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Deciphering colorectal cancer genetics through multi-omic analysis of 100,204 cases and 154,587 controls of European and east Asian ancestries (vol 55, pg 89, 2023)

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NATURE GENETICS 2023年第3期55卷 519-520页

作者： Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres Timofeeva, Maria Chen, Zhishan Law, Philip Thomas, Minta Schmit, Stephanie Diez-Obrero, Virginia Hsu, Li Fernandez-Tajes, Juan Palles, Claire Sherwood, Kitty Briggs, Sarah Svinti, Victoria Donnelly, Kevin Farrington, Susan Blackmur, James Vaughan-Shaw, Peter Shu, Xiao-ou Long, Jirong Cai, Qiuyin Guo, Xingyi Lu, Yingchang Broderick, Peter Studd, James Huyghe, Jeroen Harrison, Tabitha Conti, David Dampier, Christopher Devall, Mathew Schumacher, Fredrick Melas, Marilena Rennert, Gad Obon-Santacana, Mireia Martin-Sanchez, Vicente Moratalla-Navarro, Ferran Oh, Jae Hwan Kim, Jeongseon Jee, Sun Ha Jung, Keum Ji Kweon, Sun-Seog Shin, Min-Ho Shin, Aesun Ahn, Yoon-Ok Kim, Dong-Hyun Oze, Isao Wen, Wanqing Matsuo, Keitaro Matsuda, Koichi Tanikawa, Chizu Ren, Zefang Gao, Yu-Tang Jia, Wei-Hua Hopper, John Jenkins, Mark Win, Aung Ko Pai, Rish Figueiredo, Jane Haile, Robert Gallinger, Steven Woods, Michael Newcomb, Polly Duggan, David Cheadle, Jeremy Kaplan, Richard Maughan, Timothy Kerr, Rachel Kerr, David Kirac, Iva Bohm, Jan Mecklin, Lukka-Pekka Jousilahti, Pekka Knekt, Paul Aaltonen, Lauri Rissanen, Harri Pukkala, Eero Eriksson, Johan Cajuso, Tatiana Hanninen, Ulrika Kondelin, Johanna Palin, Kimmo Tanskanen, Tomas Renkonen-Sinisalo, Laura Zanke, Brent Mannisto, Satu Albanes, Demetrius Weinstein, Stephanie Ruiz-Narvaez, Edward Palmer, Julie Buchanan, Daniel Platz, Elizabeth Visvanathan, Kala Ulrich, Cornelia Siegel, Erin Brezina, Stefanie Gsur, Andrea Campbell, Peter Chang-Claude, Jenny Hoffmeister, Michael Brenner, Hermann Slattery, Martha Potter, John Tsilidis, Konstantinos Schulze, Matthias Gunter, Marc Murphy, Neil Castells, Antoni Castellvi-Bel, Sergi Moreira, Leticia Arndt, Volker Shcherbina, Anna Stern, Mariana Pardamean, Bens Bishop, Timothy Giles, Graham Southey, Melissa Idos, Gregory McDonnell, Kevin Abu-Ful, Zomoroda Greenson, Joel Shulman, Katerina Lejbkowicz, Flavio Offit, Kenneth Su, Yu-Ru Steinfelder, Robert Keku, Temitope van Guelpen, Bethany Hudson, Thomas Hampel, Heather Pearlman, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Institute of Genomics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK Genomic Medicine Group Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago Santiago de Compostela Spain Colon Cancer Genetics Group Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK Danish Institute for Advanced Study Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark Division of Epidemiology Department of Medicine Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA Division of Genetics and Epidemiology Institute of Cancer Research London UK Public Health Sciences Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA Genomic Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA Population and Cancer Prevention Program Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Cleveland OH USA Colorectal Cancer Group ONCOBELL Program Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute Barcelona Spain Oncology Data Analytics Program Catalan Institute of Oncology Barcelona Spain Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health Madrid Madrid Spain Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Department of Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK Department of Public Health Richard Doll Building University of Oxford Oxford UK Department of Biomedical Informatics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA Department of Preventive Medicine USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA Center for Public Health Genomics Department of Public Health Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA Department of Populat

