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Toxicity assessment of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to carbamazepine and selenium: Physiological and genotoxic approach

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Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2024年第57期31卷 65764-65777页

作者： Sibiya, Ashokkumar Karthikeyan, Sivashanmugam Al-Ghanim, Khalid A. Govindarajan, Marimuthu Malafaia, Guilherme Vaseeharan, Baskaralingam Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab Department of Animal Health and Management Alagappa University Science Campus 6th Floor Tamil Nadu Karaikudi630004 India School of Bioscience and Technology VIT University Tamil Nadu Vellore632014 India Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Unit of Vector Control Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology Department of Zoology Annamalai University Tamil Nadu Annamalainagar608 002 India Tamil Nadu Kumbakonam612 001 India Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute GO Urutaí Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia Brazil

Although the toxicity of selenium (Se) and carbamazepine (CBZ) has already been demonstrated, the possible effects of freshwater fish co-exposure to these pollutants have not been explored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential impact of Se and CBZ (alone and combined) exposure (both 5 µg/L) in Oreochromis mossambicus after 28 days. Exposure to CBZ, alone or combined with Se, significantly increases the "red blood cells" and "mean corpuscular volume." In the gills, malondialdehyde levels in the "CBZ" and "Se + CBZ" groups were lower than in the control group. Furthermore, the exposure to treatments induced a significant increase in protein carbonyl formation in gills and DNA damage in gill and liver cells. Still, acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was not changed. Thus, our study provides insight into the toxicity of metals and pharmaceutical drugs and warns about the ecotoxicological risk posed by such mixtures. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Fish

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COLLABORATIVE LEARNING IN STEAM TEACHING FOR STUDENTS IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON 21

COLLABORATIVE LEARNING IN STEAM TEACHING FOR STUDENTS IN THE...

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21st International Conference on e-Society, ES 2023 and 19th International Conference on Mobile Learning, ML 2023

作者： Rodrigues, Juliana Gisele Corrêa de Medeiros Silva, Adan Sady da Silva Junior, Jucimar Maia Post-graduation program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology from BIONORTE Amazonas State University Brazil Dept. of Meteorology Amazonas State University Brazil Dept. of Computer Engineering Amazonas State University Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9789898704474

The State of Amazonas has one of the most modern industrial and technological centers in Latin America. As a result, the search for skilled professionals for this job market is constantly growing. It is believed that STEAM teaching is an important tool to improve engagement, creativity, innovation, problem-solving skills, and other cognitive benefits generating more skilled professionals in the technology market. One approach that can be applied to STEAM teaching in schools is collaborative learning through maker culture. From mobile labs the STEM Academy Project takes STEAM teaching to high school students in public schools in the state of Amazonas. In the courses taught, collaborative learning is also applied in order for students to understand topics such as basic electronics, robotics, and programming, thus stimulating students' social skills and shared mutual learning, and attracting them to degree courses in STEAM fields. © 2023 Proceedings of the International Conferences on e-Society 2023, ES 2023 and Mobile Learning 2023, ML 2023. All rights reserved.

关键词： Students

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Toxicity assessment of polyethylene microplastics in combination with a mix of emerging pollutants on Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第5期127卷 465-482页

作者： Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo Thiarlen Marinho da Luz Mohamed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Mir Mohammad Ali Md.Mostafizur Rahman Bojan Nataraj Daniela de Melo e Silva DamiàBarceló Guilherme Malafaia Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences Federal University of GoiásGoianiaGO 74690-970Brazil Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal InstituteUrutaíGO 75790-000Brazil Plant Protection Department Faculty of AgricultureAssiut UniversityAssiut 71526Egypt Department of Aquaculture Faculty of FisheriesAquaculture&Marine ScienceSher-e-Bangla Agricultural UniversityDhaka 1207Bangladesh Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar UniversitySavar 1342Bangladesh Unit of Toxicology Department of ZoologySchool of Life SciencesBharathiar UniversityCoimbatore 641046India Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis Federal University of GoiásGoianiaGO 74690-970Brazil Catalan Institute for Water Research(ICRA-CERCA) H_(2)O BuildingScientific and Technological Park of the University of GironaEmili Grahit 101Girona 17003Spain Water and Soil Quality Research Group Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research(IDAEA-CSIC)JordiGirona 1826Barcelona 08034Spain Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal InstituteUrutaíGO 75790-000Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservationand BiodiversityFederal University of UberlandiaUberlandiaMG 38400-902Brazil Post-Graduation Programa in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of GoiásGoianiaGO 74605-050Brazil

