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Learning data-adaptive non-parametric kernels

The Journal of Machine Learning Research 2020年第1期21卷 8590-8628页

作者： Fanghui Liu Xiaolin Huang Chen Gong Jie Yang Li Li Department of Electrical Engineering ESAT-STADIUS KU Leuven Belgium Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Institute of Medical Robotics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China PCA Lab Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China and Department of Computing Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR China Department of Automation BNRist Tsinghua University China

In this paper, we propose a data-adaptive non-parametric kernel learning framework in margin based kernel methods. In model formulation, given an initial kernel matrix, a data-adaptive matrix with two constraints is imposed in an entry-wise scheme. Learning this data-adaptive matrix in a formulation-free strategy enlarges the margin between classes and thus improves the model flexibility. The introduced two constraints are imposed either exactly (on small data sets) or approximately (on large data sets) in our model, which provides a controllable trade-off between model flexibility and complexity with theoretical demonstration. In algorithm optimization, the objective function of our learning framework is proven to be gradient-Lipschitz continuous. Thereby, kernel and classifier/regressor learning can be efficiently optimized in a unified framework via Nesterov's acceleration. For the scalability issue, we study a decomposition-based approach to our model in the large sample case. The effectiveness of this approximation is illustrated by both empirical studies and theoretical guarantees. Experimental results on various classification and regression benchmark data sets demonstrate that our non-parametric kernel learning framework achieves good performance when compared with other representative kernel learning based algorithms.

关键词： support vector machines non-parametric kernel learning gradient-Lipschitz continuous

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Opacity of Nondeterministic Transition Systems: A (Bi)Simulation Relation Approach

Opacity of Nondeterministic Transition Systems: A (Bi)Simula...

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作者： Zhang, Kuize Yin, Xiang Zamani, Majid ACCESS Linnaeus Center School of Electrical Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm10044 Sweden Department of Automation Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Computer Science Department University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States

In this paper, we propose several opacity-preserving (bi)simulation relations for nondeterministic transition systems (NTSs) in terms of initial-state opacity, current-state opacity, K-step opacity, and infinite-step opacity. We also show how one can leverage quotient constructions to compute such relations. As a result, although the opacity verification problem for infinite NTSs is generally undecidable, if one can find such an opacity-preserving relation from an infinite NTS to a finite one, the (lack of) opacity of the infinite NTS can be easily verified over the finite one, which is decidable. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Opacity

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Harmonized-Multinational qEEG norms (HarMNqEEG)

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NEUROIMAGE 2022年 256卷 119190-119190页

作者： Li, Min Wang, Ying Lopez-Naranjo, Carlos Hu, Shiang Reyes, Ronaldo Cesar Garcia Paz-Linares, Deirel Areces-Gonzalez, Ariosky Hamid, Aini Ismafairus Abd Evans, Alan C. Savostyanov, Alexander N. Calzada-Reyes, Ana Villringer, Arno Tobon-Quintero, Carlos A. Garcia-Agustin, Daysi Yao, Dezhong Dong, Li Aubert-Vazquez, Eduardo Reza, Faruque Razzaq, Fuleah Abdul Omar, Hazim Abdullah, Jafri Malin Galler, Janina R. Ochoa-Gomez, John F. Prichep, Leslie S. Galan-Garcia, Lidice Morales-Chacon, Lilia Valdes-Sosa, Mitchell J. Trondle, Marius Zulkifly, Mohd Faizal Mohd Rahman, Muhammad Riddha Bin Abdul Milakhina, Natalya S. Langer, Nicolas Rudych, Pavel Koenig, Thomas Virues-Alba, Trinidad A. Lei, Xu Bringas-Vega, Maria L. Bosch-Bayard, Jorge F. Valdes-Sosa, Pedro Antonio [a]The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China [b]Cuban Center for Neurocience La Habana Cuba [c]McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health Montreal Neurological Institute Canada [d]Department of Neurosciences School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kota Bharu Kelantan 16150 Malaysia [e]Brain and Behaviour Cluster School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kota Bharu Kelantan 16150 Malaysia [f]Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kota Bharu Kelantan 16150 Malaysia [g]Humanitarian Institute Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk 630090 Russia [h]Laboratory of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine Novosibirsk 630117 Russia [i]Laboratory of Psychological Genetics at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk 630090 Russia [j]University of Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca” Pinar del Río Cuba [k]Department of Neurology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany [l]Department of Cognitive Neurology University Hospital Leipzig Leipzig Germany [m]Center for Stroke Research Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany [n]Grupo Neuropsicología y Conducta - GRUNECO Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Antioquia Colombia [o]Research Department Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud IPS Universitaria Colombia [p]The Cuban center aging longevity and health Havana Cuba [q]Research Unit of NeuroInformation Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 2019RU035 China [r]School of Electrical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 4500

