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Watermarking technique for document images using discrete curvelet transform and discrete cosine transform

Multimedia Tools and Applications 2024年第40期83卷 87647-87671页

作者： Singh, Balkar Sharma, M.K. Post Graduate Department of Computer Science Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College Punjab Ludhiana India School of Mathematics Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Punjab Patiala India

In this paper, a watermarking technique based on discrete curvelet transform and discrete cosine trans- form is proposed to protect the color document images. The six layers of the document image are created using the Discrete Curvelet Transform (DCuT). The sixth layer is chosen for the embedding process, while the remaining layers are discarded. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is applied on the 8 × 8 blocks of the real part of sixth layer. DCT coefficients from low to medium are selected for the embedding process, excluding the first one. To choose the Direct Current (DC) coefficients of DCT to embed the watermark bits, a zigzag function is used. The same process is applied on the receiver side watermark image is extracted. Since this is a non-blind method, we require both a cover image and a watermarked image. DCT of watermarked image and the cover image are compared to extract the watermark image. The resistivity of the watermarked image against image processing attacks is measured using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Mean Square Error (MSE), Normalization Correlation (NC), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Universal Quality Index (UQI). © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Mean square error

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FPGA implementation of low cost and low power chaotic encryption scheme based on a discrete-space chaotic map

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-22页

作者： Moreira Bezerra, João Inácio Machado, Gustavo Iankowski Soares, Rafael Valduga de Almeida Camargo, Vinícius Molter, Alexandre Post Graduate Program in Computer Science Universidade Federal de Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Pelotas96010610 Brazil Graduate Program in Computer Engineering Universidade Federal de Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Pelotas96010610 Brazil Post Graduate Program in Mathematical Modeling Universidade Federal de Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Capão do Leão96160000 Brazil

The exponential growth of the number of devices connected to the Internet and the use of IoT applications increases the amount of data exchange over public channels in low-cost and low-power embedded systems. Images are the most widely shared files, and standard symmetric algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are optimized for text but not image encryption. Consequently, new approaches like chaotic encryption have attracted researchers’ interest. Chaotic encryption schemes have been analyzed mostly from a software standpoint, but recent advancements in the field, through the use of discrete chaotic maps, enabled the development of simpler hardware implementations of ciphers with promising reductions in power and cost and increased performance. This work presents the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of a simultaneous permutation-diffusion chaotic encryption scheme utilizing a discrete-space chaotic map. The FPGA implementation of the cipher is analyzed considering area, maximum frequency, and power consumption, and comparisons are made with the AES. The proposed algorithm has a satisfactory trade-off between area, power and performance, obtaining a peak throughput 59% higher than state-of-the-art symmetric ciphers in the literature. Thus, the proposed cipher shows that chaotic ciphers are viable for both high-performance and low-power embedded devices. Tests verified the security of the proposed cipher against statistical, differential, brute-force, and chosen plain-text attacks. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Cryptography

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Improving free space optics performance using QC-LDPC codes and simplified bit flipping decoding in low visibility conditions

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第1期57卷 1-18页

作者： Marlina, Lina Pamukti, Brian Liaw, Shien-Kuei Lee, Pei-Jun Kishikawa, Hiroki Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan Institute of Post-LED Photonics Tokushima University Tokushima Japan

Currently, free space optics (FSO) is the most promising technology for achieving high data transfer over short to medium or even long distances. Thus, FSO provides wireless line-of-sight (LOS) connectivity in the unlicensed spectrum and can be a high-bandwidth wireless alternative in contrast to fiber optic cabling. Moreover, the FSO offers rapid assembly times and significant cost savings. However, atmospheric weather (e.g., fog, rain, and snow) can degrade the FSO performance, especially in low visibility conditions. Therefore, this research aims to improve the FSO performance using quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes in low visibility scenarios or thick turbulence conditions. In addition, a simplified bit-flipping (SBF) algorithm was proposed to decode the information by the receiver side to minimize complexity. Subsequently, the FSO system is simulated using a 1550 nm laser at different data rates of 1 to 20 Gbps data rate and 1-Watt transmitted power. This paper was analyzed using different empirical models of atmosphere attenuation, like the Kim, Kruse, and Naboulsi models. This simulation also uses modulation techniques such as on-off keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Moreover, the looping iteration number of SBF could improve the system’s performance. We also consider using a low-cost PIN photodetector for practical implementation. Our simulation results show that QC-LDPC codes can achieve an average bit error rate of 10-9 in lower visibility than uncoded information. Our research has significant implications for enhancing fiber optic performance in adverse atmospheric phenomena. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Quadrature amplitude modulation

