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Emulating complex synapses using interlinked proton conductors

Physical Review Applied 2025年第1期23卷 014027-014027页

作者： Lifu Zhang Ji-An Li Yang Hu Jie Jiang Rongjie Lai Marcus K. Benna Jian Shi Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA Department of Mathematics Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA Department of Neurobiology School of Biological Sciences University of California at San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA Department of Physics Applied Physics and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA

In terms of energy efficiency and computational speed, neuromorphic electronics based on nonvolatile memory devices are expected to be one of most promising hardware candidates for future artificial intelligence (AI). However, catastrophic forgetting, networks rapidly overwriting previously learned weights when learning new tasks, remains a pivotal obstacle in either digital or analog AI chips for unleashing the true power of brainlike computing. To address catastrophic forgetting in the context of online memory storage, a complex synapse model (the Benna-Fusi model) was proposed recently [M. K. Benna and S. Fusi, Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1697 (2016)], the synaptic weight and internal variables of which evolve following diffusion dynamics. In this work, by designing a proton transistor with a series of charge-diffusion-controlled storage components, we have experimentally realized the Benna-Fusi artificial complex synapse. Memory consolidation from coupled storage components is revealed by both numerical simulations and experimental observations. Different memory timescales for the complex synapse are engineered by the diffusion length of charge carriers and the capacity and number of coupled storage components. The advantages of the demonstrated complex synapse for both memory capacity and memory consolidation are revealed by neural network simulations of face-familiarity detection. Our experimental realization of the complex synapse suggests a promising approach to enhance memory capacity and to enable continual learning.

关键词： Nonvolatile storage

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Methodology for optimizing electrical grounding grids in stratified soils using advanced calculation techniques and evolutionary algorithms

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Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 2025年 95卷

作者： Silva, Carlos Leandro Borges da Pires, Thyago Gumeratto Silva Filho, Antonio Marcelino Bulhões, Junio Santos Belo, Orlando M. Oliveira Rodrigues, Clóves Gonçalves Coimbra, Antonio Paulo Calixto, Wesley Pacheco Electrical Mechanical & Computer Engineering School Federal University of Goias Goiania Goias PC 74.605-220 Brazil Institute of Systems and Robotics Coimbra University CoimbraPC 3030-290 Portugal Department of Informatics School of Engineering University of Minho BragaPC 4710-057 Portugal Electrical Power Systems Study Group Federal Institute of Tocantins Palmas TocantinsPC 77.021-090 Brazil Graduate Program in Production and Systems Engineering Pontifical Catholic University of Goias Goiania Goias PC 74605-010 Brazil Mato Grosso Brazil Technology Research and Development Center Federal Institute of Goias Goiania Goias PC 74.055-110 Brazil

This paper presents a practical methodology for optimizing the geometry of electrical grounding grids at industrial frequencies of 50Hz and 60Hz, integrating advanced calculation techniques and evolutionary algorithms to improve the safety and operational performance of electrical grounding systems. The proposed approach is particularly beneficial for industrial automation and control systems, where effective grounding is necessary to maintain system reliability and prevent downtime. This methodology employs mathematical modeling and computational tools to optimize grid parameters, ensuring compliance with safety standards while reducing operational costs, thus contributing to the overall efficiency of automated systems in industrial environments. The study reports a reduction of up to 66% in the number of vertical rods and 40% in horizontal conductors compared to traditional methods. These results indicate that the proposed methodology can significantly reduce material usage and costs while maintaining electrical safety in accordance with regulatory standards, making it applicable to a wide range of industrial settings, including substations and automated facilities. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Electric grounding

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Norepinephrine changes behavioral state through astroglial purinergic signaling

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Science (New York, N.Y.) 2025年第6748期388卷 769-775页

