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Sustainable improvement of food SMEs through halal certification: A meta-analysis

AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期2957卷

作者： Rizal Bahara Muhammad N. Aidi Khaswar Syamsu Euis Sunarti Anuraga Jayanegara Natural Resources and Environmental Management Science Study Program Graduate School IPB University Jl Pajajaran No 1 Kampus IPB Baranangsiang Bogor West Java 1614 Indonesia Statistics and Data Science Department Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty IPB University Jl. Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia Halal Science Center LPPM IPB. Gedung Pascasarjana Gedung Kimia IPB University Jl Pajajaran No 1 Kampus IPB Baranangsiang Bogor West Java 1644 Indonesia Department of Family and Consumer Sciences Faculty of Human Ecology IPB University Jl. Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor West Java 16610 Indonesia Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology Faculty of Animal Science IPB University Jl. Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are one of the important economic drivers in Indonesia, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia as the country with the largest Muslim population requires halal certificates for all food products sold in Indonesia. Obstacles to the implementation and certification of halal in the food SME sector are still encountered due to, among others, the cost of certification, knowledge from human resources, ease of access and information. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of halal certification on financial performance in Food SMEs by employing the meta-analysis method. A number of six articles out of 55 articles were selected and integrated into a database. The data were analyzed based on the Hedges’ d (standardized mean difference/SMD) effect size values and confidence interval (CI) values by using the Open MEE software. The results showed that halal-certified food SMEs significantly increased sales (SMD: 3.182; 95% CI:1.228 to 5.136; p<0.001) as compared to those of food SMEs that were not halal-certified. In the location in the Indonesia subgroup, halal certification at Food SMEs in Bogor city had a higher sale (SMD: 12.105; 95% CI: 10.289 to 13.922; p<0.001) compared to other cities. The conclusion of this study is that halal certification enhances sales and thus contributes to the sustainability of food SMEs.

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IoT- Supply Chain Forensics and Vulnerabilities

IoT- Supply Chain Forensics and Vulnerabilities

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International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data sciences (AiDAS)

作者： Venkata Venugopal Rao Gudlur Vikneswara Abirama Shanmugan Sundresan Perumal Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohammed Center for Post Graduate Studies Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Cyberjaya Malaysia Department of Water and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Batu Pahat Malaysia Faculty of Science & Technology Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Nilai Malaysia

ISBN: (纸本)9781728130422

The Supply Chain Forensics are latest revolution to save money and reduce the Risk Supply chain management has been developed over many centuries ago from ancient civilization. The review of literature reveals that the current Digital Supply Chain industry is more connected to IoT devices which is latest revolution and future development such as gathering information and tracking goods, has evolved in to smart Supply Chain with RFID based tagging and sensor based technologies connected to IoT (Internet of Things). The use of these devices gives accurate organizational and operational outcome even though there may be unidentified procedural inconsistencies that may weakens the smooth operational procedures. This paper explains about the vulnerabilities related Supply Chain industry 4.0. Even though the application of IoT today not only tracks the goods and services but also predicts helps in future analysis for Supply Chain Industry. The entire digitalized process may help in protecting and reducing losses but there may be vulnerabilities will be identified by digital forensics. The problem really comes into focus when IoT devices are connected in unsecure Supply Chain environment. That may further concern is the fractured digital supply chains that they are relying on by modern industry experts.

关键词： SCF - supply chain forensics IoT - internet of things RFID - radio frequency identification Vulnerability cargo supply chain Internet of things Radio frequency identification Literature Review Revolution Radio Frequency Identification Device Money E-discovery industries

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An analysis on the relationship and genetic diversity of Indonesian cassava accessions (Manihot esculenta)

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2583卷

作者： Sholeh Avivi Fajar Firmansyah Bella Rhea Lavifa Sanjaya Didik Pudji Restanto 1Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST) University of Jember. Jl. Kalimantan No 37 Jember 68121 East Java Indonesia. Tel./Fax. +62-812-1751-700 2Post Graduate Program of Agronomy University of Jember. Jl. Kalimantan No 37 Jember 68121 East Java Indonesia. 3The Center of Excellence on Crop Industrial Biotechnology University of Jember. Jl. Kalimantan No 37 Jember 68121 East Java Indonesia.