This paper extends frequency domain quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) methods pursuing higher sensitivity to detect Brain Developmental Disorders. Prior qEEG work lacked integration of cross-spectral information omitting important functional connectivity descriptors. Lack of geographical diversity precluded accounting for site-specific variance, increasing qEEG nuisance variance. We ameliorate these weaknesses. (i) Create lifespan Riemannian multinational qEEG norms for cross-spectral tensors. These norms result from the HarMNqEEG project fostered by the Global Brain Consortium. We calculate the norms with data from 9 countries, 12 devices, and 14 studies, including 1564 subjects. Instead of raw data, only anonymized metadata and EEG cross spectral tensors were shared. After visual and automatic quality control, developmental equations for the mean and standard deviation of qEEG traditional and Riemannian DPs were calculated using additive mixed-effects models. We demonstrate qEEG "batch effects " and provide methods to calculate harmonized z-scores. (ii) We also show that harmonized Riemannian norms produce z-scores with increased diagnostic accuracy predicting brain dysfunction produced by malnutrition in the first year of life and detecting COVID induced brain dysfunction. (iii) We offer open code and data to calculate different individual z-scores from the HarMNqEEG dataset. These results contribute to developing bias-free, low-cost neuroimaging technologies applicable in various health settings.

关键词： Quantitative EEG EEG cross-spectrum Riemannian geometry Batch effects Z-score Harmonization Malnutrition Covid induced brain dysfunction Developmental Brain Chart

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laboratory realization of relativistic pair-plasma beams

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Arrowsmith, C.D. Simon, P. Bilbao, P. Bott, A.F.A. Burger, S. Chen, H. Cruz, F.D. Davenne, T. Efthymiopoulos, I. Froula, D.H. Goillot, A.M. Gudmundsson, J.T. Haberberger, D. Halliday, J. Hodge, T. Huffman, B.T. Iaquinta, S. Miniati, F. Reville, B. Sarkar, S. Schekochihin, A.A. Silva, L.O. Simpson, R. Stergiou, V. Trines, R.M.G.M. Vieu, T. Charitonidis, N. Bingham, R. Gregori, G. Department of Physics University of Oxford Parks Road OxfordOX1 3PU United Kingdom Geneva 23CH-1211 Switzerland GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH Planckstraße 1 Darmstadt64291 Germany GoLP Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa1049-001 Portugal Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Ave LivermoreCA94550 United States Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton DidcotOX11 0QX United Kingdom University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics RochesterNY14623 United States Science Institute University of Iceland Dunhaga 3 ReykjavikIS-107 Iceland School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology StockholmSE-100 44 Sweden AWE Aldermaston Reading BerkshireRG7 4PR United Kingdom Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1 HeidelbergD-69117 Germany School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences National Technical University of Athens Athens157 72 Greece Department of Physics University of Strathclyde GlasgowG4 0NG United Kingdom

Relativistic electron-positron (e±) plasmas are ubiquitous in extreme astrophysical environments such as black holes and neutron star magnetospheres, where accretion-powered jets and pulsar winds are expected to be enriched with such pair plasmas. Their behaviour is quite different from typical electron-ion plasmas due to the matter-antimatter symmetry of the charged components and their role in the dynamics of such compact objects is believed to be fundamental. So far, our experimental inability to produce large yields of positrons in quasi-neutral beams has restricted the understanding of electron-positron pair plasmas to simple numerical and analytical studies which are rather limited. We present first experimental results confirming the generation of high-density, quasi-neutral, relativistic electron-positron pair beams using the 440 GeV/c beam at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. The produced pair beams have a volume that fills multiple Debye spheres and are thus able to sustain collective plasma oscillations. Our work opens up the possibility of directly probing the microphysics of pair plasmas beyond quasi-linear evolution into regimes that are challenging to simulate or measure via astronomical observations. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Magnetosphere

