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Freshwater microalgae-mediated engineered nanoparticles: Sustainable approach for heavy metals remediation

Bioresource technology 2025年 434卷 132761页

作者： Manish Sutradhar Raju Kumar Sharma Gobinda Dey Uttara Sukul Koyeli Das Md Taharia Pin-Yun Lin Shafiqa Ali Chin-Wen Wang Chien-Yen Chen Doctoral Program in Science Technology Environment and Mathematics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Center for Nano Bio-Detection Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society AIM-HI National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan. Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Center for Nano Bio-Detection Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society AIM-HI National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan You-Cheng Engineering & Technology Co. Ltd 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi Country 62102 Taiwan. Electronic address: yen@eq.ccu.edu.tw.

Recently, convergence of nanotechnology and sustainable approaches has emerged as promising strategy for advanced remediation of heavy metals (HMs) from water. However, engineered nanoparticles (ENPs)-derived from freshwater microalgae gained attention as viable alternative, owing their inherent metal tolerance, rapid-growth rates, and versatile metabolic capabilities. This review predominantly focuses on freshwater microalgae-mediated-ENPs, highlighting intracellular/extracellular pathways induced by biomolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, reductases etc., which govern nanoparticle nucleation, stabilization, and functionalization. Subsequently, the review discusses significant types of ENPs including iron, silver, gold, cadmium-sulfide, iron-oxide, nanocomposites, and bio-nano-hybrids nanoparticles, which reported removal efficiency from 21 to 100% of different HMs (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, etc.). Despite ENPs exhibit significant potential, their large-scale implementation is constrained by challenges such as scaling-up, nutrient-variability, and high turbidity of wastewater. Future research recommended to focus on optimizing biosynthesis parameters, investigating diverse microalgal-strains, incorporating hybrid nano-materials to enhance their stability, reusability, and scalability for sustainable green-technology.

关键词： Bio-nanotechnology Bioremediation efficiency environmental nano-materials Green synthesis Heavy metal removal Phytoremediation

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Bio Capacity Approach in Land Use at Border Indonesia Malaysia

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1175卷

作者： Robby Irsan Luthfi Muta'ali Sudrajat Doctoral Program of Environmental Science Post Graduate School Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia Lecturer at Faculty of Geography Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia

Entikong located in Sanggau regency is one of the areas directly adjacent to the state of Malaysia (Sarawak) and is the first and oldest cross-border entrance in Indonesia. The overlapping of unclear land use, causing the development of border areas seem unplanned with the implications of degradation of natural resources and environmental quality, and not achieving improved community welfare, dehumanization process, and deculturization, as well as macro leads to regional disintegration. The high population growth in this area resulted in the increasing use of natural resources without regard to the environmental balance either from supply or demand from human activities, one indication of this is seen from the change in land use is not appropriate. The purpose of this study identifies the extent and type of land use change and analyzes biocapacity as part of the bioecological carrying capacity. The results of this study indicate that the massive increase in area comes from the use of mixed plantation land in 2017 increased by 60.6% of the Entikong area and the degradation of the primary forest variables is only 18.6% of the Entikong area by 2017. This indicates that the protected forests are experiencing degaradation of land use change towards mixed gardens where in this mixed plantation there are oil palm, rubber and pepper. While the highest percentage of biocapacity in a mixed plantation land type of 2.585 Ha/capita. This is not proportional to the biocapacity of primary forest land of 1.03 Ha/capita. Surely this indicates that the condition of imbalance of the bioecological carrying capacity. Supply from the forest is unable to absorb waste material from plantation land use. These results indicate that proper optimization and revitalization of land use is required by applying various development-related policies in the Entikong border region. In addition, it is necessary to supervise and control both from the elements of society, private, and government.

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AHR is a Zika virus host factor and a candidate target for antiviral therapy (vol 52, pg 941, 2020)

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NATURE NEUROscience 2020年第10期23卷 1307-1307页

作者： Giovannoni, Federico Bosch, Irene Polonio, Carolina Manganeli Torti, Maria F. Wheeler, Michael A. Li, Zhaorong Romorini, Leonardo Rodriguez Varela, Maria S. Rothhammer, Veit Barroso, Andreia Tjon, Emily C. Sanmarco, Liliana M. Takenaka, Maisa C. Modaresi, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Gutierrez-Vazquez, Cristina Zanluqui, Nagela Ghabdan dos Santos, Nilton Barreto Munhoz, Carolina Demarchi Wang, Zhongyan Damonte, Elsa B. Sherr, David Gehrke, Lee Peron, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Garcia, Cybele C. Quintana, Francisco J. Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston USA Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET—Instituto de Química Biológica Buenos Aires Argentina Institute for Medical Engineering and Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA Department of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York USA Neuroimmune Interactions Laboratory Immunology Department—ICB IV University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Laboratorio de Investigación aplicada a Neurociencias Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia Buenos Aires Argentina Immunopathology and Allergy Post Graduate Program School of Medicine University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Department of Pharmacology Institute of Biomedical Science University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil Dept. of Environmental Health Boston University School of Public Health Boston USA Program in Virology Division of Medical Sciences Harvard Medical School Boston USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge USA

