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Pricing of tobacco products: Pre and post GST implementation

Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 2021年 68卷 S101-S104页

作者： Joseph, Neema Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar Singh, Rana Jugdeep Patro, Binod Pala, Star Kumar, Rajeev Purohit, Bishwaranjan Medini, Shravan Kumar Kharbangar, Ory Nica Goel, Sonu Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India Department of Preventive and Social Medicine JIPMER Puducherry India The Union SEA Office New Delhi India Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneshwar India Department of Community Medicine NEIGRIHMS Shillong India Public Health Masters Program School of Medicine University of Limerick Ireland Faculty of Human and Health Sciences Swansea University United Kingdom

There is ample evidence stating that any taxation policy that effectively increases the real price of tobacco products reduces its use. In the past, several countries have documented instances;wherein the intended effects of tobacco taxation were undermined by aggressive pricing strategies of the industry. However, there is a dearth of such evidence in Indian context. Hence, the current study was conducted to ascertain the changes in the retail price of locally available tobacco products during pre and post GST period in India. This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among all available tobacco products in the states of Meghalaya, Odisha, Puducherry and Telangana. The information on maximum retail price (MRP) pre and post GST implementation on tobacco products was gathered from the owners of Point of Sale (PoS), vendors and retailers of various tobacco products. The results showed that of the total 154 brands observed pre and post GST implementation, 33.12% [95%CI 25.75–41.15] did not exhibit any increase in their price. The proportion of tobacco product brands with decrease/no change in price was a higher in Meghalaya (PR = 44;95%CI: 6.32–306.3), Odisha (PR = 23;95%CI: 3.25–162.7) and Puducherry (PR = 1.48;95%CI: 0.1–22.84) as compared to Telangana. As compared to cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (PR = 1.84;95%CI 1.16–2.89) and bidi (PR = 1.74;95%CI: 0.78–3.9) had more number of brands with a decrease/no change in price post GST implementation. Moreover, four new brands of smokeless tobacco were introduced into the market following GST implementation. The study clearly suggests a departure from the outcomes envisaged by taxation policy on tobacco products in the country. Given the importance of price as a determinant in tobacco use especially among youth, there is an urgent need for strengthening our tax regime for tobacco products. © 2021 Tuberculosis Association of India

关键词： GST Public policy Taxation Tobacco

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Communicating risk: Status of health warning labels on various tobacco products in Indian market

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Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 2021年 68卷 S48-S54页

作者： Joseph, Neema Goel, Sonu Singh, Rana Jugdeep Patro, Binod Pala, Star Kumar, Rajeev Purohit, Bishwaranjan Medini, Shravan Kumar Kharbangar, Ory Nica Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India Public Health Masters Program School of Medicine University of Limerick Ireland Faculty of Human and Health Sciences Swansea University United Kingdom The Union SEA Office New Delhi India Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneshwar India Department of Community Medicine NEIGRIHMS Shillong India Department of Preventive and Social Medicine JIPMER Puducherry India

Background: Owing to the role of tobacco packaging as a strong medium of communication, display of health warnings on tobacco packs effectively impart health risks of tobacco consumption to those currently using or contemplating the use of tobacco. Methods: This community based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 2044 tobacco product packs, each collected from a different PoS, to estimate the non-compliance of section 7, 8 & 9 of COTPA among various tobacco products and its association with the PoS characteristics. Data were collected by observation of PoS by field investigators and then purchase of a unique product from each vendor followed by a brief interview of the tobacco vendor. Results: The study documented an absence of health warning label on 15.51% [95% CI: 13.99–17.13] of the total 2044 tobacco products collected. The non-compliance to ‘quality of health warning picture’ was lowest 5.96% [95% CI: 4.91–7.16] among the tobacco products with a health warning label. The multivariate regression model revealed that absence of health warning on tobacco product packs were higher among the PoS in rural area (aPR 1.38;95% CI: 1.16–1.65;p < 0.001) and among street/mobile vendors (aPR 1.65;95% CI: 1.22–2.24;p = 0.001). The PoS not displaying tobacco products (aPR 1.36;95% CI: 1.08–1.72;p = 0.01), selling flavored chewable tobacco (aPR 1.67;95% CI: 1.24–2.27;p = 0.001), not selling loose cigarettes (aPR 2.93;95% CI: 1.94–4.43;p < 0.001) and with vendors not enquiring age proof (aPR 10.69;95% CI: 1.59–72.09;p < 0.001) had higher proportion of tobacco products without health warning labels. A greater proportion of smokeless/local variety tobacco products (aPR 18.06;95% CI: 12.31–26.51;p < 0.001) had absence of health warning label. Conclusion: The data provided by us have clear policy implications. We recommend regular enforcement activities to monitor the presence of health warning labels on tobacco product packs along and accurate printing of the same