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Boosting Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction on Cobalt-Based Perovskite via Regulating Reaction Pathway Through Donation-Back-Donation Modulation

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Angewandte Chemie 2025年第25期137卷

作者： Ning Han Wei Zhang Jianxiang Wu Kaibin Chu Shihui Feng Shuo Wang Alain R. Puente-Santiago Jinlin Long Bo Weng Bao-Lian Su The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Ontario ON M5S 1A4 Canada These authors are cofirst authors. Institute of Energy Materials Science University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China School of Materials Science and Engineering Linyi University Linyi 276000 China Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University Stockholm 10 691 Sweden State Key Laboratory of Chemistry for NBC Hazards Protection State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL USA State Key Laboratory of Advanced Environmental Technology Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI) University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles Namur 5000 Belgium

The electrocatalytic approach of combining N 2 and H 2 O to produce ammonia, known as the electrocatalytic N 2 reduction reaction (eNRR), has garnered significant attention due to its environmental benefits and potential for supporting a decentralized agricultural economy. However, the underlying chemistry governing the reaction pathways remains poorly understood, hindering the design of low-cost and efficient eNRR catalysts. Here we report the enhancement of the electrocatalytic eNRR activity of perovskite oxides by tuning the reaction pathway through a “donation-back-donation” mechanism. This is achieved by controlling the spin state via adjusting the distribution of d orbital electrons in low-cost transition metals, such as cobalt. Specifically, the cobalt in perovskite SrCoO 3 (SC) with a low-spin state demonstrates an 18 times higher ammonia yield rate compared to that in Co 3 O 4 and 1.5 times higher than cobalt in perovskite LaCoO 3 (LC). The low spin states of cobalt in SC enable better control of the eNRR reaction pathway over the transformation of *N 2 H to *NHNH or *NNH 2 , resulting in alternating hydrogenation in SC rather than distal hydrogenation in LC with a high spin state. The unprecedented improvement in eNRR by regulating the spin state of Co demonstrates the bright of low-cost Co-based electrocatalysts for ammonia production.

关键词： D orbital electron distribution Nitrogen reduction reaction Perovskite Reaction pathway Regulation of spin state

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Synthesis of Honeycomb-Structured Beryllium Oxide via Graphene Liquid Cells

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Angewandte Chemie 2020年第36期132卷 15864-15870页

作者： Wang L. Liu L. Chen J. Mohsin A. Yum J.H. Hudnall T.W. Bielawski C.W. Rajh T. Bai X. Gao S.-P. Gu G. Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China Department of Physics and Astronomy London Centre for Nanotechnology Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom School of physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 South Korea Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 South Korea Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 United States Center for Nanoscale Materials Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 United States Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we show that beryllium oxide crystallizes in the planar hexagonal structure in a graphene liquid cell by a wet-chemistry approach. These liquid cells can feature van-der-Waals pressures up to 1 GPa, producing a miniaturized high-pressure container for the crystallization in solution. The thickness of as-received crystals is beyond the thermodynamic ultra-thin limit above which the wurtzite phase is energetically more favorable according to the theoretical prediction. The crystallization of the planar phase is ascribed to the near-free-standing condition afforded by the graphene surface. Our calculations show that the energy barrier of the phase transition is responsible for the observed thickness beyond the previously predicted limit. These findings open a new door for exploring aqueous-solution approaches of more metal-oxide semiconductors with exotic phase structures and properties in graphene-encapsulated confined cells. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

关键词： aqueous-solution synthesis beryllium oxide graphene liquid cells high-resolution transmission electron microscopy structural phase transition thermodynamic ultra-thin limit

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Observation of Nonlinear Standing Waves Excited by plasma-Series-Resonance-Enhanced Harmonics in Capacitive Discharges

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Physical Review Letters 2019年第18期122卷 185002-185002页

作者： Kai Zhao De-Qi Wen Yong-Xin Liu Michael A. Lieberman Demetre J. Economou You-Nian Wang Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser Ion and Electron Beams (Ministry of Education) School of Physics Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China Plasma Processing Laboratory Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston Houston Texas 77204-4004 USA Department of Electrical Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA

We report the first experimental observation of nonlinear standing waves excited by plasma-series-resonance-enhanced harmonics in low pressure, very high frequency, parallel plate, capacitively coupled plasmas. Spatial structures of the harmonics of the magnetic field, measured by a magnetic probe, are in very good agreement with simulations based on a nonlinear electromagnetics model. At relatively low pressure, the nonlinear sheath motion generates high-order harmonics that can be strongly enhanced near the series resonance frequencies. Satisfying certain conditions, such nonlinear harmonics induce radial standing waves, with voltage and current maxima on axis, resulting in center-high plasma density. Excitation of higher harmonics is suppressed at higher pressures.