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus linked to multiple birth defects including microcephaly, known as congenital ZIKV syndrome. The identification of host factors involved in ZIKV replication may guide efficacious therapeutic interventions. In genome-wide transcriptional studies, we found that ZIKV infection triggers aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation. Specifically, ZIKV infection induces kynurenine (Kyn) production, which activates AHR, limiting the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) involved in antiviral immunity. Moreover, ZIKV-triggered AHR activation suppresses intrinsic immunity driven by the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, which limits ZIKV replication. AHR inhibition suppressed the replication of multiple ZIKV strains in vitro and also suppressed replication of the related flavivirus dengue. Finally, AHR inhibition with a nanoparticle-delivered AHR antagonist or an inhibitor developed for human use limited ZIKV replication and ameliorated newborn microcephaly in a murine model. In summary, we identified AHR as a host factor for ZIKV replication and PML protein as a driver of anti-ZIKV intrinsic immunity.

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Author Correction: Antibodies from dengue patients with prior exposure to Japanese encephalitis virus are broadly neutralizing against Zika virus

Communications biology

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Communications biology 2024年第1期7卷 252页

作者： Gielenny M Salem Jedhan Ucat Galula Shang-Rung Wu Jyung-Hurng Liu Yen-Hsu Chen Wen-Hung Wang Sheng-Fan Wang Cheng-Sheng Song Fan-Chi Chen Adrian B Abarientos Guan-Wen Chen Cheng-I Wang Day-Yu Chao Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung City 402 Taiwan. Institute of Oral Medicine School of Dentistry College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan City 701 Taiwan. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan City 701 Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics College of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung City 40227 Taiwan. School of Medicine College of Medicine National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung City 80424 Taiwan. Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City 80708 Taiwan. Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City 80708 Taiwan. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City 80708 Taiwan. Doctoral Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung City 402 Taiwan. Singapore Immunology Network Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Immunos Singapore 138648 Singapore. Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung City 402 Taiwan. dychao@nchu.edu.tw. Doctoral Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung City 402 Taiwan. dychao@nchu.edu.tw. Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung City 402 Taiwan. dychao@nchu.edu.tw.

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The relationship between work period and use of personal protective equipment with respiratory disorder complaints in brick craftsman in Sintuk Toboh Gadang District Padang Pariaman Regency 2017

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and environmental science 2019年第1期314卷

作者： Pirna Lastri Indang Dewata Mila Sari Department of Environmental Science Post Graduate Program Universitas Negeri Padang Prof. Dr. Hamka Street West Air Tawar Padang-West Sumatera 25131 Indonesia

Respiratory disorders are not only caused by high concentration of dust, but also affected by employee's habit and characteristics. Based on the data from Sintuk Health Center, there are 145 cases of ISPA in this region. Over all, the brick craftsman smoke and don't use the personal protective equipment. This study aims to determine the relationship between work periods and use of personal protective equipment with respiratory disorders on brick craftsman in Sintuk Toboh Gadang, Padang Pariaman Regency 2017. The research is descriptive analytic research with cross sectional approach which was conducted on 11-21 August 2017. This study used Cluster Sampling with 73 people of total sampling which then using Accidental Sampling and questionnaire to collect the data. The data analysed by using Chi-Square test. The result shows that among 73 respondents, there were 47 people (64,4%) infected respiratory disorders, 41 (56,2%) of times work, 39 (53,4%) work periods, and 55 people (75,3%) do not use personal protective equipment while working. Statistical test revealed that the variables which have relationship with the habit of respiratory disorders were times work (p=0,003, OR=5,304), work periods (p=0,000, OR=7,857), and use of personal protective equipment variables (p=0,004, OR=5,857). From the research, it was found that times work, work periods, and use of personal protective equipment have a strong impact to respiratory disorders. It is suggested that brick craftsman need to use the personal protective equipment in producing craftsman. Therefore, long work periods do not give impact to the respiratory disorders.