Studies in recent years have shown that aquatic pollution by microplastics(MPs)can be considered to pose additional stress to amphibian ***,our knowledge of how MPs affect amphibians is very rudimentary,and even more limited is our understanding of their effects in combination with other emerging ***,we aimed to evaluate the possible toxicity of polyethylene MPs(PE-MPs)(alone or in combination with a mix of pollutants)on the health of Physalaemus cuvieri *** 30 days of exposure,multiple biomarkers were measured,including morphological,biometric,and developmental indices,behavioral parameters,mutagenicity,cytotoxicity,antioxidant and cholinesterase responses,as well as the uptake and accumulation of PE-MPs in *** on the results,there was no significant change in any of the parameters measured in tadpoles exposed to treatments,but induced stress was observed in tadpoles exposed to PE-MPs combined with themixture of pollutants,reflecting significant changes in physiological and biochemical *** principal component analysis(PCA)and integrated biomarker response(IBR)assessment,effects induced by pollutants in each test group were distinguished,confirming that the exposure of *** tadpoles to the PE-MPs in combination with a mix of emerging pollutants induces an enhanced stress response,although the uptake and accumulation of PE-MPs in these animalswas ***,our study provides newinsight into the danger to amphibians of MPs coexisting with other pollutants in aquatic environments.

关键词： Amphibians Environmental toxicology Micropollutants Emerging pollutants Aquatic pollution Biomarkers

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A mini-review on plasticrusts: occurrence, current trends, potential threats, and recommendations for coastal sustainability

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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2024年第2期196卷 1-14页

作者： Nguyen, Minh-Ky Rakib, Md. Refat Jahan Nguyen, Hoang-Lam Lin, Chitsan Malafaia, Guilherme Idris, Abubakr M. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City Hamlet 6 Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City700000 Viet Nam Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung81157 Taiwan Department of Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty of Science Noakhali Science and Technology University Sonapur Noakhali3814 Bangladesh Department of Civil Engineering McGill University Montreal Canada Department of Marine Environmental Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung81157 Taiwan Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute GO Urutaí Brazil Department of Chemistry College of Science King Khalid University Abha62529 Saudi Arabia King Khalid University Abha62529 Saudi Arabia

Plasticrusts manifest as a coating on intertidal rocks due to environmental exposure. They refer to crushed plastic debris that blankets rocks found along intertidal shorelines. This study significantly contributes to a better understanding of the occurrence of these novel plastic formations, shedding light on their potential pathways of formation during the Anthropocene era. The research provides comprehensive insights into the composition, origins, challenges, and effective management strategies for removing coastal plastic litter. The findings of this investigation offer valuable evidence regarding the formation and impact of these recently discovered plastic items in coastal regions, prompting discussions about their formation processes and their effects on the marine ecosystem. Recognizing that these newly emerged plastic litter pose a considerable threat to the marine environment is crucial. With their emergence, we face an environmental challenge, especially concerning the health of coastal ecosystems. Plasticrusts, when degraded, can release microplastics (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) into the surrounding environment. These micro- and nano-sized plastic particles pose significant ecological risks as they persist in ecosystems, potentially harming wildlife and entering the food chain, causing widespread environmental contamination. Significantly, it outlines strategies to minimize the impact of this emerging plastic debris and its source. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Ecosystems