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Alphabet-Level Indian Sign Language Translation to Text Using Hybrid-AO Thresholding with CNN

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Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023年第9期37卷 2567-2582页

作者： Seema Sabharwal Priti Singla Department of Computer Science and Engineering Baba Mastnath UniversityRohtak124001India Department of Computer Science Government Post Graduate College for WomenPanchkula134109India

Sign language is used as a communication medium in the field of trade,defence,and in deaf-mute communities *** the last few decades,research in the domain of translation of sign language has grown and become more *** necessitates the development of a Sign Language Translation System(SLTS)to provide effective communication in different research *** this paper,novel Hybrid Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding with Otsu Algorithm(Hybrid-AO)for image segmentation is proposed for the translation of alphabet-level Indian Sign Language(ISLTS)with a 5-layer Convolution Neural Network(CNN).The focus of this paper is to analyze various image segmentation(Canny Edge Detection,Simple Thresholding,and Hybrid-AO),pooling approaches(Max,Average,and Global Average Pooling),and activation functions(ReLU,Leaky ReLU,and ELU).5-layer CNN with Max pooling,Leaky ReLU activation function,and Hybrid-AO(5MXLR-HAO)have outperformed other *** open-access dataset of ISL alphabets with approx.31 K images of 26 classes have been used to train and test the *** proposed framework has been developed for translating alphabet-level Indian Sign Language into *** proposed framework attains 98.95%training accuracy,98.05%validation accuracy,and 0.0721 training loss and 0.1021 validation loss and the perfor-mance of the proposed system outperforms other existing systems.

关键词： Sign language translation CNN thresholding Indian sign language

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Flow through side-combined structure in a channel bend under subcritical flow regime

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ISH Journal of Hydraulic engineering 2022年第2期28卷 203-211页

作者： Ghodsian, Masoud Feyzollahi, Farshid Ghodsian, Mohammad Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Water Engineering Research Institute Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran Ex. Post Graduate Student Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran Ex. Post Graduate Student School of Management Economics and Progress Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran

In this paper, the effects of the nondimensional parameters influencing the discharge coefficient of a side-combined structure located in a channel bend were studied using 288 experimental data. Experiments were conducted in a rectangular recirculating U-shaped channel (0.6 m width and 0.7 m height) for different discharges and depths of flow in the channel. The effects of approach Froude number Fr, the ratio of the gate height to gate opening d/a, the ratio of the approach flow depth to gate opening h 1/a, and angle of the bend curvature α on the discharge coefficient under subcritical flow conditions are investigated. It was found that the flow diversion by a side-combined structure leads to a reverse flow, two separation zones, and a stagnation zone in the main channel. The specific energy remains constant along with the side-combined structure. It was found that the discharge coefficient is a decreasing function of Fr and d/a. Moreover, the discharge coefficient increases by increasing h 1/a. By changing the location of the side-combined structure along the channel bend, the discharge coefficient reduces from upstream, reach to a minimum value at α= 90ᵒ, and increase further downstream. The discharge coefficient of a side-combined structure is maximums when it is located at section 115° of the bend. New equations for the discharge coefficient of a side-combined structure under subcritical flow conditions were obtained. © 2020 Indian Society for Hydraulics.

关键词： Hydraulics

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Deep Learning Precision Farming: Identification of Bangladeshi-Grown Fruits Using Transfer Learning-Based Detection 3rd

Deep Learning Precision Farming: Identification of Banglades...