The genetic improvement of Indonesian cassava is limited by the lack of knowledge about genetic diversity in circulating cassava clones. Good breeding results require information on the Relationship between the clones used. This study aims to study the genetic relationship between several Jember cassava clones through genotype and phenotype approaches. The genetic relationship between 22 cassava accessions was analyzed using RAPD and phenotypically using the key of determination. The genetic Relationship dendrogram results were obtained from 87 DNA bands and 18 phenotypic characters. The genetic relationships were analyzed using similarity coefficients and phenotypic genetic distances. Relationship analysis of 22 cassava accessions based on phenotypic characters yielded similarity coefficients ranging from 0.39 to 0.83. Relationship analysis of 22 cassava accessions based on RAPD markers, resulted in a similarity coefficient of 0.5-1.0, or 55 to 100%.

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Deep-learning-driven event reconstruction applied to simulated data from a single Large-Sized Telescope of CTA 37

Deep-learning-driven event reconstruction applied to simulat...

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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Abe, H. Aguasca, A. Agudo, I. Antonelli, L.A. Aramo, C. Armstrong, T. Artero, M. Asano, K. Ashkar, H. Aubert, P. Baktash, A. Bamba, A. Baquero Larriva, A. Baroncelli, L. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batkovic, I. Becerra González, J. Bernardos, M.I. Berti, A. Biederbeck, N. Bigongiari, C. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bordas, P. Bose, D. Bulgarelli, A. Burelli, I. Buscemi, M. Cardillo, M. Caroff, S. Carosi, A. Cassol, F. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Cheng, K. Chikawa, M. Chytka, L. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Costantini, H. Dalchenko, M. De Angelis, A. de Bony de Lavergne, M. Deleglise, G. Delgado, C. Delgado Mengual, J. della Volpe, D. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Díaz, C. Dominik, R.M. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsässer, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fiasson, A. Foffano, L. Fonseca, M.V. Freixas Coromina, L. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. Garcia, E. Garcia López, R. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinovic, N. Green, D. Grespan, P. Gunji, S. Hackfeld, J. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Hayashi, K. Heckmann, L. Heller, M. Herrera Llorente, J. Hirotani, K. Hoffmann, D. Horns, D. Houles, J. Hrabovsky, M. Hrupec, D. Hui, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Inome, Y. Iori, M. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jacquemont, M. Jimenez Martinez, I. Jouvin, L. Jurysek, J. Kagaya, M. Karas, V. Katagiri, H. Kataoka, J. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kong, A. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamanna, G. Lamastra, A. Le Flour, T. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Luque-Escamilla, P.L. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mandat, D. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Marquez, P. Marsella, G. Martí, J. Martinez, O. Martínez, G. Martínez, M. Marusevec, P. Mas, A. Maurin, G. Mazin, D. Mestre Guillen, E. Micanovic, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Miranda, L.D.M. Mirzoyan, R. Mizuno, T. Molina, E. Montaruli, T. Monteiro, I. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moretti, E. Morselli, A. Mrakovcic, K. Murase, K. Nagai, A. Nakamori, T. Nickel, L. LISTIC Université Savoie Mont-Blanc Polytech Annecy-Chambéry 5 chemin de bellevue Annecy74940 France Institute for Cosmic Ray Research University of Tokyo Japan Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica Institut de Ciències del Cosmos Universitat de Barcelona IEEC-UB Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Italy INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Italy INFN Sezione di Napoli Italy Aix Marseille Univ CNRS IN2P3 CPPM France The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Spain IRFU CEA Université Paris-Saclay France Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LAPP 9 chemin de bellevue Annecy74940 France Universität Hamburg Institut für Experimentalphysik Germany Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo Japan Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos Departamento de EMFTEL Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain INAF Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Spazio di Bologna Italy Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Brazil INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova PadovaI-35131 Italy Università degli Studi di Padova Italy Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Departamento de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Germany Department of Physics TU Dortmund University Germany Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN Sezione di Trieste Università degli Studi di Udine Italy INFN Sezione di Catania Italy Italy University of Geneva Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire Switzerland Palacky University Olomouc Faculty of Science Czech Republic CIEMAT Port d'Informació Científica INFN Sezione di Torino Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Universitá degli Studi di Torino Italy INFN Sezione di Bari Università di Bari Italy University of Rijeka Department of Physics Croatia Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics Universität Würzburg Germany Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engin