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Investigating the Mystery of Plastic Waste on Coqueirinho Beach, Paraíba, Brazil: An Integrated Multimodel Approach with Simulations and Probabilistic Analyses

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SSRN 2024年

作者： da Luz, Thiarlen Marinho de Matos, Letícia Paiva Malafaia, Guilherme Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia Brazil Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento 25 Km Zona Rural GO Urutaí Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute GO Urutaí Brazil

Plastic pollution threatens marine and terrestrial ecosystems, necessitating understanding its sources and dispersion mechanisms for effective mitigation. This study uses multi-model simulations and probabilistic analyses to investigate plastic waste's origin and dispersion on Coqueirinho Beach, Paraíba, Brazil. Much plastic waste was traced to China, Spain, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Africa. Simulations with PlasticDrift and PlasticTracker models showed that winds and currents contribute to dispersion. However, MarineTraffic tracking and Monte Carlo analysis indicated commercial shipping is more likely to transport plastic waste to Brazil than natural oceanic routes. Over 90% of the plastics on Coqueirinho Beach may have other unidentified sources, possibly including international tourism. If adapted for different contexts, this study's methodology could reveal patterns and insights that less integrated approaches might miss, offering hope for future plastic pollution research. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dispersions

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Long-Term Exposure of Zebrafish Juveniles to Carbon Nanofibers at Predicted Environmentally Relevant Concentrations: Outspreading Warns About Ecotoxicological Risks to Freshwater Fish

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Montalvão, Mateus Flores Chagas, Thales Quintão de Lima Rodrigues, Aline Sueli Batista Guimarães, Abraão Tiago Malafaia, Guilherme Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia Brazil Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Conservation Unit Management Division RO Porto Velho Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia Brazil Brazil

Although carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) toxicity has already been demonstrated in some animal models, little is known about the impact of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on aquatic vertebrates. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the possible effects of long-term exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) juveniles (90 days) to CNFs in predicted environmentally relevant concentrations (10 ng/L and 10 µg/L). Our data revealed that exposure to CNFs did not affect the growth and development of the animals, in addition to not having induced locomotor alterations or anxiety-like behavior. On the other hand, we observed that zebrafish exposed to CNFs showed a response deficit to the vibratory stimulus test, alteration in the density of neuromasts recorded in the final ventral region, as well as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels and a reduction in total antioxidant activity, nitric oxide, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain. Such data were directly associated with a higher concentration of total organic carbon in the brain, which suggests the bioaccumulation of CNFs. Furthermore, exposure to CNFs induced a picture suggestive of genomic instability, inferred by the increased frequency of nuclear abnormalities and DNA damage in circulating erythrocytes. Although the individual analyses of the biomarkers did not point to a concentration-dependent effect, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the Integrated Biomarker Response Index (IBRv2) indicate a more prominent effect induced by the higher CNFs concentration (10 µg/L). Therefore, our study confirms the impact of CNFs in the studied model (D. rerio) and sheds light on the ecotoxicological risks of these nanomaterials to freshwater fish. Based on the ecotoxicological screening provided by our study, new horizons are opened for investigations into the mechanisms of action of CNFs, which will help understand the magnitude of the impact of these materials on aquatic biota. © 2023, The Authors. All rights

关键词： Biomarkers

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Antibiofilm and immunomodulatory resorbable nanofibrous filing for dental pulp regenerative procedures

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第10期7卷 173-186页

作者： Mauricio Gonçalves da Costa Sousa Gabriela Conceiçao de Almeida Danilo Cesar Martins Mota Rosiane Andrade da Costa Simoni Campos Dias Samuel Nunes Limberger Frank Ko Li Ting Lin Evan FHaney Hashem Etayash Beverlie Baquir Michael J.Trimble Ya Shen Zheng Su Markus Haapasalo Daniel Pletzer Letícia Chaves de Souza Glaucia Schuindt Teixeira Renato M.Silva Robert E.W.Hancock Octavio Luiz Franco Taia Maria Berto Rezende Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil Dentistry Course Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences University of BrasíliaBrazil LIMA Chemistry InstituteUniversity of Brasília-UNBBrasíliaBrazil Animal Biology Department Campus Darcy RibeiroUniversidade de BrasíliaBrazil Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Applied ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of DentistryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand Department of Endodontics School of DentistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonUSA Department of Prosthesis Faculty of DentistryRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology Catholic University Dom BoscoCampo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil

