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Sustainable geopolymer footpath block using kaolin mining waste as fine aggregate with bagasse fly ash and coal fly ash as precursor

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Cleaner engineering and Technology 2025年 26卷

作者： Vongsook, Kitisak Boonsung, Aroondet Phummiphan, Itthikorn Horpibulsuk, Suksun Phunpeng, Veena Yaowarat, Teerasak Hiranwatthana, Kanchana Arulrajah, Arul Graduate Program in Civil Engineering and Construction Management Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Construction Management Engineering Program Faculty of Industrial Technology Uttaradit Rajabhat University Uttaradit 53000 Thailand Department of Rural Roads Bangkok 10220 Thailand School of Civil Engineering and Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Academy of Science The Royal Society of Thailand Bangkok 10300 Thailand School of Mechanical Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Undergraduate Program in Civil and Infrastructure Engineering and Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand Department of Civil and Construction Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne Australia

This study aims to develop environmentally friendly footpath blocks by utilizing Kaolin Mining Waste (KMW) as a fine aggregate and fly ash (FA)/bagasse fly ash (BFA) blends as a precursor in the geopolymerization process. These materials, considered industrial by-products, offer the potential for reuse, reducing the reliance on natural resources while promoting sustainability. The experimental works involved substituting FA with BFA at varying proportions by binder weight to identify the optimal ratio for producing footpath blocks that meet standard mechanical requirements. The mechanical characteristics of the footpath blocks were evaluated by testing compressive and flexural strengths, and water absorption. The results indicated that replacing 10 % of FA with BFA (FA90BFA10) accomplished the maximum 28-day compressive strength of 15.6 MPa. A KMW/P ratio of 1.0 proved most effective in increasing flexural strength and minimizing water absorption. Microstructural analysis revealed that combining BFA substitution and the optimal KMW/P ratio created a dense geopolymer matrix with low porosity, enhancing the material's strength and durability. This research demonstrates that integrating KMW, FA, and BFA effectively produces footpath blocks with mechanical properties that meet the local industry standard. Incorporating these agricultural and coal-combustion by-products reduces industrial waste while fostering the manufacture of sustainable footpath block which supports long-term resource conservation. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Bagasse fly ash Fly ash Footpath block Geopolymer Green material Kaolin mining waste

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Fiber reinforced polymers for historical bridges upgrading: a fatigue life assessment

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2023年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： Garcez, Mônica Regina Meneghetti, Leila Cristina Post-Graduate Program in Civil Engineering: Construction and Infrastructure Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Upgrading historical structures is one of the most interesting applications of fiber reinforced polymers in construction. Historical bridges are frequently post-strengthened to increase load carrying capacity of structural elements, aiming to bear heavier commercial traffic. Fatigue life becomes crucial since the lack of available fatigue models leads to superficial analysis considering the same S–N curves for different strengthening systems and steel stress ranges. This paper uses an extensive database with experimental data from the literature to adjust linear regression models to characterize the large scatter between the results of fatigue tests from different sources. Distinct fatigue models have been developed considering three categories: externally bonded reinforcement with strips/sheets and new surface-mounted reinforcement. The different declivities found for the adjusted fatigue life models accurately represent the fatigue behavior of the post-strengthened structural elements with the assessed systems and techniques. The results support design decisions to avoid future unnecessary interventions. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Fatigue life Fiber reinforced polymers Historical bridges Linear regression analysis

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The Effect of EPS Addition to Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash as Lightweight Fill Materials for Embankment construction 1

The Effect of EPS Addition to Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash a...

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2018 1st Workshop on engineering, Education, Applied Sciences, and Technology, WEAST 2018

作者： Syahril Somantri, Andri Krisnandi Febriansya, Aditia Civil Engineering Department Politeknik Negeri Bandung Bandung Indonesia Post-Graduate Stud. of Infrastructure Engineering Study Program Applied Master Program Politeknik Negeri Bandung Bandung Indonesia

Design and construction of road embankment presents several challenges, including the possibility of bearing capacity failure, large total settlement, differential settlement, and slope instability, which may result from the weight of the embankment construction itself, and/or weak foundation. A number of techniques have been developed and can be used to overcome these problems, one of them is by modifying the weight of the embankment itself with the use of lightweight materials, such as soil-EPS mixture. The use of soil-EPS mixture as lightweight material provides several advantages, among which can achieve the same volume or elevation requirement with a significantly lighter weight compared to ordinary materials, improving slope stability, embankment over high compressibility soil, and to reduce soil pressure to soil retaining structures, abutment or bridge pillar. Fly ash also added to act as binder to increase shear strength of mixture. The result of the compaction test shows that the addition of a small amount of EPS to the mixture can significantly reduce the maximum dry density of the mixture. Triaxial UU and UCS test results show a reduction in mixture strength as EPS contents increase, but due to the presence of fly ash increases the strength of mixture as the number of day increases, so that the use of lightweight materials has the potential to be one of soil improvement solutions. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Mixtures

