Zeolite imidazole frameworks (ZIF-8) are a group of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that harbor application potential due to their unique high porosity and other physicochemical properties. However, the small cavitie...
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Cytokines and chemokines play important roles in inflammation and repair following brain injury. M1 microglia are pro-inflammatory which produce cytokines and lead to neural injury;in contrast, M2 microglia are anti-i...
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Cytokines and chemokines play important roles in inflammation and repair following brain injury. M1 microglia are pro-inflammatory which produce cytokines and lead to neural injury;in contrast, M2 microglia are anti-inflammatory, release neurotrophic factors, and promote neural repair processes. Chemokine CCL5, increased after TBI, shows a neuroprotective function by reducing oxidative stress. CCL5 may contribute to the balance between oxidative stress and immune responses after brain injury. Herein, we investigated the role of CCL5 in microglial polarization after mild traumatic brain injury, focusing on the cerebral cortex.C57BL/6 and CCL5 knockout (CCL5-KO) mice were given a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) using weight-drop. Neurological parameters such as motor and sensory functions were analyzed by mNSS score, accelerating rotarod, beam walking, and adhesive removal tests. Oxidative stress and neuron damage were measured by NADPH oxidase activity, hypoxyloprobe staining and FJC. Performance of motor and sensory functions in both WT and CCL5-KO mice were impaired after brain injury which recovered after 7 days-post-injury (dpi) in the WT group but only after 14 days in the CCL5-KO mouse group. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that pro-inflammation cytokines - IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were higher in CCL5-KO mice compared to WT mice at 4 and 14 dpi. In contrast, M2-like microglia markers - IL-10 and Agr-1 were increased in WT mouse cortical tissue at 4 dpi. Oxidative stress increased both M1 and M2- related cytokine expression in BV2 cells treated with H 2 O 2;CCL5 treatment increased M2- but suppressed M1- related cytokine gene activation. Intranasal delivery of CCL5 reduced neuronal oxidative stress, increased IL-10 expression and improved motor and sensory functions in CCL5-KO mice after brain *** summary, CCL5, which alters immune responses and protects neurons from TBI damage, has an important function in regulating M2-like microglial polarization during post-
This case report presents a 39-year-old woman with a history of abdominal discomfort, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and previous biliary colic. Radiological investigations suggested a suspicious infundibular lesion...
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This case report presents a 39-year-old woman with a history of abdominal discomfort, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and previous biliary colic. Radiological investigations suggested a suspicious infundibular lesion in the gallbladder, prompting further examinations including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and PET/CT scan. Despite inconclusive findings, the patient underwent robot-assisted cholecystectomy, revealing a fistula between the gallbladder infundibulum, and the common bile duct. Histological examination revealed a complex conglomerate of non-neoplastic processes, including gastric heterotopia, pseudo-pyloric glandular proliferation, and traumatic neuroma-like neural proliferation within the gallbladder wall. Discussion highlights the developmental anomalies and reactive mechanisms potentially underlying these findings, suggesting a connection between gastric heterotopia, glandular proliferation, and neural proliferation. The presence of three different 'pathological entities' in the same case represents the uniqueness of our case report, and the type of growth that sometimes appears to simulate an infiltration is an important element to consider as its misdiagnosis could lead to erroneous considerations and incorrect treatment.
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