When very-high-energy gamma rays interact high in the Earth's atmosphere, they produce cascades of particles that induce flashes of Cherenkov light. Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) detect these flashes and convert them into shower images that can be analyzed to extract the properties of the primary gamma ray. The dominant background for IACTs is comprised of air shower images produced by cosmic hadrons, with typical noise-to-signal ratios of several orders of magnitude. The standard technique adopted to differentiate between images initiated by gamma rays and those initiated by hadrons is based on classical machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forests, that operate on a set of handcrafted parameters extracted from the images. Likewise, the inference of the energy and the arrival direction of the primary gamma ray is performed using those parameters. State-of-the-art deep learning techniques based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have the potential to enhance the event reconstruction performance, since they are able to autonomously extract features from raw images, exploiting the pixel-wise information washed out during the parametrization process. Here we present the results obtained by applying deep learning techniques to the reconstruction of Monte Carlo simulated events from a single, next-generation IACT, the Large-Sized Telescope (LST) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). We use CNNs to separate the gamma-ray-induced events from hadronic events and to reconstruct the properties of the former, comparing their performance to the standard reconstruction technique. Three independent implementations of CNN-based event reconstruction models have been utilized in this work, producing consistent results. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

关键词： Hadrons

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Soil erosion and lateral carbon fluxes from corn stover-derived biofuel

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Scientific reports 2025年第1期15卷 18315页

作者： Xuesong Zhang Stephen D LeDuc Seungdo Kim Bruce E Dale Kaiguang Zhao Yuyu Zhou Gregory W McCarty Glenn E Moglen USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory Beltsville MD 20705-2350 USA. xuesong.zhang@usda.gov. Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 TW Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park NC 27711 USA. Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA. Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University 3815 Technology Boulevard Lansing MI 48910 USA. Environmental Science Graduate Program School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA. Department of Geography and Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China. USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory Beltsville MD 20705-2350 USA. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte NC 28223 USA.

Crop residues hold promise to alleviate food vs. fuel competition and contribute to biofuel production. However, the impacts of lateral sediment and carbon fluxes caused by residue removal are not fully understood. Here we employ agroecosystem modeling to conservatively estimate lateral sediment and carbon fluxes resulting from partial corn stover removal in the U.S. Midwest. Results show substantial increases in soil erosion resulting from corn stover removal. For example, the area of continuous corn and corn soybean cropping systems exceeding soil erosion tolerance threshold could increase from 1.1 to 13.3% because of 66% corn stover removal. Depending on removal intensity, conservation, and crop rotation, the stover removal-induced increases in eroded soil organic carbon is equivalent to 3.9-12.5 gCOe MJ, which is comparable to other components of the life cycle impacts of corn stover-derived biofuel. Our findings highlight the need to consider the soil erosion and lateral carbon fluxes impacts of corn stover removal in designing supply chains for cellulosic biofuel production.

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Understanding the Energy-Water-Land Flow Nexus in Transnational Trade of the Belt and Road Countries

SSRN

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SSRN 2020年

作者： Nawab, Asim Liu, Gengyuan Meng, Fanxin Zhang, Lixiao Hao, Yan Giannetti, Biagio F. Agostinho, Feni Almeida, Cecília M.V.B. Xue, Jingyan Casazza, Marco State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China Beijing Engineering Research Center for Watershed Environmental Restoration & Integrated Ecological Regulation Beijing100875 China School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Yale University New HavenCT06511 United States Post-graduation Program in Production Engineering Paulista University Brazil University of Naples ‘Parthenope’ Department of Science and Technology Centro Direzionale Isola C4 Naples80143 Italy

