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The Effect of Chlorinated Cyanurates on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts in the Production of Reuse Water from Secondary Sanitary Effluent

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Paschoalato, Cristina Filomêna Pereira Rosa da Silva Boldrin Dias, Talita Rafaella de Freitas Afonso, Márcia Maísa Agnesini, Marília Vanconcellos Zagui, Guilherme Sgobbi Dantas, Angela Di Bernardo de Mello Innocentini, Murilo Daniel Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology University of Ribeirão Preto Brazil Course of Chemical Engineering University of Ribeirão Preto Brazil Hidrosan Engenharia SP São Carlos Brazil University of Bath United Kingdom

Chlorination is an effective and proven method for disinfecting reclaimed water, but side reactions between chlorine and organic matter in the effluent can produce a variety of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). While inorganic chlorine is commonly used in wastewater treatment facilities, little attention has been paid to the use of chlorinated cyanurates such as sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) and trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), which have long been used to disinfect drinking water for human consumption and recreation. In this work, the performances of NaDCC and TCCA were compared with sodium hypochlorite (NaCO), either in solution or onsite generated by electrolysis (NaCO-e), to disinfect the secondary effluent (SE) from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) aiming for nonpotable reuse applications. The chlorinated product dosages were determined using breakpoint demand tests at 25°C, pH 7.0, and contact times of 0.5 and 24 h. DBPs from trihalomethanes, haloaldehydes, halopicrins, haloacetonitriles, and haloketones were measured. To achieve the breakpoint with a free residual chlorine of 1 mg C2 L-1 and promote complete SE disinfection, dosages of 50 mg C2 L-1 were required. NaDCC and TCCA produced significantly more chloroform (635.2 µg L-1 and 440.1 µg L-1), bromodichloromethane (53.6 µg L-1 and 33.9 µg L-1), chloral hydrate (363.4 µg L-1 and 308.2 µg L-1), and 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (89.0 µg L-1 and 142.2 µg L-1), listed as possible or probable carcinogens by ***. The municipal WWTP's cost assessment for chlorinating 18000 m3 d-1 of SE revealed the benefits of using NaCO-e, including low production of DBPs and no increase in organic carbon in the medium. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Chlorination

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The effect of various varieties of cassava stems waste and tapioca adhesive concentrations on the quality of bio-coal briquette 1

The effect of various varieties of cassava stems waste and t...

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1st Universitas Lampung International Conference on Science, Technology and Environment, ULICOSTE 2020

作者： Asmara, S. Lanya, B. Tamrin Putri, A.N. Rahmat, A. Mutolib, A. Department Agricultural Engineering University of Lampung Bandar Lampung Indonesia Research Center for Limnology Indonesian Institute of Sciences Indonesia Postgraduate Program Siliwangi University Indonesia

This study aims to utilize the combination of cassava and coal waste as raw materials for making briquettes using several different concentrations of tapioca adhesives. This study uses a completely randomized design (RDC) with 2 factorials. The first factor is material composition, assigned by the letter P, which has 3 different varieties of different cassava, which are (P1) Kasetsart cassava and coal waste, (P2) Thai cassava and coal waste, and (P3) butter cassava and coal waste. The second factor is tapioca adhesive concentration, which consists of two different treatments: (M1) 15% and (M2) 20%. The combination of these different treatments then repeated 4 times resulted in 24 experimental units. The briquettes produced then underwent several characteristics tests, including water content, calorific value, combustion rate, density, compressive strength, shatter resistance index, and changes in the temperature of the pan base when the briquettes were burned. The acquired data then processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SAS v9 software. The data obtained will then be compared to SNI (Indonesia National Standard) to find out whether the briquette is fulfilling the requirement for application. The results are as follows: treatment P1M1 and P1M2 have a water content ranging from 5.36-7.09% and a calorific value between 4.427 - 5.541 cal/g, and it also fulfills the SNI Standard. Another characteristic is shown by P1M1 and P1M2 such as combustion rate around 0.37-0.4 g/min, density between 0.37-0.39 g/cm3, compressive strength between 48.67 N/cm2, and shatter resistance index numbering around 99.90-99.92%, able to fulfill 95% of the SNI requirement for bio coal briquette, as well as changes in the bottom temperature of the pan which has reached the highest temperature of 303°C in the 26th minute of the P1M1 treatment combination and the lowest is 311°C at the 28th minute of the P1M2 treatment combination. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Compressive strength

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Single-Phase to Single-Phase Three-Wire Power Converters Based on Two-Level and Three-Level Legs

Single-Phase to Single-Phase Three-Wire Power Converters Bas...