关键词： High-frequency & RF discharges in plasmas Magnetic field generation & plasma dynamo plasma discharges in vacuum plasma sources Wave-wave, wave-particle interactions

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Information Transmission Through Solids Using Ultrasound Invited Paper

Information Transmission Through Solids Using Ultrasound Inv...

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2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, IUS 2018

作者： Saniie, Jafar Wang, Boyang Huang, Xin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Embedded Computing and Signal Processing Research Laboratory ChicagoIL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781538634257

Ultrasonic signals can be utilized as a viable communication method to transmit information through gas, liquid, and solid channels or a mixed media consisting of a solid interfaced with liquid and/or gas. Underwater communication channels using sound waves cause many challenges, often unforeseen, due to absorption, scattering, refractions, reverberations, multipaths, doppler shifts, temperature, salinity, and acoustic scintillation. Ultrasonic communication through the air is less prone to the environmental challenges that are often encountered in the underwater communications. Ultrasonic communication in solid channels is also adversely affected by absorption, scattering, refractions, reverberations, beam skewing, dispersion, mode conversation, multipaths, and above all these challenges are compounded by the geometrical structure of solids and type of ultrasonic waves. With solid structures many different ultrasonic wave types can be generated including Longitudinal (Compressional), Shear (Transverse), Surface-Rayleigh, Plate-Lamb (Symmetrical or Extensional Mode and Asymmetric or Flexural Mode), Plate-Love, and Stoneley (Leaky Rayleigh). The type of waves is governed by the frequency and angle of the incident waves on a solid structure where the quality of the signal for communication is limited by the composition and geometrical shape of the solids. For this study we have developed a testbed platform using the ZYNQ SoC (System-on-Chip) FPGA by Xilinx which offers reconfigurability and high-performance computational capability, high speed signal converters, power amplifiers for excitation of transducers, low noise receiving amplifiers and high frequency ultrasonic transducers for transmitting and receiving information. Theoretically, ASK (amplitude shift keying) or any form of digital modulation can be realized with the system using the concept of the software-defined ultrasonic communications (SDUC). In practice, the received signal is very complex, primarily ca

关键词： Underwater acoustics

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Transform-Limited Photons From a Coherent Tin-Vacancy Spin in Diamond

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Physical Review Letters 2020年第2期124卷 023602-023602页

作者： Matthew E. Trusheim Benjamin Pingault Noel H. Wan Mustafa Gündoğan Lorenzo De Santis Romain Debroux Dorian Gangloff Carola Purser Kevin C. Chen Michael Walsh Joshua J. Rose Jonas N. Becker Benjamin Lienhard Eric Bersin Ioannis Paradeisanos Gang Wang Dominika Lyzwa Alejandro R-P. Montblanch Girish Malladi Hassaram Bakhru Andrea C. Ferrari Ian A. Walmsley Mete Atatüre Dirk Englund Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE United Kingdom Clarendon Laboratory University of Oxford Parks road Oxford OX1 3PU United Kingdom Cambridge Graphene Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FA United Kingdom College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering SUNY Polytechnic Institute 257 Fuller Road Albany New York 12203 USA

Solid-state quantum emitters that couple coherent optical transitions to long-lived spin qubits are essential for quantum networks. Here we report on the spin and optical properties of individual tin-vacancy (SnV) centers in diamond nanostructures. Through cryogenic magneto-optical and spin spectroscopy, we verify the inversion-symmetric electronic structure of the SnV, identify spin-conserving and spin-flipping transitions, characterize transition linewidths, measure electron spin lifetimes, and evaluate the spin dephasing time. We find that the optical transitions are consistent with the radiative lifetime limit even in nanofabricated structures. The spin lifetime is phonon limited with an exponential temperature scaling leading to T1>10 ms, and the coherence time, T2* reaches the nuclear spin-bath limit upon cooling to 2.9 K. These spin properties exceed those of other inversion-symmetric color centers for which similar values require millikelvin temperatures. With a combination of coherent optical transitions and long spin coherence without dilution refrigeration, the SnV is a promising candidate for feasable and scalable quantum networking applications.