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. We conducted a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of 100,204 CRC cases and 154,587 controls of European and east Asian ancestry, identifying 205 independent risk associations, of which 50 were unreported. We performed integrative genomic, transcriptomic and methylomic analyses across large bowel mucosa and other tissues. Transcriptome- and methylome-wide association studies revealed an additional 53 risk associations. We identified 155 high-confidence effector genes functionally linked to CRC risk, many of which had no previously established role in CRC. These have multiple different functions and specifically indicate that variation in normal colorectal homeostasis, proliferation, cell adhesion, migration, immunity and microbial interactions determines CRC risk. Crosstissue analyses indicated that over a third of effector genes most probably act outside the colonic mucosa. Our findings provide insights into colorectal oncogenesis and highlight potential targets across tissues for new CRC treatment and chemoprevention strategies.

关键词： Colorectal cancer Epigenomics Genome-wide association studies Transcriptomics

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Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of adsorbents from groundwater treatment residuals for hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions

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Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2017年 5卷 253-260页

作者： Kan, Chi-Chuan Sumalinog, Mario Jose R. Rivera, Kim Katrina P. Arazo, Renato O. de Luna, Mark Daniel G. Institute of Hot Spring Industry Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science Tainan71710 Taiwan Environmental Engineering Program National Graduate School of Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City1101 Philippines Department of Chemical Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City1101 Philippines College of Engineering and Technology University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines Claveria9004 Philippines

Groundwater treatment residuals are rich in nano-sized metal oxides which have the potential to remove various water contaminants. In this study, hexavalent chromium adsorbents were synthesized from the residuals of a 30,000 m3 d-1 groundwater treatment plant in Taiwan. The effects of acid type and ratio, acid concentration, ultrasonication time, and heating duration on adsorption capacity were examined. Adsorbents synthesized using dual-acid solutions yielded lower adsorption capacities compared to those which used pure acid solutions. Adsorption capacity decreased with higher ultrasonication time and heating duration. Chromium removal was improved with higher ionic strength and lower pH of the solution. Results showed high correlation between experimental data and the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9607) and the pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9740) suggesting that the dominant mechanism in the adsorption process is chemisorption. The involvement of Fe and Mn species during chromium adsorption was confirmed by the results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. © 2017

关键词： Adsorption

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Author Correction: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein forms nuclear condensates and regulates alternative splicing

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Nature communications 2022年第1期13卷 5291页

作者： Baolei Yuan Xuan Zhou Keiichiro Suzuki Gerardo Ramos-Mandujano Mengge Wang Muhammad Tehseen Lorena V Cortés-Medina James J Moresco Sarah Dunn Reyna Hernandez-Benitez Tomoaki Hishida Na Young Kim Manal M Andijani Chongwei Bi Manching Ku Yuta Takahashi Jinna Xu Jinsong Qiu Ling Huang Christopher Benner Emi Aizawa Jing Qu Guang-Hui Liu Zhongwei Li Fei Yi Yanal Ghosheh Changwei Shao Maxim Shokhirev Patrizia Comoli Francesco Frassoni John R Yates Xiang-Dong Fu Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban Samir Hamdan Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte Mo Li Bioscience Program Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gene Expression Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA. Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Osaka Japan. Department of Cell Biology Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA. The Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Core Facility Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA. Altos Labs Inc. 5510 Morehouse Drive Suite 300 San Diego CA 92121 USA. Laboratory of Biological Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wakayama Medical University 25-1 Shitibancho Wakayama Wakayama 640-8156 Japan. Next-generation sequencing core Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA. Life Science Center Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan. Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine University of California at San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA. Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA. State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China. University of Southern California 1333 San Pablo Street MMR 618 Los Angeles CA 90033 USA. Ambys Medicines 131 Oyster Point Blvd. Suite 200 South San Francisco CA 94080 USA. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell Factory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Italy. Department of Research Laboratories and Director of Center for Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Instituto G. Gaslini Children Hospital Scientific Institute 16147 Genova Italy. Bioscience Program Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering

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Deep-learning-driven event reconstruction applied to simulated data from a single Large-Sized Telescope of CTA

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Grespan, Pietro Jacquemont, Mikael López-Coto, Rubèn Miener, Tjark Nieto-Castaño, Daniel Vuillaume, Thomas Abe, H. Aguasca, A. Agudo, I. Antonelli, L.A. Aramo, C. Armstrong, T. Artero, M. Asano, K. Ashkar, H. Aubert, P. Baktash, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, A. Baroncelli, L. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batkovic, I. Becerra González, J. Bernardos, M.I. Berti, A. Biederbeck, N. Bigongiari, C. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bordas, P. Bose, D. Bulgarelli, A. Burelli, I. Buscemi, M. Cardillo, M. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Cassol, F. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Cheng, K. Chikawa, M. Chytka, L. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Costantini, H. Dalchenko, M. de Angelis, A. de Bony de Lavergne, M. Deleglise, G. Delgado, C. Delgado Mengual, J. della Volpe, D. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Díaz, C. Dominik, R.M. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsässer, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fiasson, A. Foffano, L. Fonseca, M.V. Freixas Coromina, L. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. Garcia, E. Garcia López, R. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinovic, N. Green, D. Grespan, Pietro Gunji, S. Hackfeld, J. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Hayashi, Lo K. Heckmann, L. Heller, M. Herrera Llorente, J. Hirotani, K. Hoffmann, D. Horns, D. Houles, J. Hrabovsky, M. Hrupec, D. Hui, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Inome, Y. Iori, M. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jacquemont, Mikael Jimenez Martinez, I. Jouvin, L. Jurysek, J. Kagaya, M. Karas, V. Katagiri, H. Kataoka, J. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kong, A. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamanna, G. Lamastra, A. Le Flour, T. Longo, F. López-Coto, Rubèn López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Luque-Escamilla, P.L. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mandat, D. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Marquez, P. Marsella, G. Martí, J. Martinez, O. Martínez, G. Martínez, M. Marusevec, P. Mas, A. Maurin, G. Mazin, D. Mestre Guillen, E. Micanovic, S. Miceli, D. Miener, Tjark Miranda, J.M. Miranda, L.D.M. Mirzoyan, R. Mizuno, T. Molina, E. Montaruli, T. Monteiro, I. Moralejo, A. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova PadovaI-35131 Italy Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LAPP 9 chemin de bellevue Annecy74940 France LISTIC Université Savoie Mont-Blanc Polytech Annecy-Chambéry 5 chemin de bellevue Annecy74940 France Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos Departamento de EMFTEL Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica Institut de Ciències del Cosmos Universitat de Barcelona IEEC-UB Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma INFN Sezione di Napoli Aix Marseille Univ. CNRS/IN2P3 CPPM The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology IRFU CEA Université Paris-Saclay LAPP Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS-IN2P3 Annecy France Universität Hamburg Institut für Experimentalphysik Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo EMFTEL Department IPARCOS Universidad Complutense de Madrid INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello spazio di Bologna Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas INFN Sezione di Padova Università degli Studi di Padova Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Departamento de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Department of Physics TU Dortmund University Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN Sezione di Trieste Università degli Studi di Udine INFN Sezione di Catania University of Geneva Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Palacky University Olomouc Faculty of Science CIEMAT Port d’Informació Científica INFN Sezione di Torino Dipartimento di Fisica Universitá degli Studi di Torino INFN Sezione di Bari Università di Bari University of Rijeka Department of Physics Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics Universität Würzburg Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University INFN Sezione d