Economic globalization and population growth have greatly challenged energy, water and land resources to meet demand at national and supra-national level. A growing share of this demand is met through trade. The Belt and Road, a major global initiative of China, with trade as one of its core fields is of particular importance due to greater potential of economic growth, substantial population size and varying degree of resource availability. The initiative reflects a new phase of globalization yet resources management with nexus thinking has received little attention. The increasing economic interdependence of national economies have contributed to rise in production and trade of goods and services, these activities require the input of energy-water-land and generate disturbances in the environment. The multi-regional input-output approach is utilized, to assess resources use by production as well as consumption (for the year 2010). A nexus strength indicator was developed to show the simultaneous use of multiple resources in economic system, conceived as resource nexus. The ternary diagrams were used for screening resources combinations along with *** revealed that China has strong nexus strength that indicates large usage of the three resources together. Besides China, the East European countries were also positioned mostly at the center of ternary plot suggesting somewhat equal contributions of energy, water and land to the resource nexus. On the contrary, countries that appeared at the margins of the plot indicated one or two stronger nexus components in the three resources system. For instance, Russia largely used land, South Korea was entirely driven by energy while India mostly used water in the ternary mix. Due to differences in industrial structure, trade policy priorities and technology use, the resource nexus matters are not the same among countries. The nexus strength indicator established that strong nexus caused by intensive use of e

关键词： Roads and streets

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Implementation of regional regulation of Lampung Province number 22 of 2014 on reproductive health of the community along River Basin Way Sekampung Lampung

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1246卷

作者： Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari Post Graduate Program Doctor of Environmental Science Universitas Lampung Bandar Lampung

Integrated watershed management has been regulated in the Regional Regulation Number 22 of 2014 Lampung Province. Watershed is a land area that is a unity of ecosystem with river and its tributaries that function to accommodate, store and drain water coming from rainfall to lake or sea naturally. The Lampung Province watershed is a watershed across several districts / cities in Lampung Province covering Sekampung watershed, Tulang Bawang basin, Seputih watershed, watershed watershed, Abar Kambas watershed and Mesuji basin. The largest part of the upstream of this river is located in West Lampung District, part of North Lampung, and part Tanggamus. The existence of integrated watershed management aims to improve and prevent damage to the watershed and realize the welfare of the community. Lampung Watershed Forum ensures that the watershed condition in Lampung has been severely damaged by the destruction of forests and dryland farming without soil conservation impacting on the declining water quality so that it will be dangerous if consumed by the people around the watershed. This condition leads to various diseases related to reproduction. This reproductive disease can affect children as well as adults. This study aims to determine the impact of the implementation of regulation number 22 of 2014 relating to reproductive health of people along the Lampung River Basin. The research method is descriptive observational research. The results obtained show that the implementation of Regulation No. 22 of 2014 has not touched the reproductive health of the community. Nevertheless, the number of reproductive diseases in the community along the Way Sekampung catchment in 2016 is smaller than in 2012. Needed assessment and impact handling for community welfare to materialize. The results of this study are expected to be a contribution of thought in the integrated watershed management of Lampung Province.

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Effect of amino acids intake of rubber seeds processing as alternative comestible length for infants born against

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and environmental science 2019年第1期314卷

作者： Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari Environmental Science Post Graduate Program Lampung University Bandar Lampung Indonesia

Sumatra and Kalimantan are the region with the area and the highest rubber production in Indonesia, including Lampung province that is also abundant production of rubber seed every year. Rubber seed contains a protein that is high enough. With the high crude protein, it can be used to make rubber seed chips and snacks potential to be used as a source of protein for pregnant ibi amino acids to help meet the mother during pregnancy. Sufficient amino acid intake during pregnancy associated with a body length of birth. This research was observational analytic with cross sectional design. Sampling method used in this study is consecutive sampling. The study was conducted in East Lampung in 2016. The subjects were all pregnant women including rubber farmers in East Lampung region and met the inclusion criteria of the study. The samples obtained were 124 pregnant women and their babies. Data were analysed descriptively. The results obtained indicate that rubber seed chips can help meet amino acid intake during pregnancy and affects the baby's body length at birth. From the sample of the research note that 89.5% of the infants had a body length of> 48 cm (normal) and 10.5% of infants had a body length of <48 cm (short). The nutritional intake of pregnant women is very important to prevent children born with a body length is not normal. The results obtained indicate that rubber seed chips can help meet amino acid intake during pregnancy and affects the baby's body length at birth. From the sample of the research note that 89.5% of the infants had a body length of> 48 cm (normal) and 10.5% of infants had a body length of <48 cm (short). The nutritional intake of pregnant women is very important to prevent children born with a body length is not normal. The results obtained indicate that rubber seed chips can help meet amino acid intake during pregnancy and affects the baby's body length at birth. From the sample of the research note that 89.5% of the infants had a body length