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作者： Gehrke, Bruna Seibel Jacobina, Cursino Brandao Rezende De Sousa, Reuben Palmer Da Silva, Italo Roger Ferreira Moreno Pinheiro Mello, Joao Paulo Ramos Agra Brandao De Freitas, Nayara Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering Federal University of Campina Grande Campina Grande Brazil João Pessoa Brazil Academic Unit of the Cabo de Santo Agostinho Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Cabo de Santo Agostinho Brazil Porto Portugal

This article presents two single-phase to single-phase three-wire converters based on two-level and three-level neutral-point-clamped legs. The converters present a shared-leg between the grid and load. A space-vector pulsewidth modulation technique considering the harmonic distortion and the semiconductor losses is presented, besides the dc-link voltage-balance technique to balance the neutral-point voltage. The converters can supply the loads with constant amplitude and frequency under grid voltage disturbances. These characteristics make the proposed converters suitable for applications as uninterrupted power supply. The proposed converters are compared to a conventional two-level converter from simulated results for evaluating the semiconductor losses and harmonic distortion. The experimental results are provided to illustrate and validate the operation of the proposed systems. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Wire

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A Systematic Review: Big Data Analytics and Landslides 13

A Systematic Review: Big Data Analytics and Landslides

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13th Landslides and Engineered Slopes. Experience, Theory and Practice, ISL

作者： da Silva Azevedo, Caio Correia, Thaís Passos Corsi, Alessandra Cristina de Mesquita Spinola, Mauro Quintanilha, José Alberto Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering The Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo – PRO - EPUSP Brazil Postgraduate Program in Transportation Engineering The Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo – PTR - EPUSP Brazil Institute for Technological Research - IPT Production Engineering Department The Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo – PRO – EPUSP Brazil Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo - IEEUSP Brazil

Landslides are among the natural disasters that most affect the population in Brazil and in the world, as they are responsible for numerous human, economic, social and environmental losses. High-resolution aerial and satellite imagery, that contribute to identify this type of event are valuable sources of information, even if they are not the only ones. Machine learning (ML) techniques are often adopted to identify relevant patterns, as high performance computing and data visualization are widely and successfully applied to natural disaster-related data, particularly for landslides. The greater the volume of data processed during machine learning, the better the accuracy of the results obtained. Among other reasons, Big Data (BD) has stood out for its ability to integrate and generate a large volume of data from different sources and in different formats. The use of BD concepts and techniques has become common in several areas of knowledge, in particular for the storage and analysis of data related to natural accidents and, thus, helping to improve decision making as well as prevention of disasters. With the emergence of the BD, it came the challenge of aligning decision-making processes, so that there is no shortage of information or useless data for decision makers. In the case of Brazil and considering, especially, applications to landslide data, there is a lack of articles dealing with the subject. The aim of this study is to investigate the main features used on machine learning techniques, to map the literature, thus pointing out new routes and opportunities in the field. In the systematic review, the eligibility criteria adopted are studies published in the last 4 years (from January 2015 to December 2019), in English, at national and international levels, including publications in scientific events and relevant journals, through databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. The search was performed in a structured form with the terms "Big Data*", "machine lea

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TinyML for Safe Driving: The Use of Embedded Machine Learning for Detecting Driver Distraction

TinyML for Safe Driving: The Use of Embedded Machine Learnin...

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Metrology for Automotive (MetroAutomotive), IEEE International Workshop on

作者： Thommas Flores Marianne Silva Mariana Azevedo Thais Medeiros Morsinaldo Medeiros Ivanovitch Silva Max Mauro Dias Santos Daniel G. Costa Postgraduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (PPgEEC) Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil INEGI Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto Portugal Federal University of Technology Ponta Grossa Brazil

Among the main causes of road accidents, one of the most significant is related to driver distraction while driving, which is responsible for 18% of car accidents worldwide. This situation has demanded the development of mechanisms to automatically detect this dangerous behavior while driving. One of the computational solutions that has been considered viable to detect situations like this is the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), but some complex issues arise when deploying CNN models in microcontroller-based embedded devices with constrained processing and memory capabilities. In this context, this paper proposes a driver distraction detection system that achieves high accuracy (99.3%) and low latency (72ms) while requiring minimal computational resources (Peak- RAM of 164 KB and Flash of 52.7 KB). This solution exploiting Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) algorithms was developed with the support of the Edge Impulse platform, used to perform the entire ML pipeline, from data pre-processing and ML model creation to deployment into an Arduino Portenta H7 board. By designing a driver assistance system that can be integrated into vehicles, it is expected that an affordable solution based on embedded machine learning is provided, tackling a real-world problem by potentially reducing accidents caused by driver distractions.