When very-high-energy gamma rays interact high in the Earth’s atmosphere, they produce cascades of particles that induce flashes of Cherenkov light. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) detect these flashes and convert them into shower images that can be analyzed to extract the properties of the primary gamma ray. The dominant background for IACTs is comprised of air shower images produced by cosmic hadrons, with typical noise-to-signal ratios of several orders of magnitude. The standard technique adopted to differentiate between images initiated by gamma rays and those initiated by hadrons is based on classical machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forests, that operate on a set of handcrafted parameters extracted from the images. Likewise, the inference of the energy and the arrival direction of the primary gamma ray is performed using those parameters. State-of-the-art deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have the potential to enhance the event reconstruction performance, since they are able to autonomously extract features from raw images, exploiting the pixel-wise information washed out during the parametrization process. Here we present the results obtained by applying deep learning techniques to the reconstruction of Monte Carlo simulated events from a single, next-generation IACT, the Large-Sized Telescope (LST) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). We use CNNs to separate the gamma-ray-induced events from hadronic events and to reconstruct the properties of the former, comparing their performance to the standard reconstruction technique. Three independent implementations of CNN-based event reconstruction models have been utilized in this work, producing consistent results. © 2021, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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A New Master Supernovae Ia sample and the investigation of the Hubble tension

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Journal of High Energy Astrophysics 2025年 48卷

作者： M.G. Dainotti B. De Simone A. Garg K. Kohri A. Bashyal A. Aich A. Mondal S. Nagataki G. Montani T. Jareen V.M. Jabir S. Khanjani M. Bogdan N. Fraija A.C.C. do E.S. Pedreira R.H. Dejrah A. Singh M. Parakh R. Mandal K. Jarial H. Sarkar Division of Science National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2 Chome-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo 181-8588 Japan The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Shonankokusaimura Hayama Miura District Kanagawa 240-0115 Japan Space Science Institutes 4765 Walnut St Ste B Boulder 80301 CO USA Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada 89154 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas 80301 NV USA Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno - Sezione di Napoli. c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 Fisciano Salerno 84084 Italy Department of Astronomy Astrophysics and Space Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 403552 India Theory Center IPNS and QUP (WPI) KEK 1-1 Oho Tsukuba 305-0801 Japan Kavli IPMU (WPI) UTIAS The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277-8583 Japan Central Department of Physics Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Kathmandu 44618 Nepal Pokhara Astronomical Society Pokhara 33700 Nepal Prayoga Institute of Education Research Kanakapura Rd off Ravgodlu Post Bengaluru 560082 Karnataka India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra 411008 India Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory (ABBL) RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical & Mathematical Science Program (iTHEMS) 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan Astrophysical Big Bang Group (ABBG) Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan Physics Department “Sapienza” University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy ENEA Fusion and Nuclear Safety Department C.R. Frascati Via E. Fermi 45 Frascati 00044 Italy The Thanu Padmanabhan Centre for Cosmology and Science Popularization Gurugram

Modern cosmological research still thoroughly debates the discrepancy between local probes and the Cosmic Microwave Background observations in the Hubble constant ( H 0 ) measurements, ranging from 4 to 6 σ . In the current study, we examine this tension using the Supernovae Ia (SNe Ia) data from the Pantheon, Pantheon+ (P+), Joint Lightcurve Analysis (JLA), and Dark Energy Survey, (DES) catalogs combined together into the so-called Master Sample. The sample contains 3714 SNe Ia, and is divided all of them into redshift-ordered bins. Three binning techniques are presented: the equi-population, the moving window (MW), and the equi-spacing in the log ⁡ − z . We perform a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo analysis (MCMC) for each bin to determine the H 0 value, estimating it within the standard flat ΛCDM and the w 0 w a CDM models. These H 0 values are then fitted with the following phenomenological function: H 0 ( z ) = H ˜ 0 / ( 1 + z ) α , where H ˜ 0 is a free parameter representing H 0 ( z ) fitted in z = 0 , and α is the evolutionary parameter. Our results indicate a decreasing trend characterized by α ∼ 0.01 , whose consistency with zero ranges from 1 σ in 5 cases to 1 case at 3 σ and 11 cases at > 3 σ in several samples and configurations. Such a trend in the SNe Ia catalogs could be due to evolution with redshift for the astrophysical variables or unveiled selection biases. Alternatively, intrinsic physics, possibly the f ( R ) theory of gravity, could be responsible for this trend.

