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Building ships as a system: An approach to total ship integration

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 47-60页

作者： Duren, BG Pollard, JR Bernard G. Duren:is an operations research analyst in the Combat Systems Department of the. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Mr. Duren received an A.B. degree in mathematics from Indiana University and an M.S. degree in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology. His major duties involve development of system concepts and system engineering methodology. His primary areas of achievement include startup of a strategic planning process at the Dahlgren Division analysis of seaskimmer defense issues and formulation of concepts for counter-command warfare. His areas of interest include information integration group problem solving methods warfare analysis and strategic planning. Mr. Duren is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems. James R. Pollard:serves as principal systems engineer in the Combat Systems Department of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. Dr. Pollard received a B.S. degree in physics from Roanoke College an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from The George Washington University and a Ph.D. in systems engineering from the University of Virginia. After joining the Dahlgren Division in 1962 he performed research in antennas and electromagnetic coupling. He subsequently managed the Special Effects Weapon Research Program which focused on high power electromagnetic devices. After serving as head of the Weapon Systems Division and the Search and Track Division he formed the Strategic Planning Group. In 1985 he received the Bernard Smith Award for creative development and implementation of a strategic planning process for the Division. From 1985 to 1987 he served as warfare systems architect in the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. Dr. Pollard is currently conducting studies in design of future shipboard combat systems.

This paper considers an effort to reinvent the process by which the Navy transforms operational requirements into warships. The objective is to articulate a framework and strategy for implementing a total ship system engineering approach. Three factors drive the effort: involve the warfighters in the design process;adopt a ''system of systems'' framework for integration;and continually improve the acquisition process. The strategy is illustrated by consideration of control structure on a total ship basis. The work has been conducted as a collaborative effort involving three Navy warfare centers and various headquarters activities in Washington, D.C.

关键词： Shipbuilding

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Application of high temperature superconducting wire to magnetostrictive transducers for underwater sonar

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第1期109卷 31-39页

作者： Joshi, CH Lindberg, JF Clark, AE Dr. Chad H. Joshi:is president of Energen Incorporated an engineering and development firm specializing in cryogenic and electromechanical systems. The research presented here was conducted while he was employed at American Superconductor Coporation where he held both technical and program management positions. While there Dr. Joshi managed the development of several demonstration products including the sonar transducer presented here. He holds M.S. and Sc.D. degreesfrom the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a B.S. degree from the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He has worked in several diverse fields including solar energy fluidized bed technology and superconductivity. His work on stochastic analysis of solar insolation was recognized by the ASME and his doctoral research was accorded international recognition for its unique contribution to understanding quenching in superconducting magnets. Dr. Joshi has numerous patents and more than thirty-five technical publications to his credit. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Massachusetts and an active member of ASME and IEEE. He is a co-founder and treasurer of the New England Chapter of the Cryogenics Society of America. He will be listed in Whos Who in the East in 1997. Jan Lindberg:is a physicist in the Transducers and Arrays Division of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center in New London Connecticut. He leads NUWC'S exploratory development efforts for transduction science and currently is spearheading an effort to introduce high-energy density active materials into tactical sonar systems. With the discovery of high temperature superconductivity he saw the potential benefit of integrating several emerging technologies and enticed American Superconductor Corp. to develop a high temperature superconducting transducer which resulted in the March 1993 demonstration of the world's first integrated high temperature superconducting device. Mr. Lindberg's current interests involve design of high power ultrasonic copolymer arrays characterization of

A low-frequency underwater acoustic transducer integrating high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils and terbium-dysprosium (TbDy) magnetostrictive material was designed, fabricated and tested. This represents a novel application for high-temperature superconductivity and is a first example of an integrated system involving HTS coils cooled by a mechanical cryocooler. It also brings HTS technology together with a novel magnetic materials technology. The I-ITS coils were fabricated using react-and-wind BiSrCaCuO-2223 HTS wires. They produce a peak field of 0.1 Tesla at 50 K. A single-stage, Stirling-cycle cryocooler was used to cool the coils and the TbDy driver to cryogenic temperatures (50-65K). The coils provide an AC magnetic field superimposed on a DC bias field, which produces oscillatory strain within the magnetostrictive rod;this motion is transmitted through a cryostat to two head masses which project sound into the surrounding environment. High power acoustic output can be obtained by operating the transducer at its resonance frequencies of 520 Hz in air and 430 Hz underwater. This development demonstrates that, unlike low temperature superconductors, HTS wires can be considered for AC applications due to the low losses in these superconductors and the higher heat capacities of materials at temperatures above liquid helium.