关键词： Health warning labels PoS characteristics Prevalence Public health policy

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Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2022年第1期18卷

作者： Legey, Sandro Filho, Alberto Souza Sá Yadollahpour, Ali Garcia-Garcia, Fabio Imperatori, Claudio Murillo-Rodriguez, Eric Nardi, Antonio Egidio Lima, João Lucas Machado, Sergio Laboratory of Panic and Respiration Institute of Psychiatry Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Post Graduate Program of University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA) Anápolis Brazil Department of Psychology University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom Biomedicine Department Health Science Institute Veracruzana University Veracruz Xalapa Mexico Department of Human Sciences European University of Rome Rome Italy Laboratorio De Neurociencias Moleculares E Integrativas Escuela De Medicina División Ciencias De La Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab Mérida Mexico Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience Neurodiversity Institute RJ Queimados Brazil Department of Sports Methods and Techniques Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group Mérida Mexico

Background: There is an inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness and general anxiety levels in adolescents. Obesity also is associated with a higher risk of anxiety in this population. However, little is known about the association between other health-related fitness elements with anxiety symptoms in this population. The authors explored the relationship between health-related fitness and anxiety symptoms in a large sample of Brazilian youth. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study with a sample comprised of 257 school adolescents, who were 136 girls (52.9%) and 121 boys (47.1%). The health-related fitness elements were evaluated by FitnessGram® test and anxiety levels by Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-39. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the association between health-related fitness elements and anxiety symptoms in both sexes. Results: In male adolescents, only the cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with anxiety symptoms (F_{(1, 119)} = 6.472;P = 0.012;R² = 0.052;adjusted R² = 0.044). In turn, the anxiety symptoms showed an inverse small relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness (r =-0.227;P < 0.01). However, in female adolescents, no association was found between health-related fitness elements and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The level of cardiorespiratory fitness may represent a marker of anxiety in male adolescents. © 2022 Legey et al.

关键词： Adolescents Anxiety Epidemiology Fitness Mental health Physical activity

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Tobacco retailer density and tobacco retailers near schools in two cities of East India, Ranchi and Siliguri

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Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 2021年 68卷 S14-S22页

作者： Pouranik, Nidhi Sejpal Saraf, Sejal Wright, Kathy Pandey, Ashish Goel, Sonu Singh, Rana Jugdeep Kennedy, Ryan David Tobacco Control Division International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) New Delhi 110016 Delhi India Department of Health Behaviour & Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore 21205 MD United States Tobacco Control Division International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) New York City 10005 NY United States Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India Public Health Masters Program School of Medicine University of Limerick Ireland Faculty of Human and Health Sciences Swansea University United Kingdom