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Relative importance of pathologies in the severity of facade degradation

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2020年第1期5卷 1-10页

作者： Bauer, Elton Piazzarollo, Carla Bozzi de Souza, Jéssica Siqueira dos Santos, Danilo Gonçalves Post-Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte Brasília DF Brazil

The facade is the main protective barrier against the atmospheric agents acting in a building. Many times, as a result of these agents, the facade manifests pathologies that lead to the loss of performance of the external wall claddings. This article aims to establish and score the importance of the pathologies involved in the cement mortars rendering. The probable causes and the influence on the performance decrease over time are analyzed. The methodology is based on the survey and mapping of the pathologies observed in field survey, correlating these pathologies with probable causes and implications for the system performance. Among the active pathologies, cracks had both a higher intensity of occurrence and a greater gravity compared to the others. Some pathologies, such as detachment and efflorescence, although of great importance in the degradation, are little observed in the studied buildings. As a result, is presented a scale of importance of pathologies, which has great application for the development of facade degradation models. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Cement mortar Degradation External wall claddings Facades Pathologies

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"My House My Life" program: a review about the environmental impact 35

"My House My Life" Program: a review about the environmental...

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35th PLEA Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture Planning post Carbon Cities, PLEA 2020

作者： Benincá, Letiane Barroso, Josep Maria González Sattler, Miguel Aloysio Faculdade Meridional - IMED Passo Fundo Brazil Pos-Graduate Program of Civil Engineering Construction and Infrastructure Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9788497497947

This paper aims to analyze what was accomplished by the Brazilian academy concerning the environmental impact of the built buildings of the housing program Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), during its 10 years of implementation. Twelve master's dissertations and 8 doctoral theses from the engineering and architecture areas were analyzed, seeking to understand the panorama of the buildings concerning the areas of sustainability, construction performance, and levels of energy efficiency. As a result of the analysis of the 20 selected studies, it was possible to verify the low architectural and constructive quality of the model executed throughout Brazil, as well as the great importance of reevaluating the bases of the program, adjusting its parameters to more sustainable initiatives. © PLEA 2020 - 35th PLEA Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture Planning post Carbon Cities, Proceedings.

关键词： Environmental impact

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Determination of time zero in high strength concrete containing superabsorbent polymer and nano-silica

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2016年第1期1卷 1-12页

作者： Cunha, T.A. Francinete, P. Manzano, M.A. Aidar, L.A. Borges, J.G. Silva, E.F. Post-Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction (PECC/UnB) University of Brasília Brasília Federal District Brazil Civil Engineering Department (ENC/UnB) University of Brasília Brasília Federal District Brazil

The autogenous shrinkage is a phenomenon that occurs due to the appearance of tensile stresses in capillary pores. Inherent in the hydration process, not depending on external interference. In high strength concrete, autogenous shrinkage is most pronounced, due to the refinement of microstructure, the high cement content, presence of mineral addictions and low water/cement ratio, which interfere in the transport of water curing. In this context, Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) stand out for their ability to reduce or eliminate the autogenous shrinkage, because they absorb large amounts of water, which is subsequently released into the matrix, avoiding self-desiccation and the onset of tensile stresses (internal curing). However, studies show that SAP can reduce the mechanical strength, which can be compensated by addiction of Nano-silica (NS). In this paper, the effect of these additions in Time Zero (T₀) was evaluated. T₀ determines the time at which the material starts to behave as a solid, with the development of a rigid mineral skeleton to oppose the volumetric variations that occurs in the paste, which can lead to cracking, compromising esthetics, durability, and structures safety. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test performed the T₀, which measures the velocity of propagation of an ultrasonic wave through the material and is taken as the time when a sudden change occurs at this velocity. Nine blends were made containing SAP and NS, where it was found that SAP addition increases the T₀ (up to 11%), while NS decrease its value (in 55%). © 2016, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

关键词： High performance concrete High strength concrete Nano-silica Superabsorbent polymer Time zero Ultrasonic pulse velocity

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Structural performance of reinforced concrete beams subjected to combined effects of corrosion and cyclic loading

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2023年第1期8卷 1-10页

作者： Stein, Kássio Joe Graeff, Ângela Gaio Garcez, Mônica Regina Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99 7th floor room 706 RS Porto Alegre 90035-190 Brazil