Multifunctional scaffolds with host defense peptides designed for regenerative endodontics are desirable nanobiotechnological tools for ***,different scaffolds were tested for use during the pulp revascularization process,including poly(vinyl alcohol)-PVA hydrogels or resins,collagen hydrogels and poly(vinyl alcohol)PVA/Chitosan(PVA/CS)*** on time to degradation(21 days),nanofibers were chosen to be incorporated with ciprofloxacin and IDR-1002(each at 50 mg/g).Nanofibers containing ciprofloxacin and IDR-1002 had anti-biofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus and a multispecies oral biofilm,besides anti-inflammatory *** in vivo subcutaneous tissue response to tooth fragments filled with nanofibers demonstrated a pulp-like tissue formation,when compared to empty teeth ***,we designed a strong antimicrobial,immunomodulatory and regenerative candidate for pulp revascularization and regeneration procedures.

关键词： Regenerative endodontics Scaffolds Nanofibers Host defense peptides Ciprofloxacin IDR-1002

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Campsiandra laurifolia Reduces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis

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Journal of Coloproctology 2022年第3期42卷 238-244页

作者： Da Fonseca, Sandielly Rebeca Benitez De Souza, Lucas Petitemberte Fillmann, Henrique Sarubbi Hartmann, Renata Minuzzo Colares, Josieli Raskopf Schemitt, Elizângela Gonçalves Brasil, Marilda Da Silva Suyenaga, Edna Sayuri Marroni, Norma Anair Possa Post-graduation Program in Medical Sciences Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do sul (UFRGS) RS Porto Alegre Brazil Experimental Laboratory of Pulmonary Sciences and Inflammation Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) RS Porto Alegre Brazil Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) RS Pelotas Brazil School of Medicine Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do sul (PUCRS) RS Porto Alegre Brazil Post-graduation Program in Biological Sciences - Fisiology Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do sul (UFRGS) RS Porto Alegre Brazil Health School Universidade Do Vale Do Rio Dos Sinos (UNISINOS) RS São Leopoldo Brazil

Ulcerative colitis (UC) affects the mucosa and submucosa of the large intestine. One of the mechanisms involved in its etiology is oxidative stress (OS), directly involved in the inflammatory process characteristic of UC. The Campsiandra laurifolia, known as acapurana, was described as possessing antioxidant properties. We used 24 male Wistar rats, divided into control (CO), control + acapurana (CO + A), colitis (CL), and colitis + acapurana (CL + A) groups. This study performed histological analysis, measuring anal sphincter pressure (ASP) and lipoperoxidation (LPO). The activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated. The expression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The statistical analysis used was the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test;values were expressed as mean ± standard error, and the significance level was p < 0.05. In the animals of the CL group, we observed the destruction of the crypts and the presence of mucosal ulcers, edema, and submucosal inflammatory infiltrate, as well as increased damage to the intestinal mucosa, reduced ASP, increased LPO and SOD activity, reduced GSH levels, and increased expression of NFκB and iNOS. The administration of C. laurifolia in the CL + A group was shown to cause regeneration of crypts, reduction of inflammatory infiltrate, reduction of damage to the intestinal mucosa, increase in ASP, and reduction in LPO with the restoration of SOD activity and GSH levels. The immunohistochemistry of NFκB and iNOS was significantly reduced. Therefore, the C. laurifolia aqueous extract appears to exert an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in rats with AA-induced colitis. © 2022. Sociedade Brasileira de Coloproctologia. All rights reserved.