Background: Passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Addressing tobacco use is a critical strategy to address tuberculosis (TB). Studies conducted globally demonstrate that the physical presence and density of tobacco vendors can increase tobacco use in both youth and adults. Little is known about the number and density of tobacco vendors in India, where there are approximately 267 million tobacco users. In India, a national tobacco control law (COTPA, 2003) prohibits the sale of tobacco within 100-yards of an educational institution. Little is known about the number of tobacco vendors operating within 100-yards of schools. This study assesses the number and density of tobacco vendors in the cities of Ranchi (Jharkhand) and Siliguri (West Bengal), and the number of retailers selling tobacco near schools. Both of these jurisdictions have passed local tobacco vendor licensing laws. Methods: Data collectors conducted a census of tobacco vendors within select wards in each city. Each tobacco vendor was classified as either an independent store, permanent kiosk, temporary kiosk, or street vendor. The location of each tobacco vendor was recorded. Data collectors also noted the location of any school/educational institution. Spatial analysis was conducted using GIS software (QGIS 10.5). 100-yard buffers were mapped around school premises. Tobacco vendor density was calculated by area, by road distance, and by population. Tobacco vendors within 100-yards of school properties were counted. Results: The study identified 559 tobacco vendors in Ranchi, across three wards, and 367 tobacco vendors in Siliguri, across five wards. When considering the three wards in Ranchi, tobacco vendor density was 68 vendors/km², 06 vendors/km road, and 08 vendors/1000 population. In Siliguri, the tobacco vendor density was 99 vendors/km², 05 vendors/km road, and 07 vendors/1000 population. The study fo

关键词： India Tobacco control Tobacco retailer density Tobacco retailers near schools Tobacco vendor licensing

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Author Correction: A possible association between fructose consumption and pulmonary emphysema

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Scientific reports 2020年第1期10卷 16158页

作者： Camila Liyoko Suehiro Alessandra Choqueta de Toledo-Arruda Rodolfo de Paula Vieira Francine Maria de Almeida Clarice Rosa Olivo Milton de Arruda Martins Chin Jia Lin Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (LIM-22) Department of Pathology School of Medicine University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil. Department of Medicine (LIM-20) School of Medicine University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil. Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) Post-Graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation Santos - SP Brazil. Universidade Brasil Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering Sao Paulo - SP Brazil. Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI) Sao Jose dos Campos - SP Brazil. Anhembi Morumbi University School of Medicine Sao Jose dos Campos - SP Brazil. Laboratory of Molecular Pathology (LIM-22) Department of Pathology School of Medicine University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil. cjlin@usp.br.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Short-term Resistance Training Increases APPL1 Content in the Liver and the Insulin Sensitivity of Mice Fed a Long-term High-fat Diet

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Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2019年第1期128卷 30-37页

作者： Luciele Guerra Minuzzi Gabriel Keine Kuga Leonardo Breda Rafael Calais Gaspar Vitor Rosetto Muñoz Rodrigo Martins Pereira José Diego Botezelli Adelino S. R. da Silva Dennys Esper Cintra Leandro Pereira de Moura Eduardo Rochete Ropelle José Rodrigo Pauli Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil Post-graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Ribeirão Preto Medical School USP Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN) University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC) University of Campinas Campinas – SP Brazil CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied Sciences University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Limeira São Paulo Brazil

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Reduced Fat Oxidation During Exercise in post-Menopausal Overweight-Obese Women with Higher Lipid Accumulation Product Index

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Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2018年第8期128卷 556-562页

作者： Elana Stein Igor Martins Silva Gilson P. Dorneles Fabio Santos Lira Pedro Romão Alessandra Peres Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre RS Brazil Graduate Program in Health Sciences Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre RS Brazil Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education State University of São Paulo – UNESP. School of Technology and Sciences Presidente Prudente Sao Paulo Brazil Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre RS Brazil Research Center Graduate Program in Bioscience and Rehabilitation Methodist University Center IPA Porto Alegre RS Brazil

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Montelukast, Leukotriene Inhibitor, Reduces LPS-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation and human Neutrophil Activation

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Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 2019年第11期55卷 573-580页