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Cladophialophora bantiana metabolites are efficient in the larvicidal and ovicidal control of Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus and have low toxicity in zebrafish embryo

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The science of the total environment 2022年 852卷 158502页

作者： Chinnasamy Ragavendran Govindasamy Balasubramani Cherian Tijo Venkatesan Manigandan Eliningaya J Kweka Pandi Karthika Palaniappan Sivasankar Adelina Thomas Devarajan Natarajan Ismini Nakouti Guilherme Malafaia Natural Drug Research Laboratory Department of Biotechnology School of Biosciences Periyar University Salem 636 011 Tamil Nadu India Department of Cariology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600 077 India. Electronic address: ragavan889@***. Department of Research and Innovation Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 602105 Tamil Nadu India. Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology Pondicherry University Port Blair Campus Brookshabad Port Blair Andamans 744112 India. University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio TX USA. Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control Tropical Pesticides Research Institute P.O. Box 3024 Arusha Tanzania Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences P.O. Box 1464 Mwanza Tanzania. Natural Drug Research Laboratory Department of Biotechnology School of Biosciences Periyar University Salem 636 011 Tamil Nadu India. Water Supply and Bioeconomy Division Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland. School of Pharmacy Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences P.O. Box 1464 Mwanza Tanzania. Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD) School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Electronic address: guilhermeifgoiano@gmail.com.

Mosquitoes' current insecticide resistance status in available public health insecticides is a serious threat to mosquito control initiatives. Microbe-based control agents provide an alternative to conventional pesticides and insecticides, as they can be more targeted than synthetic insecticides. The present study was focused on identifying and investigating the mosquitocidal potential of Cladophialophora bantiana, an endophytic fungus isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica. The Cladophialophora species was identified through phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA sequence. The isolated fungus was first evaluated for its potential to produce metabolites against Aedes aegpti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in the 1-4th instar. The secondary metabolites of mycelium extract were assessed at various test doses (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/mL) in independent bioassays for each instar of selected mosquito larvae. After 48 h of exposure, A. aegypti expressed LC values of 13.069, 18.085, 9.554, and 11.717 μg/mL and LC = 25.702, 30.860, 17.275, and 19.601 μg/mL; followed by C. quinquefasciatus LC = 14.467, 11.766, 5.934, and 7.589 μg/mL, and LC = 29.529, 20.767, 11.192, and 13.296 μg/mL. The mean % of ovicidal bioassay was recorded 120 h after exposure. The hatchability (%) was proportional to mycelia metabolite concentration. The enzymatic level of acetylcholinesterase in fungal mycelial metabolite treated 4th instar larvae indicated a dose-dependent pattern. The GC-MS profile of C. bantiana extracts identified five of the most abundant compounds, namely cyclobutane, trans-3-undecene-1,5-diyne, 1-bromo-2-chloro, propane, 1,2,3-trichloro-2-methyl-, 5,5,10,10-tetrachlorotricyclo, and phenol, which had the killing effect in mosquitoes. Furthermore, the C. bantiana fungus ethyl acetate extracts had a strong larvicidal action on A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Finally, the toxicity test on zebrafish embryos revealed the induction of malformations only at concentrations above 1 m

关键词： Biopesticide Ecotoxicity Endophytic fungal Mosquitoes Vector control

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Multiwavelength characterization of two flaring blazars: insight into the emission region of intermediate-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs 38

Multiwavelength characterization of two flaring blazars: ins...