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The Optimization of Power Generation Mix to Achieve Net Zero Emission Pathway in Indonesia without Specific Time Target

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International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 2024年 41卷 5-19页

作者： Fitriana, Ira Hadiyanto Warsito, Budi Hilmawan, Edi Santosa, Joko Doctoral Program of Environmental Sciences School of Postgraduate Studies Diponegoro University ImamBardjo Street Semarang Pleburan50241 Indonesia Puspiptek Street Serpong Banten South Tangerang City Indonesia Department of Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University Prof. Sudarto SH. Street Semarang Tembalang50275 Indonesia Department of Statistics Diponegoro University Prof. Sudarto SH. Street Semarang Tembalang50275 Indonesia Directorate for Technology Transfer and Audit System Deputy for Utilization of Research and Innovation BRINBuilding MH. Thamrin Street Jakarta10340 Indonesia

Indonesia is committed to achieving Net Zero Emission (NZE) conditions by the year 2060, with policy adjustments and constraints being necessary to realize this goal. The aim of this study is to achieve NZE conditions using a least-cost optimization method for various power plants that rely on fossil and non-renewable energy sources, without specifying a target year. Two scenarios, Business as Usual (BAU) and NZE, were developed for comparison in the optimization analysis. Through the utilization of LEAP and NEMO software, the optimization results suggest that optimal NZE conditions in Indonesia could be attained by 2075, with solar-based electricity generation playing a crucial role in meeting basic electricity demands. The NZE scenario predicts a 28% rise in electricity demand by 2100 compared to the BAU scenario. In 2075, PV will contribute 32.8% (224.3 GW) to total power supply, while BESS will provide 198.8 GW according to the NZE scenario. This study aims to assist the Indonesian government and stakeholders in reaching the NZE goal, while maintaining current efforts to avoid new efficiency and financial challenges. Achieving this goal will involve using a cost-effective optimization approach and implementing energy-efficient technologies and conservation programs. © 2024, Aalborg University Press. All rights reserved.

关键词： Renewable energy

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Bearing failure analysis in the design of bolted connections with austenitic stainless steel

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ce/papers 2023年第3-4期6卷 1350-1355页

作者： Sobrinho, Kelvin de P. da Silva, André T. Rodrigues, Monique C. PGECIV - Civil Engineering PostGraduate Program UERJ – State University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Structural Engineering Department UERJ – State University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Construction Engineering Research Group IIW Faculty Hasselt University Belgium

The use of stainless steel in structures has been improved;nevertheless, the application of this material is not considered trivial by most designers, as there as still limited design codes providing specific rules. Current codes provide conservative approaches in certain cases, which do not corroborate with the objective of reducing the initial cost of projects incorporating stainless steel. In order to contribute to an adequate comprehension about the structural behavior of austenitic steel in bolted connections, a study was conducted regarding the influence of geometric parameters on the connections with a bolt under two shear planes, encompassing the evaluation of the phenomenon recognized as curling. Concerning to conclusions, it was observed that the geometric parameters e1, e2, d0, affects the curling effects, which has the potential to compromise the structural behavior of a thin-plate connection if this deformation is greater than the thickness of the plate. Furthermore, the results provided by the equations employed in the design codes was assessed in this study, revealing an adequate prediction of the SCI in terms of the failure mode. However, both the manual and current codes exhibited conservative load for the investigated connections. © 2023 Ernst & Sohn GmbH.

关键词： Austenitic stainless steel

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Integrated Community Onsite Sanitation System for Close Loop Faecal Management 4

Integrated Community Onsite Sanitation System for Close Loop...