作者： Jaime Eduardo Davino-Chiovatto Manoel Carneiro Oliveira-Junior BreAnne MacKenzie Alana Santos-Dias Ana Roberta Almeida-Oliveira Jefferson Comin Jonco Aquino-Junior Auriléia Aparecida Brito Nicole Cristine Rigonato-Oliveira Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodrigues Ana Paula Ligeiro Oliveira Alessandro Pereira Silva Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo Flavio Aimbire Hugo Caire Castro-Faria-Neto Rodolfo Paula Vieira Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) São Paulo SP Brazil Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE) São José dos Campos SP Brazil University of São Paulo School of Medicine Department of Pathology (LIM 59) São Paulo SP Brazil Post-graduation Program in Biomedical Engineering University of Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos SP Brazil Laboratory of Immunopharmacology Osvaldo Cruz Institute (IOC) Osvaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil Universidade Brasil Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering São Paulo SP Brazil Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation Santos SP Brazil Anhembi Morumbi University School of Medicine Avenida Deputado Benedito Matarazzo 4050 São José dos Campos SP Brazil

Objectives Some pro-inflammatory lipids derived from 1 lipooxygenase enzyme are potent neutrophil chemoattractant, a cell centrally involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); a syndrome lacking effective treatment. Considering the beneficial effects of the leukotriene receptor inhibitor, montelukast, on other lung diseases, whether montelukast attenuates inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS, and whether it reduces LPS stimulated activation of human neutrophils was investigated. Methods Thirty-five C57Bl/6 mice were distributed into control (PBS) + 24 h, LPS + 24 h (10 μg/mouse), control + 48 h, LPS + 48 h, and LPS 48 h + Montelukast (10 mg/kg). In addition, human neutrophils were incubated with LPS (1 μg/mL) and treated with montelukast (10 μM). Results Oral-tracheal administration of montelukast significantly attenuated total cells ( P < .05), macrophages ( P < .05), neutrophils ( P < .01), lymphocytes ( P < .001) and total protein levels in BAL ( P < .05), as well as IL-6 ( P < .05), CXCL1/KC ( P < .05), IL-17 ( P < .05) and TNF-α ( P < .05). Furthermore, montelukast reduced neutrophils ( P < .001), lymphocytes ( P < .01) and macrophages ( P < .01) in the lung parenchyma. In addition, montelukast restored BAL VEGF levels ( P < .05). LTB4 receptor expression ( P < .001) as well as NF-κB ( P < .001), a downstream target of LPS, were also reduced in lung parenchymal leukocytes. Furthermore, montelukast reduced IL-8 ( P < .001) production by LPS-treated human neutrophils. Conclusion In conclusion, montelukast efficiently attenuated both LPS-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model of ARDS and in LPS challenged human neutrophils. Objetivos Algunos lípidos proinflamatorios derivados de la enzima lipooxigenasa 1 son potentes quimioatrayentes de neutrófilos, un tipo celular con una implicación principal en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA),

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Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

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Body image 2023年 46卷 449-466页