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3rd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Health Informatics, TEHI 2023

作者： Siddiki, Marjuk Ahmed Rony, Mohammad Abu Tareq Naim Hossain, Md. Saha, Pritom Islam, Mohammad Shariful Ahmed, Ishtiak Satu, Shoykth Shaharior Ahammad, Mejbah Nazmul Alam, Shah Md. Computer Science and Engineering Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh Noakhali3814 Bangladesh Noakhali3814 Bangladesh Computer Science and Engineering Jahangirnagar University Dhaka Bangladesh Computer Science and Engineering Shaikh Burhanuddin Post Graduate College Dhaka Bangladesh Computer Science and Engineering American International University Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh Masters of Computer Science University Arizona State University TempeAZ United States

ISBN: (纸本)9789819739363

The dynamic potential of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) enhanced by Transfer Learning offers a promising avenue for object recognition within the realm of agriculture. To explore this potential in the context of Bangladeshi agriculture, this study leverages CNN enhanced by Transfer Learning to identify Bangladeshi-grown fruits from a dataset featuring 24 distinct types, including Mango, Jackfruits, and Lychee, among others. Utilizing an extensive dataset that encapsulated high-quality images of these fruits, we embarked on a comparative analysis of six advanced CNN architectures: VGG19, Xception, ResNet152V2, MobileNet, DenseNet201, and NASNetLarge. The results were illuminating. While VGG19 lagged behind with an accuracy of 48%, most models showcased impressive performance, with DenseNet201 emerging as the frontrunner at a remarkable 95% accuracy. The findings not only underscore the transformative role of Transfer Learning in optimizing CNN performance, especially when faced with limited labeled datasets, but also spotlight the applicability of these models in revolutionizing quality control and management within the Bangladeshi agricultural sector. As the demand for automated and accurate agricultural systems gains traction globally, the insights from this research offer a foundation for further exploration and application in similar contexts, demonstrating the scalability and adaptability of Transfer Learning-enhanced CNNs. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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An Efficient Three-Party Authenticated Key Exchange Procedure Using Chebyshev Chaotic Maps with Client Anonymity

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第6期75卷 5337-5353页

作者： Akshaykumar Meshram Monia Hadj Alouane-Turki N.M.Wazalwar Chandrashekhar Meshram Department of Applied Mathematics Yeshwantrao Chavan College of EngineeringNagpur441110MaharashtraIndia Department of Statistics Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur UniversityNagpur440033MaharashtraIndia Department of Computer Science College of Computer ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Mathematics Jaywanti Haksar Government Post-Graduate CollegeCollege of Chhindwara UniversityBetul460001Madhya PradeshIndia

Internet of Things(IoT)applications can be found in various industry areas,including critical infrastructure and healthcare,and IoT is one of several technological *** a result,tens of billions or possibly hundreds of billions of devices will be linked *** smart devices will be able to gather data,process it,and even come to decisions on their *** is the most essential thing in these *** IoT infrastructure,authenticated key exchange systems are crucial for preserving client and data privacy and guaranteeing the security of data-in-transit(e.g.,via client identification and provision of secure communication).It is still challenging to create secure,authenticated key exchange *** majority of the early authenticated key agreement procedure depended on computationally expensive and resource-intensive pairing,hashing,or modular exponentiation *** focus of this paper is to propose an efficient three-party authenticated key exchange procedure(AKEP)using Chebyshev chaotic maps with client anonymity that solves all the problems mentioned *** proposed three-party AKEP is protected from several *** proposed three-party AKEP can be used in practice for mobile communications and pervasive computing applications,according to statistical experiments and low processing *** protect client identification when transferring data over an insecure public network,our three-party AKEP may also offer client ***,the presented procedure offers better security features than the procedures currently available in the literature.