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4th International Conference on Sustainability Science, CSS 2020

作者： Hastuti, Elis Riyana, Rydha Joy, Benny Supratman, Unang Pamekas, R Engineering Affairs for Human Settlements and Housing General of Human Settlements Ministry of Public Works and Housing Indonesia Environment Science Program Postgraduate School Padjadjaran University Indonesia

The achievement of safe sanitation access is about 7.42 % in 2018, that indicates high risk of faecal contamination from unmanaged onsite sanitation system and has not been fully supported by faecal sludge service. This paper described the study of characteristic of onsite sanitation and faecal sludge for review potential of integrating of sludge handling with improved communal wastewater treatment. Faecal sludge quality were observed from pit latrines and communal septic tank, then analysis method apply cluster analysis and through close loop approach consider treatment and disposal for resource recovery. The pilot model of combined treatment of wastewater and faecal sludge was developed by anaerobic digester with a maximum 5% sludge loading, then further treatment by biofilter system and sludge drying bed. The quality of treated water can meet COD and nitrogen as effluent standard, biosolid reached a stabilization index of 40 - 60%, water content of 50-60% and less Coliform bacteria content. The characteristics of faecal sludge strength to be handled will be influenced bytechnical aspect or environment. The integrated system could be applied to manage wastewater and faecal sludge and its by products, mainly for rural area has not been catered by faecal sludge service. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021.

关键词： Effluents

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A Simple Low-Cost Apparatus for of Single Fiber Tensile Strength Measurement 2nd

A Simple Low-Cost Apparatus for of Single Fiber Tensile Stre...

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2nd International Conference on Experimental and Computational Mechanics in engineering, ICECME 2020

作者： Sabri, S. Fuadi, Z. Kurniawan, R. Hajar, I. Rizal, Samsul Homma, H. Doctoral School of Engineering Postgraduate Study Program Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh23111 Indonesia Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh23111 Indonesia Undergraduate Study Program Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh23111 Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9789811607356

Concerns about environment impacts of synthetics fiber composites usages have led to various researches in Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs). Since various natural fibers are available worldwide, one of the issues in its application is the evaluation of mechanical properties of the fiber. In this study, we have designed a simple low-cost tensile test apparatus for evaluation of ultimate tensile strength of single natural fiber. The simple apparatus is built using a low-cost linear stage driven by a stepper motor. A cantilever spring is employed to measure the tensile force during the tensile test. The apparatus shows a good performance when used to evaluate the maximum tensile strength of single Abacafiber. However, the apparatus still has the limitation in that it has no feature to measure the fiber’s elongation during the test. Nevertheless, the apparatus is considered useful for preliminary evaluation of the ultimate tensile strength of various single natural fiber. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Single fiber Tensile test Test apparatus Ultimate tensile strength

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Design and Development of a Mobile Goods Transfer Robot Using Waypoint GPS Navigation Method

Design and Development of a Mobile Goods Transfer Robot Usin...

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Sustainable Emerging Innovations in engineering and Technology (ICSEIET), International Conference on

作者： Danang Puji Wiliyanto Slamet Supriyadi Agus Mukhtar Yuris Setyoadi Mega Novita Ankur Dixit Prabhat Singh Rahul Virmani Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Informatics Universitas PGRI Semarang Semarang Central Java Indonesia Postgraduate Program of Science Education Universitas PGRI Semarang Semarang Central Java Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India

The use of automated goods transfer robots, capable of autonomously moving items from one point to another without the need for manual operation, is widely adopted in various industries. The Waypoint GPS navigation method can be employed in developing an automated goods transfer robot. This research focuses on the design and development of a robot using two Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates for navigation and a smartphone as the user interface, equipped with ultrasonic sensors as input. The main components utilized in this robot include the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, neo-7M GPS module, HC-06 Bluetooth module, SR-04 sensor, and omni-directional wheels. The position data is obtained by converting the two GPS coordinates into distance and direction values. These values are further translated into Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals, which are used to drive the robot's motors. To avoid collision, fuzzy logic is employed to regulate the PWM signals. The research results demonstrate that the robot can autonomously navigate from one point to another based on the provided coordinates while effectively avoiding obstacles. The findings of this study address a research gap in the application of the Waypoint GPS navigation method for goods transfer robots. The purpose of this research is to design and develop a robot that can autonomously transfer goods using the proposed method. The methodology involves the integration of GPS coordinates, smartphone interface, ultrasonic sensors, and motor control mechanisms. The results indicate successful navigation from the origin to the desired destination, following the specified coordinates, and obstacle avoidance capability. In conclusion, the developed robot utilizing the Waypoint GPS navigation method showcases promising potential for automated goods transfer applications. The ability to operate autonomously, guided by GPS coordinates, and the avoidance of obstacles enhances the efficiency and safety of goods transf

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