关键词： anti-inflammatory antioxidant campsiandra laurifolia ulcerative colitis

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Endophytic Fungus Alternaria Macrospora: A Promising and Eco-Friendly Source for Controlling Aedes Aegypti Larvae and for Bactericidal Use

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Ragavendran, Chinnasamy Kamaraj, Chinnaperumal Devarajan, Natarajan Malafaia, Guilherme Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu Chennai603203 India Natural Drug Research Laboratory Department of Biotechnology School of Biosciences Periyar University Tamil Nadu Salem636 011 India Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia Brazil

The present study assesses the metabolites of endophytic fungal isolates’ larvicidal and pupicidal activity on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The isolates were confirmed by macroscopic, microscopic, and PCR using a universal internal transcribed spacer primer for the molecular identification of the isolated fungus at the species level. The isolated fungus was first tested for its ability to produce toxic compounds in A. aegpti larvae in the 1-4th instar. The secondary metabolites were evaluated in bioassays at different test concentrations (100-500 µg/mL) for each instar of determined mosquito larvae. The 1st to 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti were exposed to ethyl acetate extracts, which exhibited lethal concentrations that killed 50% of the exposed larvae (LC50 = 96.167, 131.370, 217.595, and 143.864 µg/mL and 90% of the exposed larvae (LC90 = 395.16, 483.692, 882.545, and 655.722 µg/mL). After 120 h of exposure, the ovicidal bioassay’s mean (%) was observed. A concentration-dependent pattern was found in the enzymatic level of acetylcholinesterase in 4th instar larvae exposed to fungal mycelial metabolites. Treating 500 µg/mL of mycelia, metabolites produced significant histopathological damage in the 4th instar mosquito larvae. The highest growth inhibition zones were observed during the antibacterial investigation of Alternaria macrospora metabolites against E. coli (22 mm) and S. aureus (20 mm). Also, the detected mycelium metabolites were tested for docking studies to identify their binding ability towards the E. coli FimH and S. aureus tyrosyl-RNA synthetase protein. The mycelium metabolites with different concentrations were further tested in the in-vivo zebrafish model to evaluate developmental toxicity. This is the first report on mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of ethyl acetate metabolites produced by A. macrospora species. The study findings demonstrate that A. macrospora metabolites might be an ideal, cheap, small, and environmentally suitab

关键词： Metabolites

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Polystyrene Microplastics Disrupt Female Reproductive Health and Fertility Via Sirt1 Modulation in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Gupta, Priya Mahapatra, Archisman Suman, Anjali Ray, Shubhendu Shekhar Malafaia, Guilherme Singh, Rahul Kumar Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute GO Urutaí Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute GO Urutaí75790-000 Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia MG Uberlândia38400-902 Brazil Post-Graduation Programa in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás GO Goiânia74605-050 Brazil

In this study, we aimed to elucidate the possible harmful effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on female reproduction via SIRT1 modulation. Female zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations (50 and 500 µg/L) of PS-MPs. The results revealed a significant reduction in the gonadosomatic index after exposure to PS-MPs. In addition, the decreased fecundity rate displayed an evident dosage effect, indicating that exposure to PS-MPs causes deleterious effects on fertilization. Furthermore, significantly enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species and apoptotic signals through the TUNEL assay were evaluated in different treated groups. Moreover, morphological alterations in the gonads of zebrafish exposed to MPs were also observed through H&E staining. The subsequent change in plasma steroid hormone levels (E2/T ratio) showed an imbalance in hormonal homeostasis. Meanwhile, to follow PS-MPs’ effects on the HPG axis via SIRT1 modulation and gene expression related to steroidogenesis, SIRT1/p53 pathway was evaluated through qPCR. The altered transcription levels of genes indicated the plausible interference of PS-MPs on the HPG axis function. Our in-silico molecular docking study proves that PS-MPs efficiently bind and inhibit endocrine receptors and SIRT1. Thus, these findings add to our understanding of the probable molecular mechanisms of reproductive impairment caused by PS-MPs in zebrafish. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Polystyrenes

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