关键词： Underwater equipment

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Examination of photodoping phenomenon by in-situ ellipsometric observation

Examination of photodoping phenomenon by in-situ ellipsometr...

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17th Congress of the International-Commission-for-Optics - Optics for Science and New Technology

作者： Lee, J Ogawa, T Wakaki, M Miyanishi, Y Kawabata, S Department of Physics Kunsan National University South Korea Institute of Applied Physics University of Tsukuba Japan Department of Electro-Photo-Optics Engineering Tokai University Japan Master's Program in Education University of Tsukuba Japan Faculty of Engineering Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics Japan

Phenomenon due to Ag photodoping into amorphous As2S3 was examined with an ellipsometric method. Obtained values of ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ were fitted by using multilayer model. It was found that each thic... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)0819421642

Phenomenon due to Ag photodoping into amorphous As₂S₃ was examined with an ellipsometric method. Obtained values of ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ were fitted by using multilayer model. It was found that each thickness of Ag, Ag: As₂S₃ and As ₂S₃ layers showed a time dependent change during the diffusion process in photodoping and the optical constants of As ₂S₃ change remarkably by Ag photodoping. These behaviors were explained in relation with photodoping mechanism. Copyright © 1996. The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： Silver

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Waveguiding properties of As2S3 optical waveguide doped with ag by photodoping technique

Waveguiding properties of As2S3 optical waveguide doped with...

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17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology, ICO 1996

作者： Ogawa, Tsutomu Wakaki, Moriaki Tatumi, Shunpei Miya-Nishi, Yuka Lee, Jaeman Institute of Applied Physics University of Tsukuba Japan Department of Electro-Photo-Optics Engineering Tokai University Japan Master's program in Education University of Tsukuba Japan Department of Physics Kunsan National University Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)0819421642

Amorphous As2S3 shows a remarkable volume expansion and an increase of refractive index by the diffusion of Ag. The feasibilty of application of Ag photodoping effect to the fabrication of micro optical elements in an As2S3 waveguide was investigated. It was found that a small Ag doped area and a small amount of Ag doping had large effects on waveguiding Properties. Copyright © 1996. The Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

关键词： Silver

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A method for predicting the utilization of medical technology in neonatal care

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Technology and Health Care 1996年第4期3卷 273-278页

作者： Scalon, João D. Vidai Melo, Marcos F. Panerai, Ronney B. Department of Biomedical Engineering Federal University of São João del-Rey Campus Dom Bosco Sao Joao del Rey-MG CEP 36300-000 Brazil Biomedical Engineering Program-COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970 PO Box 68510 Brazil Division of Medical Physics Faculty of Medicine University of Leicester Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom

The utilization of 12 neonatal intensive care technologies was recorded in 193 patients. An index of utilization (P(u)) was adopted to classify these technologies into three sub-groups corresponding to low (P(u) < 15%), medium (15% ≤ P(u) ≤ 85%), and high (P(u) > 85%) intensity of use. No models were developed for technologies with high intensity of use (intravenous hydration, warming, micro-haematocrit, heart rate monitoring). Multiple linear regression was used to predict the utilization of technologies with medium intensity of use (gasometry, oxygen hood, CPAP, mechanical ventilation), and multiple logistic regression was used with the same purpose for technologies with low intensity of use (exchange transfusion, bicarbonate, adrenaline, echocardiography). Both methods yielded significant models (P < 0.05) which can be used to improve planning and management of technology in neonatal intensive care units.

关键词： Clinical engineering Forecasting Health planning NICU Resource allocation Technology management Utilization review

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Structure in a Confined Smectic Liquid Crystal with Competing Surface and Sample Elasticities

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Physical Review Letters 1996年第9期76卷 1477-1477页

作者： Stefan H. J. Idziak Ilya Koltover Jacob N. Israelachvili Cyrus R. Safinya Materials Department Materials Research Laboratory Physics Department and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory University of California Santa Barbara California 93106

We report on studies using the x-ray surface forces apparatus (XSFA) to compare the structure of a liquid crystal confined between hard surfaces and, for the first time, between soft surfaces that can deform due to the stresses imposed by the confined fluid. We find that the alignment of smectic domains in confined films depends critically on both the shape and compliance of the confining walls or surfaces: “Soft surfaces” exhibit a critical gap thickness of 3.4 μm for the liquid crystal studied at which maximum alignment occurs, while “hard surfaces” do not exhibit gap-dependent alignment.

