%(93.1%) whereas the age-standardized global prevalence of cataract-related blindness improved by -27.5% and MSVI increased by 7.2%. The contribution of cataract to the age-standardized prevalence of blindness exceeded the global figure only in South Asia (62.9%) and Southeast Asia and Oceania (47.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The number of people blind and with MSVI due to cataract has risen over the past 30 years, despite a decrease in the age-standardized prevalence of cataract. This indicates that cataract treatment programs have been beneficial, but population growth and aging have outpaced their impact. Growing numbers of cataract blind indicate that more, better-directed, resources are needed to increase global capacity for cataract surgery.

关键词： Epidemiology Lens diseases

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Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes

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NATURE 2020年第7793期578卷 82-+页

作者： Campbell, Peter J. Getz, Gad Korbel, Jan O. Stuart, Joshua M. Jennings, Jennifer L. Stein, Lincoln D. Perry, Marc D. Nahal-Bose, Hardeep K. Ouellette, B. F. Francis Li, Constance H. Rheinbay, Esther Nielsen, G. Petur Sgroi, Dennis C. Wu, Chin-Lee Faquin, William C. Deshpande, Vikram Boutros, Paul C. Lazar, Alexander J. Hoadley, Katherine A. Louis, David N. Dursi, L. Jonathan Yung, Christina K. Bailey, Matthew H. Saksena, Gordon Raine, Keiran M. Buchhalter, Ivo Kleinheinz, Kortine Schlesner, Matthias Zhang, Junjun Wang, Wenyi Wheeler, David A. Ding, Li Simpson, Jared T. O'Connor, Brian D. Yakneen, Sergei Ellrott, Kyle Miyoshi, Naoki Butler, Adam P. Royo, Romina Shorser, Solomon, I Vazquez, Miguel Rausch, Tobias Tiao, Grace Waszak, Sebastian M. Rodriguez-Martin, Bernardo Shringarpure, Suyash Wu, Dai-Ying Demidov, German M. Delaneau, Olivier Hayashi, Shuto Imoto, Seiya Habermann, Nina Segre, Ayellet, V Garrison, Erik Cafferkey, Andy Alvarez, Eva G. Maria Heredia-Genestar, Jose Muyas, Francesc Drechsel, Oliver Bruzos, Alicia L. Temes, Javier Zamora, Jorge Baez-Ortega, Adrian Kim, Hyung-Lae Mashl, R. Jay Ye, Kai DiBiase, Anthony Huang, Kuan-lin Letunic, Ivica McLellan, Michael D. Newhouse, Steven J. Shmaya, Tal Kumar, Sushant Wedge, David C. Wright, Mark H. Yellapantula, Venkata D. Gerstein, Mark Khurana, Ekta Marques-Bonet, Tomas Navarro, Arcadi Bustamante, Carlos D. Siebert, Reiner Nakagawa, Hidewaki Easton, Douglas F. Ossowski, Stephan Tubio, Jose M. C. De La Vega, Francisco M. Estivill, Xavier Yuen, Denis Mihaiescu, George L. Omberg, Larsson Ferretti, Vincent Sabarinathan, Radhakrishnan Pich, Oriol Gonzalez-Perez, Abel Weiner, Amaro Taylor Fittall, Matthew W. Demeulemeester, Jonas Tarabichi, Maxime Roberts, Nicola D. Van Loo, Peter Cortes-Ciriano, Isidro Urban, Lara Park, Peter Bin Zhu Pitkaenen, Esa Li, Yilong Saini, Natalie Klimczak, Leszek J. Weischenfeldt, Joachim Sidiropoulos, Nikos Alexandrov, Ludmil B. Rabionet, Raquel Escaramis, Georgia Bosio, Mattia Holik, Aliaksei Z. Susak, Hana Prasad, Aparna Erkek, Ser Wellcome Sanger Inst Hinxton England Univ Cambridge Dept Haematol Cambridge England Broad Inst MIT & Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Ctr Canc Res Boston MA 02114 USA Massachusetts Gen Hosp Dept Pathol Boston MA 02114 USA Harvard Med Sch Boston MA 02115 USA European Bioinformat Inst EMBL European Mol Biol Lab EMBL EBI Hinxton England European Mol Biol Lab EMBL Genome Biol Unit Heidelberg Germany Univ Calif Santa Cruz Biomol Engn Dept Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA Ontario Inst Canc Res Adapt Oncol Initiat Toronto ON Canada ICGC Accelerating Res Genom Oncol ICGC ARGO Secre Int Canc Genome Consortium ICGC Toronto ON Canada Ontario Inst Canc Res Computat Biol Program Toronto ON Canada Univ Toronto Dept Mol Genet Toronto ON Canada Univ Calif San Francisco Dept Radiat Oncol San Francisco CA USA Ontario Inst Canc Res Genome Informat Program Toronto ON Canada Univ Toronto Dept Cell & Syst Biol Toronto ON Canada Ontario Inst Canc Res Genome Informat Toronto ON Canada Univ Toronto Dept Med Biophys Toronto ON Canada Massachusetts Gen Hosp Boston MA 02114 USA Univ Toronto Dept Pharmacol Toronto ON Canada Univ Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr Dept Pathol Dept Genom Med Houston TX 77030 USA Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr Dept Pathol Dept Translat Mol Pathol Houston TX 77030 USA Univ North Carolina Dept Genet Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA Univ North Carolina Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA Hosp Sick Children Toronto ON Canada Washington Univ Sch Med Alvin J Siteman Canc Ctr St Louis MO USA Washington Univ McDonnell Genome Inst St Louis MO 63110 USA German Canc Res Ctr Div Theoret Bioinformat Heidelberg Germany German Canc Res Ctr Heidelberg Ctr Personalized Oncol DKFZ HIPO Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Univ Inst Pharm & Mol Biotechnol Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Univ BioQuant Heidelberg Germany German Canc Res Ctr Bioinformat & Omics Data Analyt Heidelb

Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements;however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution;in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4);identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6);analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7);describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9);and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).

关键词： Science humanities and Social Sciences multidisciplinary

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A Questionnaire on Materialisms

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OCTOBER 2016年第155期 3-110页

作者： [Anonymous] EMILY APTER is Chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at NYU and coeditor of the Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (Princeton 2014). ED ATKINS is an artist who lives in Berlin. ARMEN AVANESSIAN is a philosopher and the editor-in-chief at Merve Verlag Berlin founder of . BILL BROWN author of “Thing Theory” (Critical Inquiry 28 Autumn 2001) and Other Things (Chicago 2015) teaches at the University of Chicago. GIULIANA BRUNO is Emmet Blakeney Gleason Professor of Visual and Environmental Studies at Harvard University. JULIA Bryan-Wilson is Associate Professor of Contemporary Art at UC Berkeley. D. GRAHAM BURNETT writes and makes things. He teaches at Princeton and is an editor at Cabinet. MEL Y. CHEN is Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies at UC Berkeley and the author of Animacies (Duke 2012). ANDREW COLE is professor of English and director of the Gauss Seminars at Princeton University. His most recent book is The Birth of Theory (Chicago 2014). CHRISTOPH COX is Professor of Philosophy at Hampshire College. SUHAIL MALIK is co-director of MFA Fine Art Goldsmiths London and author of On the Necessity of Art's Exit from Contemporary Art (Urbanomic 2016). T. J. DEMOS is Professor in the Department of the History of Art and Visual Culture University of California Santa Cruz and Director of its Center for Creative Ecologies. JEFF DOLVEN teaches English at Princeton University and is an editor-at-large at Cabinet magazine. DAVID T. DORIS is Associate Professor at the University of Michigan directly above the center of the Earth. He wrote Vigilant Things (Washington 2011). HELMUT DRAXLER is professor for Art Theory at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna. PATRICIA FALGUIÈRES is a professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) Paris. PETER GALISON is the Joseph Pellegrino University Professor in History of Science and Physics at Harvard University. ALEXANDER R. GALLOWAY teaches media theory at New York University. RACHEL HAIDU is Asso

Recent philosophical tendencies of Actor-Network Theory, Object-Oriented Ontology, and Speculative Realism have profoundly challenged the centrality of subjectivity in the humanities, and many artists and curators, particularly in the UK, Germany, and the United States, appear deeply influenced by this shift from epistemology to ontology. October editors asked artists, historians, and philosophers invested in these projectsfrom Graham Harman and Alexander R. Galloway to Armen Avanessian and Patricia Falguieres to Ed Atkins and Amie Siegelto explore what the rewards and risks of assigning agency to objects may be, and how, or if, such new materialisms can be productive for making and thinking about art today.

关键词： Objectivity in art Materialism Art & society

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