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Knowledge, attitude and practice of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus towards complementary and alternative medicine

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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2016年第3期14卷 187-196页

作者： Sulaiman Al-Eidi Salwa Tayel Fatima Al-Slail Naseem Akhtar Qureshi Imen Sohaibani Mohamed Khalil Abdullah Mohammad Al-Bedah Family & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine King Saud University Ministry of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Ministry of Health National Diabetes Prevention & Control Program

OBJECTIVE： The use of complementary and alternative medicine（CAM） is relatively common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM） around the world. Like many other countries, Saudi Arabia has a high incidence of T2DM, and incorporates the use of CAM in its treatment. This study explores the knowledge, attitude and practice（KAP） of CAM therapies among patients with T2DM and explores the relationships between sociodemographics and the KAP of CAM modalities. METHODS： This is a hospital-based, observational, cross-sectional study that selected 302 outpatients with T2DM, from Diabetic Center of King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, in Riyadh city, in May 2014. Patients were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire. RESULTS： The mean age of patients was（51.6 ± 10.6） years and 43.4% of them were males. The prevalence of CAM practices was 30.5%; 30.39% of them used herbs, 20.58% used wet cupping and 17.64% used nutritional supplements and other therapies. The factors found to predict the use of CAM therapies among patients with T2DM were： age above 51 years, unemployment and the participants’ knowledge about the effectiveness of CAM products. CONCLUSION： This preliminary study estimated the prevalence of CAM use, revealed positive attitude towards CAM and found three significant predictors of CAM use among patients with T2DM, which is consistent with regional data. A community-based research with a larger sample that targets T2DM population is needed in Saudi Arabia.

关键词： complementary therapies diabetes mellitus,type 2 prevalence Saudi Arabia

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Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff: Vaccine-Associated Rash Illness Occurring amidst a Large Measles Outbreak—Minnesota, 2017

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Open Forum Infect Dis 2017年第SUPPL 1期4卷 S736-S736页

作者： Karen Martin Rajal Mody Malini Desilva Emily Banerjee Anna Strain Stacy Holzbauer Cynthia Kenyon Melissa McMahon Paul Rota Paul Gastanaduy Miriam Muscoplat Victoria Hall Kristen Ehresmann Minnesota Department of Health St. Paul Minnesota Division of State and Local Readiness Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia Division of Viral Diseases National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia Epidemic Intelligence Service Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia

Background During April–June 2017, Minnesota experienced the state’s largest measles outbreak in 27 years. A vaccination campaign was implemented. Numerous vaccine-associated rash illnesses (VARI) were detected. VARI is non-contagious, but difficult to distinguish from measles clinically. Often, public health control measures need to be implemented before wild-type measles can be differentiated from VARI by viral genotyping. We compared clinical characteristics of VARI and confirmed measles cases to inform testing practices. Methods We defined measles cases per the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. VARI was defined as a rash occurring in a person within 21 days after receipt of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and in whom a measles vaccine strain (genotype A) was detected in naso/oro- pharyngeal swab or urine samples. Minnesota’s immunization information system monitored MMR doses administered. We collected clinical information through routine case investigation. Results Over 42,000 MMR doses above expected were administered during the outbreak. We identified 71 measles cases and 30 VARI. The median age of VARI patients was 1.2 years (range 10 months–48 years) and for measles cases 2.8 years (range 3 months–57 years). VARI diagnosis increased with rising MMR administration (figure); rash onset occurred a median of 11 (range 7–18) days after MMR receipt. Most VARI (97%) occurred following first MMR dose. The presence of fever was similar among VARI and measles cases (97% of VARI vs. 100% of measles cases; P = 0.12), but differences were seen in the proportion with cough (30% vs. 96%; P < 0.001), coryza (47% vs. 85%; P < 0.001), conjunctivitis (23% vs. 68%; P < 0.001), and exposure to infectious measles cases (0% vs. 96%). Conclusions Surges in MMR administration and heightened community awareness during a measles outbreak can result in a large number of VARI, consuming considerable public health resources. When evaluating the need to suspect

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Engagement of public and private medical facilities in tuberculosis care in Myanmar:contributions and trends over an eight-year period