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Loporchio, S. Bonnoli, G. Cerasole, D. Di Venere, L. Dominis Prester, D. Giordano, F. Lindfors, E. Manganaro, M. Pavletić, L. Abe, H. Abe, S. Abhir, J. Acciari, V.A. Agudo, I. Aniello, T. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Arcaro, C. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Baxter, J. Be-Cerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Bernete, J. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bošnjak, Ž. Burelli, I. Busetto, G. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, A. Carosi, R. Carretero-Castrillo, M. Castro-Tirado, A.J. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cifuentes, A. Cikota, S. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D’Amico, G. D’Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Del Popolo, A. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fariña, L. Fattorini, A. Foffano, L. Font, L. Fröse, S. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. GiesbrechtPaiva, J.G. Giglietto, N. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Grau, R. Green, D. Green, J.G. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Imazawa, R. Inada, T. Iotov, R. Ishio, K. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Kerszberg, D. Kluge, G.W. Kobayashi, Y. Kouch, P.M. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. LáinezLezáun, M. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Lorini, A. Lyard, E. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Maneva, G. Mang, N. Mangano, S. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Martínez-Chicharro, M. Mas-Aguilar, A. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molero González, M. Molina, E. Mondal, H.A. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Nakamori, T. Nanci, C. Nava, L. Neustroev, V. The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba277-8582 Japan ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife La LagunaE-38200 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain RomeI-00136 Italy Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Department for Physics and Technology University of Bergen Norway INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Catania Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia University of Catania CataniaI-95123 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Faculty of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany University of Geneva Chemin d’Ecogia 16 VersoixCH-1290 Switzerland Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Ze

The blazars B2 1811+31 and GB6 J1058+2817 were found to be in flaring state during 2020 and 2021, respectively. The high states of the sources were registered by the Fermi-LAT at energies below 100 GeV, triggering observations at higher energies with the MAGIC telescopes, in the UV/X rays with the Swift satellite and with ground-based radio and optical telescopes. The observations in the very-high-energy (VHE, 100 GeV © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Synchrotrons

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Global cross-cultural validation of a brief measure for identifying potential suicide risk in 42 countries

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Public Health 2024年 229卷 13-23页

作者： Gewirtz-Meydan, A. Koós, M. Nagy, L. Kraus, S.W. Demetrovics, Z. Potenza, M.N. Ballester-Arnal, R. Batthyány, D. Bergeron, S. Billieux, J. Burkauskas, J. Cárdenas-López, G. Carvalho, J. Castro-Calvo, J. Chen, L. Ciocca, G. Corazza, O. Csako, R. Fernandez, D.P. Fujiwara, H. Fernandez, E.F. Fuss, J. Gabrhelík, R. Gjoneska, B. Gola, M. Grubbs, J.B. Hashim, H.T. Islam, M.S. Ismail, M. Jiménez-Martínez, M.C. Jurin, T. Kalina, O. Klein, V. Költő, A. Lee, S.-K. Lewczuk, K. Lin, C.-Y. Lochner, C. López-Alvarado, S. Lukavská, K. Mayta-Tristán, P. Miller, D.J. Orosová, O. Orosz, G. Ponce, F.P. Quintana, G.R. Quintero Garzola, G.C. Ramos-Diaz, J. Rigaud, K. Rousseau, A. De Tubino Scanavino, M. Schulmeyer, M.K. Sharan, P. Shibata, M. Shoib, S. Sigre-Leirós, V. Sniewski, L. Spasovski, O. Steibliene, V. Stein, D.J. Strong, C. Ünsal, B.C. Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P. Van Hout, M.C. Bőthe, B. School of Social Work Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences University of Haifa Israel Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany Doctoral School of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary Department of Psychology University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas NV United States Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming University of Gibraltar Gibraltar Gibraltar Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT United States Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling Wethersfield CT United States Departmento de Psicología Básica Clínica y Psicobiología University Jaume I of Castellón Spain Institute for Behavioural Addictions Sigmund Freud University Vienna Austria Département de Psychologie Université de Montréal Montréal Canada Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Center for Excessive Gambling Addiction Medicine Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV) Lausanne Switzerland Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine Neuroscience Institute Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Lithuania Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory School of Psychology National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico William James Center for Research Departamento de Educação e Psicologia Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal Department of Personality Assessment and Psychological Treatments University of Valencia Spain Department of Psychology College of Humanity and Social Science Fuzhou University China Section of Sexual Psychopathology Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences University of Hertfordshire United Kingdom Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Italy Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Z