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Decreasing level of heavy metals Fe and Mn use the wetland method at coal open mining PT Bukit Asam South Sumatra Province

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and environmental science 2019年第1期314卷

作者： Heri Prabowo Ali Amran Ardinis Arbain Department of Environmental Science Post Graduate Program Universitas Negeri Padang Prof. Dr. Hamka Street West Air Tawar Padang-West Sumatra 25131 Indonesia

PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk is a coal mining company that directly produces waste water. For this reason, it is necessary to treat wastewater to neutralize substances that pollute the wastewater, one of the methods used is constructed wetland. The method used is descriptive quantitative method. Where this study will produce the influence of the constructed wetland method in neutralizing waste water from the coal mining process at PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the waste treatment caused by the Constructed Wetland coal mining process can increase the Ph value from 3 samples averaging 2.6 mg / l, reducing the Fe metal content from 3 samples averaging 9.98 mg / l, and lowering the metal content of Mn from 3 samples averaging 0.75 mg / l and decreasing the level of Total Suspended Solid from 3 samples averaging 486 mg / l. The constructed wetland method that has been implemented at PT. BA has succeeded in neutralizing Fe and Mn metals and TSS according to the standard quality values that meet the standards set by the government.

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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021

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BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2022年第8期103卷 S1-S1页

作者： Blunden, Jessica NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States NOAA NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Silver Spring MD United States Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter United Kingdom Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies North Carolina State University Asheville NC United States Communications and Outreach NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States Innovative Consulting and Management Services LLC NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville NC United States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading United Kingdom CMNS-Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland College Park MD United States Department of Meteorology National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading United Kingdom Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science Hampton University Hampton VA United States National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE) CARRTEL Université Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Osaka Sakai Japan University of Bremen Bremen Germany NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder CO United States Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación Spanish National Research Council (CIDE CSIC-UV-Generalitat Valenciana) Climate Atmosphere and Ocean Laboratory (Climatoc-Lab) Moncada Valencia Spain Instituto de Geografía Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso Chile Climatic Research Unit School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Ispra Italy GloH2O Almere Netherlands University of Reading Reading United Kingdom School of Engineering Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne United Kingdom Université de Paris Cité Institut de physique du globe de Paris CNRS IGN Paris

Editors note: For easy download the posted pdf of the State of the Climate in 2021 is a low-resolution file. A high-resolution copy of the report is available by clickinghere. Please be patient as it may take a few mi... 详细信息

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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Assessment on Improvement of Early Detection Systems in Electrical Rooms of High-Tech Facilities

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Procedia Engineering 2018年 211卷 235-246页

作者： Yu-Jen Chen Chi-Min Shu San-Ping Ho Hsin-Hsiu Ho Hue-Pei Chang Doctoral Program Graduate school of Engineering Science and Technology National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou Yunlin Taiwan 64002 Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering YunTech Douliou Yunlin Taiwan 64002 Department of Occupational Safety and Health Chang Jung Christian University Tainan Taiwan 71101

Past air sampling detection (ASD) systems had no definitive positioning; most allocation of sampling points was based on experience. This research discovered that sampling points inside the electrical rooms were significantly affected by the ambient airflow, causing the detection system to have difficulties in fire detection. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) was used to simulate very early smoke detection apparatus (VESDA) effectiveness within the protection area of an electrical room. Results showed that ASD sampling points in electrical rooms should be placed above high-voltage transformers and capacitors, while rearranging the high risk machines together to avoid long detection pipelines, which increases the transportation time of the gas, thus hindering early detection by the ASD system. Field tests using a smoke detector tester yielded transportation times of 33 s, which was in very good agreement with the simulated results of 35 s by ASPIRE, showing the accuracy of using software to simulate transportation times. Therefore, this research combined FDS with the transportation times of different pipeline designs to conduct performance assessment of VESDA. After appropriate rearrangement of machines, VESDA detection times dropped from 106.0–171.0 s during the original setup to 21.0–31.7 s, assuring the facility to have more time for emergency response. However, it was noticed that FDS software did not have the estimation tool for VESDA transportation times; therefore software such as ASPIRE should be used to calculate the gas transportation times inside the detection pipelines, and then compiled with FDS results to avoid underestimation of actuation times.

关键词： electrical rooms transportation time fire dynamics dimulator vesda aspire

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Multiwavelength study of GRB 201216C using the sub-TeV emission detected by MAGIC 38

Multiwavelength study of GRB 201216C using the sub-TeV emiss...