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Electrical stimulation induced spasticity reductions in stroke as evidenced by changes in elbow torque responses

Electrical stimulation induced spasticity reductions in stro...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： J.D. Given B.D. Schmit W.Z. Rymer J.P.A. Dewald Sensory Motor Performance Program PM&R Northwestern University Chicago IL USA Sensory Motor Performance Program PM&R Rehab. Institute of Chicago and Departments of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University Chicago IL USA Sensory Motor Performance Program PM&R Physics Ther. Northwestern University Chicago IL USA

We studied the effects of electrical stimulation of the skin on upper extremity spasticity in 9 hemiparetic stroke subjects. The effects were quantified by comparing reflex torque responses during ramp and hold angular perturbations of the elbow. Electrical stimulation was applied to skin over the biceps muscle of all nine subjects for a period of ten minutes at a 20 Hz frequency, pulse duration 0.1 ms, with an intensity level between sensory and motor thresholds. In a subset of subjects (n=2), the protocol was repeated using frequencies of 1 and 100 Hz. In seven subjects, peak torque responses were reduced for at least 30 minutes. Significant increases in mean threshold onset angle of the reflex torque without changes in reflex stiffness were measured. These long-term changes may reflect synaptic plasticity of spinal circuitry outside the stretch reflex loop. Comparable reductions in spasticity were observed when repeating the same protocol with different stimulation frequencies.

关键词： Electrical stimulation Elbow Frequency Protocols Muscles Torque measurement Skin Electromyography Biomedical measurements Position measurement

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A device simulation of the BBT effect in flash memory cells and implications for the development of high-reliability memory cells

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第11期79卷 51-57页

作者： Hayashi, T Fukuda, K Ohno, M Nishi, K Kita, A VLSI R&D Center OKI Electric Industry Company Ltd. Hachioji-shi Japan 193 Graduated from the Science University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1986 and joined Oki Electric. Since then he has been engaged in research on the reliability of MOS transistors and silicon oxide films. Since 1994 he has been engaged in the development of flash memory. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1983 and joined Oki Electric in 1985. Since then he has been engaged in research on the semiconductor process and device simulation. In 1990 he participated in joint research at the Technical University of Aachen. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Dept. of Electrical Engineering in 1980 and completed an MS course in 1983. In 1986 he completed the doctoral course at Shizuoka University. He then joined Oki Electric where he has been engaged in research on ULSI processes. He is now a manager responsible for flash memory at the VLSI R&D Center. He holds a doctorate in engineering. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society. Graduated from the University of Tokyo Dept. of Applied Physics in 1973 and joined Oki Electric. He was engaged in the development of integrated circuit logic simulation technology and bipolar process technology and since 1980 he has been engaged in research on process/device simulation and modeling. Presently he is a senior manager at the VLSI R&D Center. In 1982–1984 he was a Visiting Scholar at MIT. He holds a doctorate in engineering. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society and a senior member of IEEE. Graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology Dept. of Chemical Engineering in 1978 and completed the MS program in 1930. In that year he joined Oki Electric. Since then he has been engaged in CMOS process design for DRAM and flash memory. He is now a manager at the VLSI R&D Center. He is a member of the Applied Physics Society.

In order to analyze the BBT (band-to-band tunneling) phenomenon in flash memory cells by simulation, a new model is proposed, which improves on the BBT model by introducing the concept of ''average electric field.'' This model agrees well with the measured results in a wide drain N-concentration range. Using this model, the reliability of memory cells is analyzed. It is found that the difference of the amount of BBT generation does not directly affect the endurance characteristics but does affect the disturb characteristics. The same model can be used to analyze problem points of the present cells and to estimate the BBT current of next-generation devices accurately.