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The Impact of Supersaturated Electrode on Heterogeneous Lithium Nucleation and Growth Dynamics

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Angewandte Chemie 2024年第48期136卷

作者： Jimin Park Ji In Jung Son Ha Do Hyun Kim Hyun-Seok Jang Prof. Byung Hoon Kim Prof. Hyung-Kyu Lim Prof. Hyoung-Joon Jin Prof. Young Soo Yun KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu 02841 Seoul Republic of Korea Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu 22212 Incheon Republic of Korea Department of Physics Incheon National University 22012 Incheon Republic of Korea Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Kangwon National University 24341 Chunchenon Gangwon-do South Korea Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University 100 Inha-ro Michuhol-gu 22212 Incheon Republic of Korea Department of Integrative Energy Engineering Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu 02841 Seoul Republic of Korea

The concept of a lithiophilic electrode proves inadequate in describing carbon-based electrode materials due to their substantial mismatch in surface energy with lithium metal. However, their notable capacity for lithium chemisorption can increase active lithium concentration required for nucleation and growth, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium metal anodes (LMAs). In this study, we elucidate the effects of the supersaturated electrode which has high active lithium capacity around equilibrium lithium potential on LMAs through an in-depth electrochemical comparison using two distinct carbon electrode platforms with differing carbon structures but similar two-dimensional morphologies. In the supersaturated electrode, both the dynamics and thermodynamic states involved in lithium nucleation and growth mechanisms are significantly improved, particularly under continuous current supply conditions. Furthermore, the chemical structures of the solid-electrolyte-interface layers (SEIs) are greatly influenced by the elevated surface lithium concentration environment, resulting in the formation of more conductive lithium-rich SEI layers. The improved dynamics and thermodynamics of surface lithium, coupled with the formation of enhanced SEI layers, contribute to higher power capabilities, enhanced Coulombic efficiencies, and improved cycling performances of LMAs. These results provide new insight into understanding the enhancements in heterogeneous lithium nucleation and growth kinetics on the supersaturated electrode.

关键词： supersaturated electrode lithiophilic electrode carbon electrode lithium metal anode lithium nucleation and growth

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Chemical complexity of phosphorous bearing species in various regions of the interstellar medium

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Sil, Milan Srivastav, Satyam Bhat, Bratati Mondal, Suman Kumar Gorai, Prasanta Ghosh, Rana Shimonishi, Takashi Chakrabarti, Sandip K. Sivaraman, Bhalamurugan Pathak, Amit Nakatani, Naoki Furuya, Kenji Das, Ankan Indian Centre for Space Physics 43 Chalantika Garia Station Road Kolkata700084 India Department of Physics Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi221005 India Department of Space Earth & Environment Chalmers University of Technology GothenburgSE-412 96 Sweden Center for Transdisciplinary Research Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata950-2181 Japan Environmental Science Program Department of Science Faculty of Science Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata950-2181 Japan Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura Ahmedabad380009 India Institute for Catalysis Hokkaido University N21W10 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido001-0021 Japan Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Metropolitan University 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji Tokyo192-0397 Japan Center for Computational Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba305-8577 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Tokyo181-8588 Japan

Phosphorus related species are not known to be as omnipresent in space as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur-bearing species. Astronomers spotted very few P-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes. Limited discovery of the P-bearing species imposes severe constraints in modeling the P-chemistry. In this paper, we carry out extensive chemical models to follow the fate of P-bearing species in diffuse clouds, photon-dominated or photodissociation regions (PDRs), and hot cores/corinos. We notice a curious correlation between the abundances of PO and PN and atomic nitrogen. Since N atoms are comparatively abundant in diffuse clouds and PDRs than in the hot core/corino region, PO/PN reflects 1 in the late warm-up evolutionary phase of the hot core/corino regions. During the end of the post-warm-up phase, we obtain PO/PN > 1 for hot core and 3along with various impurities. We notice that SO2overlaps with the PH3bending-scissoring modes around ∼ (1000 - 1100) cm-1. We also find that the presence of CO2can strongly influence the intensity of the stretching modes around ∼ 2400 cm-1of PH3 © 2021, CC0.

关键词： Radiative transfer

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