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the P4 suicide screener in a multinational sample. The primary goal was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale and investigate its convergent validity by analyzing its correlation with depression, anxiety, and substance use. Study design: The study design is a cross-sectional self-report study conducted across 42 countries. Methods: A cross-sectional, self-report study was conducted in 42 countries, with a total of 82,243 participants included in the final data set. Results: The study provides an overview of suicide ideation rates across 42 countries and confirms the structural validity of the P4 screener. The findings indicated that sexual and gender minority individuals exhibited higher rates of suicidal ideation. The P4 screener showed adequate reliability, convergence, and discriminant validity, and a cutoff score of 1 is recommended to identify individuals at risk of suicidal behavior. Conclusions: The study supports the reliability and validity of the P4 suicide screener across 42 diverse countries, highlighting the importance of using a cross-cultural suicide risk assessment to standardize the identification of high-risk individuals and tailoring culturally sensitive suicide prevention strategies. © 2024 The Royal Society for Public Health

关键词： Assessment Cross-cultural Suicide Validation

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Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet 2023年第10397期402卷 203-234页

作者： Ong, Kanyin Liane Stafford, Lauryn K. McLaughlin, Susan A. Boyko, Edward J. Vollset, Stein Emil Smith, Amanda E. Dalton, Bronte E. Duprey, Joe Cruz, Jessica A. Hagins, Hailey Lindstedt, Paulina A. Aali, Amirali Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Melsew Dagne Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ElHafeez, Samar Abd Abd-Rabu, Rami Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md Abedi, Vida Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Tigist Demssew Adane, Denberu Eshetie Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adegboye, Oyelola A. Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Agarwal, Gina Aghdam, Zahra Babaei Agudelo-Botero, Marcela Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali Alalwan, Tariq A. Al-Aly, Ziyad AlBataineh, Mohammad T. Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alemi, Sharifullah Ali, Hassam Alinia, Tahereh Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Firehiwot Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amiri, Sohrab Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansar, Adnan Ansari, Golnoosh Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arabloo, Jalal Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Arnlov, Johan Artamonov, Anton A. Arulappan, Judie Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Arumugam, Ashokan Aryan, Zahra Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Askari, Elaheh Asmelash, Daniel Astell-Burt, Thomas Athar, Mohammad Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Avila-Burgos, Leticia Awaisu, Ahmed Azadnajafabad, Sina Darshan, B.B. Babamohamadi, Hassan Badar, Muhammad Badawi, Alaa Badiye, Ashish D. Baghcheghi, Nayereh Baghe Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation School of Medicine General Medicine Service Department of Veterans Affairs Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine France Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia Department of Nursing Woldia University Woldia Ethiopia Department of Nursing Department of Orthopedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery Social Determinants of Health Research Center Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Epidemiology Department Evidence-Based Practice Center Community and Maternity Nursing Unit University of Duhok Duhok Iraq School of Planning Faculty of Environment Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State College of Medicine Pennsylvania State University Hershey PA United States Biocomplexity Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA United States College of Medicine Department of Public Health Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Clinical Sciences Department Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Centre for Social Research in Health Quality and Systems Performance Unit Cancer Institute NSW Sydney NSW Australia Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine HIV and Infectious Diseases Department Jhpiego Abuja Nigeria Adolescent Research and Care Department Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care Ado Ekiti Nigeria Department of Epidemiology Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Department of Family Medicine McMaster University

Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined;these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs;defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims;type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative r

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