作者： Chen, Alex B. Duque, Marc Rymbek, Altyn Dhanasekar, Mahalakshmi Wang, Vickie M. Mi, Xuelong Tocquer, Loeva Narayan, Sujatha Legorreta, Emmanuel Marquez Eddison, Mark Yu, Guoqiang Wyart, Claire Prober, David A. Engert, Florian Ahrens, Misha B. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus Ashburn VA United States Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA United States Graduate Program in Neuroscience Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA United States Sorbonne Université Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7225 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Campus Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris France Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Arlington VA United States Present address: Allen Institute for Brain Science Seattle WA United States Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing China

Both neurons and glia communicate through diffusible neuromodulators;however, how neuron-glial interactions in such neuromodulatory networks influence circuit computation and behavior is unclear. During futility-induced behavioral transitions in the larval zebrafish, the neuromodulator norepinephrine (NE) drives fast excitation and delayed inhibition of behavior and circuit activity. We found that astroglial purinergic signaling implements the inhibitory arm of this motif. In larval zebrafish, NE triggers astroglial release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), extracellular conversion of ATP into adenosine, and behavioral suppression through activation of hindbrain neuronal adenosine receptors. Our results suggest a computational and behavioral role for an evolutionarily conserved astroglial purinergic signaling axis in NE-mediated behavioral and brain state transitions and position astroglia as important effectors in neuromodulatory signaling.

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Topological wave phenomena in photonic time quasicrystals

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Physical Review B 2025年第12期111卷 125421-125421页

作者： Xiang Ni Shixiong Yin Huanan Li Andrea Alù School of Physics Central South University Changsha 410083 China Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New York New York 10031 USA Department of Electrical Engineering City College of The City University of New York New York 10031 USA MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics School of Physics Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New York New York 10016 USA

Time interfaces consist of abrupt and spatially uniform changes in the optical properties of a medium. Their periodic occurrence forms photonic time crystals, which offer opportunities to tailor classical and quantum light-matter interactions. Here we explore one-dimensional photonic time quasicrystals, formed when time interfaces occur in a quasiperiodic fashion featuring long-range order. We unveil the emergence of topological phases and Hofstadter butterfly spectra in these systems, and demonstrate that their temporal response emulates the localization of topological edge states, enabling the temporal analog of topological Thouless pumping. Our findings open avenues for topological photonics leveraging time as a synthetic dimension, with functionalities that go beyond their spatial counterparts.

关键词： Quasicrystals

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Adaptive Contextual Caching for Mobile Edge Large Language Model Service

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Liu, Guangyuan Liu, Yinqiu Wang, Jiacheng Du, Hongyang Niyato, Dusit Kang, Jiawen Xiong, Zehui College of Computing and Data Science The Energy Research Institute @ NTU Interdisciplinary Graduate Program Nanyang Technological University Singapore College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Hong Kong Hong Kong School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology China Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore

Mobile edge Large Language Model (LLM) deployments face inherent constraints, such as limited computational resources and network bandwidth. Although Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates some challenges by integrating external knowledge bases, inefficient cache management can still result in high retrieval latency and frequent cache updates. To address these issues, we propose an Adaptive Contextual Caching (ACC) framework that anticipates user needs by proactively caching semantically relevant data for mobile-edge LLMs. ACC utilizes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) module to refine cache replacement policies, balancing user context, document similarity, and the overhead associated with cache misses. Experimental results demonstrate that ACC increases cache hit rates to over 80% after only 11 training episodes, outperforming FIFO, LRU, and semantic-only caching while reducing retrieval latency by up to 40%. In particular, ACC also reduces local caching overhead (i.e., the cost of updating the cache when a miss occurs) by as much as 55%, enabling scalable, low-latency LLM services in resource-constrained edge environments. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Deep reinforcement learning

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Measurement of peripheral nerve magnetostimulation thresholds of a head solenoid coil between 200 Hz and 88.1 kHz

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IEEE Journal of Translational engineering in Health and Medicine 2025年

作者： Barksdale, Alex C. Ferris, Natalie G. Mattingly, Eli Sliwiak, Monika Guerin, Bastien Wald, Lawrence L. Davids, Mathias Klein, Valerie MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CambridgeMA United States Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging CharlestownMA United States Harvard University Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics CambridgeMA United States Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology BostonMA United States Harvard Medical School BostonMA United States