关键词： Client anonymity Chebyshev chaotic maps authenticated key exchange statistical experiment Galois fields

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Smart Cities: Transforming Urban Living with IoT

Smart Cities: Transforming Urban Living with IoT

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International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA)

作者： Niveditha J D R Kumar Raja UM Ashwin Kumar Post Graduate Student dept of Computer Science and Engineering Reva University Bangalore India

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being used by smart cities to harness the power of the IoT and build more efficient and sustainable urban settings as they quickly adapt to the challenges of urbanization. This study examines the idea of “smart cities” and the different fields where Internet of Things-based technologies are being used to improve urban living. The article discusses several IoT use cases and applications for smart cities, including smart energy management, smart transportation, smart healthcare, and smart public safety. Discussions also cover the advantages and difficulties of IoT-based smart city initiatives, such as the necessity for reliable infrastructure, data privacy and security concerns, and cooperative strategies. The essay also emphasizes how crucial a favorable policy and regulatory framework is to the deployment of IoT-based smart city projects. The article's conclusion discusses potential paths for further research as well as how the Internet of Things may change urban living in the years to come

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Autonomous face mask detection using single shot multibox detector, and ResNet-50 with identity retrieval through face matching using deep siamese neural network

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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2023年第8期14卷 11195-11205页

作者： Vignesh Baalaji, S. Sandhya, S. Sajidha, S.A. Nisha, V.M. Vimalapriya, M.D. Tyagi, Amit Kumar School of Compter Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai India Post Graduate Department of Computer Science and Technology Women’s Christian College Chennai India Department of Fashion Technology National Institute of Fashion Technology New Delhi India

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a global health challenge. The World Health Organization states that face masks are proven to be effective, especially in public areas. Real-time monitoring of face masks is challenging and exhaustive for humans. To reduce human effort and to provide an enforcement mechanism, an autonomous system has been proposed to detect non-masked people and retrieve their identity using computer vision. The proposed method introduces a novel and efficient method that involves fine-tuning the pre-trained ResNet-50 model with a new head layer for classification between masked and non-masked people. The classifier is trained using adaptive momentum optimization algorithm with decaying learning rate and binary cross-entropy loss. Data augmentation and dropout regularization are employed to achieve best convergence. During real-time application of our classifier on videos, a Caffe face detector model based on Single Shot MultiBox Detector is used to extract the face regions of interest from each frame, on which the trained classifier is applied for detecting the non-masked people. The faces of these people are then captured, which is passed on to a deep siamese neural network, based on VGG-Face model for face matching. The captured faces are compared with the reference images from the database, by extracting the features and calculating cosine distance. If the faces match, the details of that person are retrieved from the database and displayed on the web application. The proposed method has secured best results where the trained classifier has achieved 99.74% accuracy, and the identity retrieval model achieved 98.24% accuracy. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

关键词： COVID-19

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UAV weaknesses against deauthentication based hijacking attacks 22

UAV weaknesses against deauthentication based hijacking atta...

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2024 IEEE 22nd World Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics, SAMI 2024

作者： Krasnyanszki, Bruno Brassai, Sandor Tihamer Nemeth, Andras Óbuda University Under Graduate Student in Computer Science Engineering Budapest Hungary Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Department of Electrical Engineering Corunca Romania National University of Public Service Department of Electronic Warfare Budapest Hungary

ISBN: (纸本)9798350317206

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are more important than ever before and we're using it daily for agriculture, photo making, film industry, Search & Rescue, long range cable quality control, Geo Informatics, cartography, and state use (including border protection, disaster recovery and the military). Most of the UAV/UAS devices are using digital communication protocols nowadays, especially the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area of Network for the cheaper and middle price UAV/UAS. Unfortunately, the protocols specified by the previously mentioned IEEE standard are vulnerable against some attacks. This research paper proposes a method that can interrupt the normal operation of the UAV/UAS that are using the IEEE 802.11 protocol and hijack the interrupted UAV/UAS permanently. For this method, deauthentication attack has been performed against the UAV/UASs. The attack vector is capable of denying the communication between the UAV and the control station. With sufficient prior knowledge it is possible to hijack the UAV that communicates on a 802.11 based protocol. Deauthentication based attacks are much more sophisticated than for example traditional electronic jamming, because the target can be precisely chosen and the attack will not interrupt other devices using the same communication method. The research has unfortunately some limitations in equipment, measurements conducted only in three different types of UAVs from three price categories, but in the future the authors would like to extend the range of UAVs. From this three UAVs two are hijackable by this method and the third should also be hijackable with some modifications. This research could be a base later for UAV/UAS counter measure systems for the safety of all of us. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Drones

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