The deleterious effects of steel rebar corrosion in bridges and viaducts can be potentialized by the cyclic loading to which such structures are naturally exposed. While cyclic loading may lead to progressive bond deterioration and concrete cover cracking, corroded steel rebars may accelerate the fatigue damage accumulation in reinforced concrete elements. Thus, the combined effects of corrosion and fatigue are still more damaging than the disassociated degradation processes. Under this perspective, the experimental program presented in this paper evaluates the synergy between corrosion and fatigue through the load-bearing capacity, vertical displacements at midspan, failure mode, cracking, and fatigue life of corroded reinforced concrete beams submitted to cyclic loading. Corroded reinforced concrete beams (120 × 200 × 1500mm, 2φ12.5 mm, φ 6.3 mm each 100 mm at midspan and 60 mm at shear span) were submitted to 2 million loading cycles (5 Hz) and tested up to failure under a four-point bending scheme. The steel rebar corrosion was accelerated by immersion corrosion testing up to 3–5% (low level) and 8–11% (high level) mass loss. The isolated effects of fatigue and low-level corrosion (3–5%) did not influence the load-bearing capacity and ductility of the reinforced concrete beams, unlike beams submitted to high corrosion levels. The fatigue loading did not influence the load-bearing capacity and ductility of the reinforced concrete beams submitted to low corrosion levels but increased the crack opening, reduced the ultimate load by about 10%, and reduced the ductility of the beams submitted to high corrosion levels. The failure mode changed from ductile to brittle in reinforced concrete beams submitted to high corrosion levels. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Corrosion Cyclic loading Fatigue Reinforced concrete Structural performance

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Influence of concrete compressive strength on the debonding failure of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2021年第1期6卷 1-15页

作者： Garcez, Mônica Regina Rohden, Abrahão Bernardo Meneghetti, Leila Cristina Gravina, Rebecca Civil Engineering Post-Graduation Program: Construction and Infrastructure Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul Av. Osvaldo Aranha 99 7th floor room 706 Porto Alegre 90035-190 RS Brazil Environmental Engineering Post-Graduation Program Regional University of Blumenau Blumenau SC Brazil Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering University of São Paulo São Paulo SP Brazil Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Melbourne VIC Australia

This paper investigates the interactions between externally bonded FRP and high strength concrete substrate in small scale reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP. The bond mechanism was assessed through beam-tests adapted from ASTM, designed to simulate normal and shear stresses induced at the FRP/concrete interface. The beams were 600 mm long, with a square 150 mm × 150 mm cross-section, two 5 mm steel reinforcing bars, 6.3 mm steel stirrups spaced 75 mm apart, one single layer of externally bonded CFRP, and concrete compressive strength of 30 MPa, 50 MPa, 80 MPa, or 90 MPa. The mechanisms of damage initiation and debonding propagation showed to be highly dependent on the load transferring and the stress redistribution after concrete cracking. The use of high concrete compressive strength affected the pre-cracking response, the stress transfer, and the overall ductility at failure, resulting in a less effective FRP strengthening scheme. For service conditions, the strains in the FRP were lower, the higher the concrete compressive strength. The FRP strains at failure were below the maximum strain level to avoid intermediate crack-induced debonding determined according to current design standards. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Beam test CFRP Compressive strength Concrete Debonding Intermediate crack

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Retro-Analysis of Rehabilitation of Existing Bridge over the River Cubiculo on Federal Highway BR-101, Brazil

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Journal of Mechanics engineering and Automation 2016年第8期6卷 434-441页

作者： Iviane Cunha e Santos Fabio Pessoa da Silva Nunes Thyala Anarelli Cunha e Santos Road Directory National Department of Transportation Infrastructure Brasilia 70.040-902 Brazil Post-Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction University of Brasilia Brasilia 70.910-900 Brazil

This work describes the retro-analysis of design of rehabilitation of existing bridge over the river Cubiculo on BR-101 in Santa Catarina, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the intervention processes. In this way, it was verified that the project adopted for strengthening of the structure was not adequate to support the evolution of the maximum load over time and the overload due to widening, and it was also verified that the changes in the load factor do not comply with the update of the Brazilian Technical Standards ABNT： NBR-7188 [1]. The retro-analysis of the bridge rehabilitation project has demonstrated fundamental importance to avoid possible design failings, accidents, and reworks. Affirming that it is essential to comply with Standards and Technical Manuals on the elaboration of the rehabilitation project of structures and in choosing the type of intervention to the existing structure.

关键词： Maintenance rehabilitation widening and strengthening.

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Facades inspection with infrared thermography: cracks evaluation

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Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation 2016年第1期1卷 1-7页

作者： Elton Bauer Elier Pavón Elias Oliveira Claudio H. F. Pereira Post-Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of Brasília Brasília Brazil Centro das Ciências Exatas e das Tecnologias Post-Graduate Program in Structures and Civil Construction - UnB Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia-UnB Barreiras Brazil

Infrared thermography is an evaluation technique that helps to identify anomalies and can provide information on their incidence and severity. The aim of this study is to apply quantitative thermography to study a case of severe cracks in facade analyzing the evolution of temperatures and Delta-T. The temperature evolution was studied over a day. There was sun incidence occurring during part of the day, allowing to calculate and assess the evolution of the associated temperatures. Thermograms were acquired hourly during the study period. The highest temperatures were observed at 12:00 noon, and the larger Delta-T between 10:00 and 12:00. There were differences between the Delta-T profiles among the three regions studied. The best time for analysis is when Delta-T is higher. Cracks with higher Delta-T were considered more degraded, and generalized branched cracks did not allow a comparative conclusion.

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