Objective: Magnetic fields switching at kilohertz frequencies induce electric fields in the body, which can cause peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). Although magnetostimulation has been extensively studied below 10 kHz, the behavior of PNS at higher frequencies remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate PNS thresholds at frequencies up to 88.1 kHz and to explore deviations from the widely accepted hyperbolic strength-duration curve (SDC). Methods and procedures: PNS thresholds were measured in the head of 8 human volunteers using a solenoidal coil at 16 distinct frequencies, ranging from 200 Hz to 88.1 kHz. A hyperbolic SDC was used as a reference to compare the frequency-dependent behavior of PNS thresholds. Results: Contrary to the predictions of the hyperbolic SDC, PNS thresholds did not decrease monotonically with frequency. Instead, thresholds reached a minimum near 25 kHz, after which they increased by an average of 39% from 25 kHz to 88.1 kHz across subjects. This pattern indicates a significant deviation from previously observed behavior at lower frequencies. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PNS thresholds exhibit a non-monotonic frequency dependence at higher frequencies, diverging from the traditional hyperbolic SDC. These findings offer critical data for refining neurodynamic models and provide insights for setting PNS safety limits in applications like MRI gradient coils and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Further investigation is needed to understand the biological mechanisms driving these deviations beyond 25 kHz. Clinical impact: These findings call for further basic research into biological mechanisms underlying high frequency PNS threshold trends, and supports refinement of safety guidelines for MRI and MPI systems for clinical implementation. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Neuroimaging

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Applying an Agile Science Roadmap to Integrate and Evaluate Ethical Frameworks Throughout the Lifecycle and Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in the Intensive Care Unit

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Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 2025年第2期37卷 347-363页

作者： Lindroth, Heidi Sahajwani, Juhi Hudson, Mark Heier, Laura Gonzalez, Andrew A. Bhattacharyya, Anirban Zheng, Zhi Boustani, Malaz Herasevich, Vitaly McGowan, Michelle Barry, Barbara Division of Nursing Research Department of Nursing Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States Center for Aging Research Regenstrief Institute School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN United States Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Science School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN United States Department of Critical Care Medicine Mayo Clinic Jacksonville FL United States School of Psychology and Counselling The Open University Milton Keynes United Kingdom Department of Graduate Nursing Viterbo University La Crosse WI United States Department of Neurosurgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States Center for Health Services Research Regenstrief Institute School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN United States Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center Department of Surgery School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN United States Department of Electrical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN United States Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States Biomedical Ethics Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Artificial Intelligence and Informatics Biomedical Ethics Research Program Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States Kern Center Mayo Clinic Rochester MN United States

This article summarizes existing ethical frameworks for healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) and ambient sensing technology, such as computer vision, and examines their application to improve patient outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU). Integrating ethical considerations such as privacy, fairness, and autonomy into the lifecycle of an AI tool is necessary to fully harvest AI's potential to deliver safe, high-quality, personalized, and low-cost healthcare services that provide positive experiences for patients, families, and clinicians while improving health outcomes. Drawing from agile science, the article proposes a practical roadmap for clinician and researcher use to identify, integrate, and monitor ethical considerations throughout the lifecycle of an AI tool with the intention to improve patient care. A use case illustrates the application of the agile science-informed roadmap that details the development of a passive digital marker for delirium severity.

关键词： Agile science AI tools Artificial intelligence Computer vision Delirium severity Ethical frameworks for health care AI ICU Passive digital marker

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Two-dimensional optical CDMA systems based on MWOOC with generalized MPS codes

Two-dimensional optical CDMA systems based on MWOOC with gen...