作者： Viren Swami Ulrich S Tran Stefan Stieger Toivo Aavik Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo Reza Afhami Oli Ahmed Annie Aimé Marwan Akel Hussam Al Halbusi George Alexias Khawla F Ali Nursel Alp-Dal Anas B Alsalhani Sara Álvares-Solas Ana Carolina Soares Amaral Sonny Andrianto Trefor Aspden Marios Argyrides John Jamir Benzon R Aruta Stephen Atkin Olusola Ayandele Migle Baceviciene Radvan Bahbouh Andrea Ballesio David Barron Ashleigh Bellard Sóley Sesselja Bender Kerime Derya Beydağ Gorana Birovljević Marie-Ève Blackburn Teresita Borja-Alvarez Joanna Borowiec Miroslava Bozogáňová Solfrid Bratland-Sanda Matthew H E M Browning Anna Brytek-Matera Marina Burakova Yeliz Çakır-Koçak Pablo Camacho Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri Valentina Cazzato Silvia Cerea Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon Tim Chambers Qing-Wei Chen Xin Chen Chin-Lung Chien Phatthanakit Chobthamkit Bovornpot Choompunuch Emilio J Compte Jennifer Corrigan Getrude Cosmas Richard G Cowden Kamila Czepczor-Bernat Marcin Czub Wanderson Roberto da Silva Mahboubeh Dadfar Simon E Dalley Lionel Dany Jesus Alfonso D Datu Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho Avila Odia S De Jesus Sonia Harzallah Debbabi Sandesh Dhakal Francesca Di Bernardo Donka D Dimitrova Jacinthe Dion Barnaby Dixson Stacey M Donofrio Marius Drysch Hongfei Du Angel M Dzhambov Claire El-Jor Violeta Enea Mehmet Eskin Farinaz Farbod Lorleen Farrugia Leonie Fian Maryanne L Fisher Michał Folwarczny David A Frederick Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Adrian Furnham Antonio Alías García Shulamit Geller Marta Ghisi Alireza Ghorbani Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez Sarah Gradidge Sylvie Graf Caterina Grano Gyöngyvér Gyene Souheil Hallit Motasem Hamdan Jonathan E Handelzalts Paul H P Hanel Steven R Hawks Issa Hekmati Mai Helmy Tetiana Hill Farah Hina Geraldine Holenweger Martina Hřebíčková Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi Asma Imam Başak İnce Natalia Irrazabal Rasa Jankauskiene Ding-Yu Jiang Micaela Jiménez-Borja Verónica Jiménez-Borja Evan M Johnson Veljko Jov School of Psychology and Sport Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom Centre for Psychological Medicine Perdana University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Electronic address: viren.swami@aru.ac.uk. Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria. Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Krems an der Donau Austria. Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia. Department of Psychology Koç University Istanbul Turkiye. Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti Nigeria. Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran. Department of Psychology University of Chittagong Chattogram Bangladesh. Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint-Jérôme Canada. INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology Beirut Lebanon School of Pharmacy Lebanese International University Beirut Lebanon. Department of Management Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College Doha Qatar. Faculty of Psychology Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences Athens Greece. Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain Adliya Bahrain. Department of Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Munzur University Tunceli Turkiya. Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing Vision Colleges Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Muyuna Ecuador. Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais Barbacena Brazil. Department of Psychology Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta Indonesia. Department of Psychology Aberystwyth University Ceredigion United Kingdom. Department of Psychology Neapolis University Pafos Paphos Cyprus. Department of Psychology De La Salle University Phillippines. Department of Gen

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

关键词： Body appreciation Body appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) Cross-cultural Measurement invariance Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) Psychometrics Structural analysis

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The BRICS Council for Exercise and Sport Science(BRICSCESS)--A new era has dawned

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2018年第4期7卷 425-428页

作者： Ricardo R.Uvinha Nara R.C.de Oliveira J.Hans de Ridder Ming-Kai Chin J.Larry Durstine School of Arts Sciences and HumanitiesGraduate Program in Physical Activity SciencesUniversity ofSao PauloSao Paulo 03828-000Brazil Department of Human Movement Sciences Federal University of Sao PauloSantos 11015-020Brazil Physical Activity Sport and Recreation（PhASRec）Focus AreaNorth-West University Potchefstroom CampusPotchefstroom 2520South Africa The Foundation for Global Community Health（GCH） Las VegasNV 89012USA Department of Exercise Science University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA Corresponding author.E-mail address：ldurstin@mailbox.sc.edu

BRICS is the acronym for an international association of 5 major emerging national economies： Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South *** to the World Economic Forum, the BRICS economies are the most competitive among all cotmtries and are distinguished by their significant regional and global influence. The health and wellness of the people within these countries is a primary agenda item of these governments for connecting their fast economic growth and the need to provide a better quality of life. As of 2015, BRICS countries represent 〉3.6 billion people or one-half of the world population. All 5 countries are members of the top 25 countries of the world by population and 4 of these cotmtries make the top 10 on this list.

关键词：国民经济世界经济世界人口国际协会缩略词地区性竞争力影响区

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