关键词： band-to-band tunneling flash memory simulation endurance characteristics

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Characteristics and growth processes of a surface oxidized layer formed on Al-Y alloy films

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第9期79卷 78-87页

作者： Takeyama, M Noya, A Murakami, Y Sasaki, K Faculty of Engineering Kitami Institute of Technology Kitami Japan 090 Education: Kitami Institute of Technology B.S. 1991. Academic appointments: Kitami Institute of Technology faculty member 1991 research associate 1993. Research interest: thin films for use in electronics. Membership: Applied Physics Society of Japan. Education: Muroran Institute of Technology B.S. 1974 Hokkaido University D.Eng. 1980. Academic appointments: Kitami Institute of Technology research associate (1980) lecturer (1990) associate professor (1991) professor (1994). Research interests: thin films especially in electronics and their evaluation. Membership: Applied Physics Society of Japan. Education: Kitami University of Technology B.S. 1994 master's degree in progress. Research interest: thin-film materials for electronics. Membership: Applied Physics Society of Japan. Education: Hokkaido University B.S. 1967 Hokkaido Institute of Electrical Engineering graduate program D.Eng. Academic appointments: Kitami Institute of Technology lecturer (1975) associate professor (1979) professor (1990). Research interests: thin-film materials for electronics electronic properties of materials LSI thin-film technology. Memberships: Applied Physics Society of Japan Japan Chemical Society.

The formation process as well as the characteristics of a surface oxidized layer formed on Al-Y alloy films are examined. Al in the alloy forms a thin Al2O3 layer due to more oxidation Pt the alloy surface. In an alloy of Al-rich composition, if the Al2O3 surface layer (which is comparable to that formed on pure Al) is formed, the layer maintains its ability to be a self-passivating oxide layer. In those alloys that form an unduly thin Al2O3 surface layer, introduction of oxygen from the ambient environment cannot be curtailed. As a result, oxidation proceeds and the formation of Y2O3 and reduced Al is observed within the oxide layer. In the oxidized layer, the oxidation state of the lesser amount of oxide is affected by that of the greater amount oxide;this reflects a shift in binding energy of the XPS spectra for the minor element. It is shown that the formation process of the alloy is dominated by the differences of ionization potential, an element affinity, formation heat, a diffusing species and the transport behavior of cations and/or anions.

关键词： Al-Y alloy films self-passivating oxide layer XPS spectra

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USS Anzio EMPRESS II trial

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 315-328页

作者： Nelson, JM Jones, CS Poston, LA [?]John M. Nelson received a B.S. degree in Physics from Randolph Macon College in 1967. He has been employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division for the past thirty-six years and is currently an engineer in the Systems Engineering Branch of the Combat Systems Division where he has been working on combat system survivability issues for the last three years. Before that time he was involved in a variety of survivability and vulnerability tasks that included being a member of the USS Stark Incident Investigation Team. He was also a major investigator and contributor to the Surface Navy Vietnam Ship Battle Damage Team and a member of the 1980s Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA SYSCOM) Survivability Improvement Working Group. He has worked in a similar role with the AEGIS Program Office (PMS 400) since that time working on the DDG 51 and CG 47 Class AEGIS Combat System programs. Mr. Nelson was the AEGIS Combat Systems Director for the USS Anzio EMPRESS II Trial.

The Navy conducted a total ship electromagnetic pulse (EMP) trial of a Baseline IV AEGIS Cruiser (USS Anzio, CG 68) in the summer of 1993 using the second-generation Electromagnetic Pulse Radio-frequency Environment Simulator for Ships (EMPRESS II). The trial marked the only full-scale test of its kind to be performed. After years of preparation, a full-scale, total ship EMP trial took place at sea off the Virginia coast. It had two primary objectives. The first objective was to completely baseline the survivability of shipboard equipment at EMP field strengths high enough to obtain accurate test data but low enough to minimize equipment damage from multiple electromagnetic pulses. The second objective was to determine the ability of the ship to fight after a full-scale level EMP. Both objectives of the EMP trial were successfully met. The results verified pretrial hardening predictions and efforts, revealed hardening weaknesses, and provided a baseline for future platform hardening initiatives. EMPRESS II was dismantled shortly after the trial, having fulfilled its mission of serving as the surface Navy's essential EMP test tool. This paper presents a background on the EMP program, an overview of the EMP assessment processes, Anzio trial preparations, and some of the significant trial results. It also details some of the lessons learned from the trial that will help to ensure EMP survivability for future ship design.

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