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2010 10th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, ISCIT 2010

作者： Susilo, Agus Matsushima, Tomoko K. Teramachi, Yasuaki Graduate School of Electrical and Information Engineering Polytechnic University Japan Department of Information System Engineering Polytechnic University Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781424470105

Two-dimensional (2-D) codes for optical code-division multiple access (O-CDMA) systems can increase the number of subscribers and simultaneous users rather than one-dimensional time-spreading codes. The multiple-wavelength optical orthogonal code (MWOOC), which is one of the 2-D codes proposed by Kwong et al. in 2005, uses two kinds of codes. One is an optical orthogonal code (OOC) as a time-spreading code, and the other is a modified prime sequence (MPS) code as a wavelength-hopping code. The MWOOCs have some advantages compared with other 2-D codes especially in high bit-rate O-CDMA systems. The only drawback of the MWOOC is that the code weight is no greater than the smallest prime of the number of wavelengths when the number of wavelengths is not prime. Since the code weight is equal to the peak value of the auto-correlation function, it degrades bit error rate (BER) performance of the system. Moreover, a nonprime integer makes the total code cardinality small, and thus the maximum number of subscribers in a nonprime case is much smaller than that in a prime case. Meanwhile, a generalized class of MPS codes, which includes the class of original MPS codes as its subclass, was presented recently by the authors. The important property of the generalized MPS codes is that the codes can be constructed over not only prime fields but also extension fields, i.e. GF(p m) where p is a prime number and m is a positive integer. It has been shown that the correlation property of the generalized MPS codes is the same as that of the original MPS codes. The use of the generalized MPS codes solve the problem of the MWOOC. That is, nonprime numbers can be also taken as the number of wavelengths without degrading BER performance or reducing code cardinality. This paper investigates properties and BER performance of the MWOOCs employing the generalized MPS codes. ©2010 IEEE.

关键词： Bit error rate

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Derivation of Optimal Rotor Topologies for Consequent-Pole PMSM by ON/OFF Method

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CES Transactions on electrical Machines and Systems 2021年第4期5卷 301-310页

作者： Zhen Sun Kota Watanebe Xiaozhuo Xu the Graduate School of Engineering Muroran Institute of TechnologyMuroran 050-8585Japan the School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo 454000China

Consequent-pole permanent magnet synchronous machines(CP-PMSMs)have attracted considerable interest as a means of reducing manufacturing costs through a marked reduction in the volume of permanent magnet required to meet a particular torque *** this paper,novel rotor topologies for a CP-PMSM are derived to unlock the full design space *** ON/OFF method is introduced to manage the laminated steel material distribution over the rotor region,high average torque and low torque ripple are the objects of rotor design,and the immune algorithm is used to search for the optimal material distribution for the formulated *** than 9000 different rotor topologies are created and evaluated within 12 hours by this *** optimal topologies under different design strategy are presented,and performance of these topologies are *** analysis results show that the proposed methodology can deliver novel rotor topologies for the CP-PMSM with surprising torque quality since the torque ripple is suppressed to a low level with no average torque sacrifice.

关键词： Consequent-pole Immune algorithm Permanent magnet synchronous machines Topology optimization

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Analyzing Patterns of Violence Against Women in Pernambuco Using Self-Organizing Maps and Apriori Algorithm

Analyzing Patterns of Violence Against Women in Pernambuco U...

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2024 IEEE Latin American Conference on Computational Intelligence, LA-CCI 2024

作者： Da Silva, Brenda Barros Alves Pereira, Rodolfo Moreira De Oliveira Rodrigues, Cleyton M. De Araujo Fagundes, Roberta Andrade Polytechnic School of Pernambuco POLI/UPE Graduate Program in Computer Engineering Recife Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374575

This study investigates significant patterns of violence against women in Pernambuco using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and the Apriori algorithm. The methodology includes trend analysis, clustering, and association rule mining, utilizing data from the Ministério da Mulher covering 2015 to 2021. The exploratory data analysis identified demographic, temporal, and spatial trends in violence. SOM was employed for dimensionality reduction and clustering, revealing three clusters representing 5.24%, 19.68%, and 75.08% of the dataset, respectively. The Apriori algorithm was applied to yearly subsets of each cluster to uncover relevant association patterns. Our findings highlight key characteristics and temporal dynamics of violence, supporting the development of targeted interventions and support systems. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Self organizing maps

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