关键词： Magneto-optical spectra Quantum measurements Semiconductor quantum optics Single photon sources

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Roadmap on Atomic-scale Semiconductor Devices

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Schofield, Steven R. Fisher, Andrew J. Ginossar, Eran Lyding, Joseph W. Silver, Richard Fei, Fan Namboodiri, Pradeep Wyrick, Jonathan Masteghin, M.G. Cox, D.C. Murdin, B.N. Clowes, S.K. Keizer, Joris G. Simmons, Michelle Y. Stemp, Holly G. Morello, Andrea Voisin, Benoit Rogge, Sven Wolkow, Robert A. Livadaru, Lucian Pitters, Jason Stock, Taylor J.Z. Curson, Neil J. Butera, Robert E. Pavlova, Tatiana V. Jakob, A.M. Spemann, D. Räcke, P. Schmidt-Kaler, F. Jamieson, D.N. Pratiush, Utkarsh Duscher, Gerd Kalinin, Sergei V. Kazazis, Dimitrios Constantinou, Procopios Aeppli, Gabriel Ekinci, Yasin Owen, James H.G. Fowler, Emma Moheimani, S.O. Reza Randall, John N. Misra, Shashank Ivie, Jeffrey Allemang, Christopher R. Anderson, Evan M. Bussmann, Ezra Campbell, Quinn Gao, Xujiao Lu, Tzu-Ming Schmucker, Scott W. London Centre for Nanotechnology University College London 17-19 Gordon St WC1H 0AH United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom School of Mathematics and Physics University of Surrey United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois UrbanaIL61801 United States Atom Scale Device Group National Institute of Standards and Technology GaithersburgMD20899 United States Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey GU2 7XH United Kingdom School of Physics University of New South Wales Sydney Australia School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications UNSW Sydney Australia Silicon Quantum Computing Pty Ltd Sydney Australia Australia University of Alberta Department of Physics EdmontonT6G 2E1 Canada National Research Council of Canada Quantum and Nanotechnologies Research Centre 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW EdmontonT6G 2M9 Canada Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London WC1E 7JE United Kingdom Laboratory for Physical Sciences University of Maryland College ParkMD20740 United States Prokhorov General Physics Institute The Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilov str. 38 Moscow119991 Russia School of Physics The University of Melbourne ParkvilleVIC3010 Australia Leipzig04318 Germany Universität Leipzig Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics Applied Quantum Systems Leipzig04103 Germany QUANTUM Institut für Physik Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz55128 Germany Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Tennessee KnoxvilleTN37996 United States Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen5232 Switzerland Zürich8093 Switzerland Zyvex Labs 1301 N. Plano Road RichardsonTX75081 United States University of Texas DallasTX United States Sandia National Laboratories 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE AlbuquerqueNM87185 United States

Spin states in semiconductors provide exceptionally stable and noise-resistant environments for qubits, positioning them as optimal candidates for reliable quantum computing technologies. The proposal to use nuclear and electronic spins of donor atoms in silicon, introduced by Kane in 1998, sparked a new research field focused on the precise positioning of individual impurity atoms for quantum devices, utilising scanning tunnelling microscopy and ion implantation. This roadmap article reviews the advancements in the 25 years since Kane’s proposal, the current challenges, and the future directions in atomic-scale semiconductor device fabrication and measurement. It covers the quest to create a silicon-based quantum computer and expands to include diverse material systems and fabrication techniques, highlighting the potential for a broad range of semiconductor quantum technological applications. Key developments include phosphorus in silicon devices such as single-atom transistors, arrayed few-donor devices, one- and two-qubit gates, three-dimensional architectures, and the development of a toolbox for future quantum integrated circuits. The roadmap also explores new impurity species like arsenic and antimony for enhanced scalability and higher-dimensional spin systems, new chemistry for dopant precursors and lithographic resists, and the potential for germanium-based devices. Emerging methods, such as photon-based lithography and electron beam manipulation, are discussed for their disruptive potential. This roadmap charts the path toward scalable quantum computing and advanced semiconductor quantum technologies, emphasising the critical intersections of experiment, technological development, and theory. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Qubits

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