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Fukami, Satoshi Berti, Alessio Loporchio, Serena Nava, Lara Suda, Yusuke Noda, Koji Asano, Katsuaki Bošnjak, Željka Longo, Francesco Jordana-Mitjans, Nuria Melandri, Andrea Mundell, Carole Shrestha, Manisha Steele, Iain Abe, H. Abe, S. Abhir, J. Acciari, V.A. Agudo, I. Aniello, T. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Arcaro, C. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Baxter, J. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Bernete, J. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Burelli, I. Busetto, G. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, A. Carosi, R. Carretero-Castrillo, M. Castro-Tirado, A.J. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cifuentes, A. Cikota, S. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D’Amico, G. D’Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Del Popolo, A. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fariña, L. Fattorini, A. Foffano, L. Font, L. Fröse, S. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giesbrecht Paiva, J.G. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Grau, R. Green, D. Green, J.G. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Imazawa, R. Inada, T. Iotov, R. Ishio, K. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Kerszberg, D. Kluge, G.W. Kobayashi, Y. Kouch, P.M. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Láinez Lezáun, M. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Lorini, A. Lyard, E. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Maneva, G. Mang, N. Manganaro, M. Mangano, S. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Martínez-Chicharro, M. Mas-Aguilar, A. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 5 Zürich8093 Switzerland Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo Kashiwanoha 5-1-5 Kashiwa Japan Max Planck Institut for Physics Föhringer Ring 6 Munich Germany INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy RomeI-00136 Italy Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia INFN Sezione di Trieste via Valerio 2 Trieste Italy Department of Physics University of Bath Claverton Down BathBA2 7AY United Kingdom INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via E. Bianchi 46 LC MerateI-23807 Italy European Space Agency European Space Astronomy Centre Villanueva de la Canñada Madrid28692 Spain Astrophysics Research Institute Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool Science Park IC2 146 Brownlow HillL3 5RF United Kingdom Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 North Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721-0065 United States The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife La LagunaE-38200 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Pola

Recently, several gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been detected in the very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray energy range by ground-based gamma-ray experiments such as MAGIC, H.E.S.S., and LHASSO. For some GRBs, the VHE emission is consistent with synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission from high-energy electrons accelerated in the forward shock of the relativistic jet. However, more statistics are needed to further constrain the emission models. GRB 201216C is a long bright GRB detected in a broad energy range from radio to VHE. The redshift is estimated to be 1.1, making the GRB the most distant source detected in the VHE energy range. MAGIC started the observation 56 seconds after the GRB was triggered by the Swift-BAT telescope. We performed a detailed analysis and detected the signal with about 6 sigma in the first 20 minutes. MAGIC continued the observation for 2.2 hours on the same night and 4 hours on the next night. No signal was detected later than 40 minutes after the GRB trigger. We have performed modelling of the multi-wavelength emission using the MAGIC data. We analysed simultaneous optical data from Liverpool Telescope with MAGIC and included the results in the modelling. The sub-TeV emission is consistent with the single-zone SSC model in the forward shock. In this presentation, we show the final results of the MAGIC data analysis of GRB 201216C and discuss the emission mechanism of the multi-wavelength data. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Gamma rays

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Fish and seaweed (Eucheuma cotonii) meatball for reducing constipation effect

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2019年第1期2155卷

作者： I. Made Sugitha I. Putu Suparthana Pinky Natalia Samanta 1Food Science and Technology Study Program Faculty of Agricultural Technology Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran Badung Bali Indonesia 2Post-graduate Program Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran Badung Bali Indonesia

Functions of dietary fiber include increasing stool mass and reducing intestinal transit time which can be used to prevent constipation. This study aims to determine the ability of mixed catfish meatballs and sea grass flour to reduce constipation through two stages. The first stage was to get the best meatball quality (ratio of tapioca composition and seaweed flour manipulated at 100%: 0%; 90%: 10%; 80%: 20%; 70%: 30%) followed by the second stage which was in vivo testing for rat with doses of meatballs manipulated at 2 g, 4 g, 6 g and 8 g. Research data were analyzed with one-way variance analysis with a confidence level of 95%. Composition of tapioca and seaweed flour at 70%: 30% was the best fish meatball formula resulting in these data: 64.90% moisture content, 2.00% ash, 5.76% fat, 13.91% protein, 13.43% carbohydrate, total food fiber 5.94%) with sensory value: appearance 8.67 (smooth, not hollow, and bright surface), flavor 7.00 (less fish flavor), taste 6.67 (less meat fish taste), texture 9 (solid, compact, springy). The in vivo test showed that administration of 2 g / 200 g weigh body of rat was able to produce rat feces back to normal condition (47.93% moisture content) with a frequency of defecation 21 times per day (no constipation any more).

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