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1083-1089页

作者： Thin Thin Nwe Saw Saw Le Le Win Myo Myo Mon Johan van Griensven Shuisen Zhou Palanivel Chinnakali Safieh Shah Saw Thein Si Thu Aung Procurement Unit Department of Public HealthNaypyitawMyanmar Department of Medical Research YangonMyanmar Institute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpBelgium Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionShanghaiChina Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research(JIPMER) PuducherryIndia Operational Research Unit(LuxOR) MEdecins Sans FrontiEres-Operational Centre BrusselsLuxembourgLuxembourg National TB Program Department of Public HealthNaypyitawMyanmar Procurement and Supply Division Department of Public HealthMinistry of HealthNaypyitawMyanmar

Background:As part of the WHO End TB strategy,national tuberculosis(TB)programs increasingly aim to engage all private and public TB care *** of communities,civil society organizations and public and private care provider is the second pillar of the End TB *** Myanmar,this entails the public-public and public-private mix(PPM)*** public-public mix refers to public hospital TB services,with reporting to the national TB program(NTP).The public-private mix refers to private general practitioners providing TB services including TB diagnosis,treatment and reporting to *** aim of this study was to assess whether PPM activities can be scaled-up nationally and can be sustained over ***:Using 2007-2014 aggregated program data,we collected information from NTP and non-NTP actors on 1)the number of TB cases detected and their relative contribution to the national case load;2)the type of TB cases detected;3)their treatment ***:The total number of TB cases detected per year nationally increased from 133,547 in 2007 to 142,587 in *** contribution of private practitioners increased from 11%in 2007 to 18%in 2014,and from 1.8%to 4.6%for public *** NTP contribution decreased from 87%in 2007 to 77%in 2014.A similar pattern was seen in the number of new smear(+)TB cases(31%of all TB cases)and retreatment cases,which represented 7.8%of all TB *** new smear(+)TB cases,adverse outcomes were more common in public hospitals,with more patients dying,lost to follow up or not having their treatment outcome *** treated by private practitioners were more frequently lost to follow up(8%).Adverse treatment outcomes in retreatment cases were particularly common(59%)in public hospitals for various reasons,predominantly due to patients dying(26%)or not being evaluated(10%).In private clinics,treatment failure tended to be more common(8%).Conclusions:The contribution of non-NTP actors to TB detection at the

关键词： Public and private Tuberculosis Myanmar Operational research

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Author Correction: Strong associations between chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes and the risk of urothelial and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

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Scientific reports 2018年第1期8卷 8183页

作者： Hongkun Wang Ying Wang Krishna K Kota Bing Sun Bhaskar Kallakury Nabiel N Mikhail Douaa Sayed Ahmed Mokhtar Doaa Maximous Etemad H Yassin Scarlett X Sun Xiaofei Chen Christopher A Loffredo Yun-Ling Zheng Department of Biostatistics Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA. Cancer Prevention and Control Program Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA. Department of Pathology Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA. South Egypt Cancer Institute Assiut University Assiut Egypt. Department of Biostatistics Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA. yz37@georgetown.edu. Cancer Prevention and Control Program Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA. yz37@georgetown.edu.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

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1722. The Changing Epidemiology of Candidemia in the United States: Injection Drug Use as an Emerging Risk Factor for Candidemia

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Open Forum Infect Dis 2018年第SUPPL 1期5卷 S53-S53页

作者： Alexia Y Zhang Sarah Shrum Sabrina Williams Brittany Vonbank Sherry Hillis Devra Barter Sarah Petnic Lee H Harrison Ghinwa Dumyati Erin C Phipps Rebecca Pierce William Schaffner Monica M Farley Rajal K Mody Tom Chiller Brendan R Jackson Snigdha Vallabhaneni Acute and Communicable Disease Prevention Oregon Health Authority Portland Oregon New Mexico Department of Health Santa Fe New Mexico Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia Minnesota Department of Health St. Paul Minnesota Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Denver Colorado California Emerging Infections Program Oakland California University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania NY Emerging Infections Program Center for Community Health and Prevention University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York New Mexico Emerging Infections Program University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine and Atlanta VA Medical Center Atlanta Georgia Division of State and Local Readiness Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response CDC Atlanta Georgia

Background Known risk factors for candidemia include diabetes, malignancy, antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), prolonged hospitalization, abdominal surgery, and central venous catheters. Injection drug use (IDU) is not a common risk factor. We used data from CDC Emerging Infections program’s candidemia surveillance to assess prevalence of IDU among candidemia cases and compare IDU and non-IDU cases. Methods Active, population-based candidemia surveillance was conducted in 45 counties in 9 states during January–December 2017. Data from 2014 to 2016 were available from 4 states and were used to look for trends. A case was defined as blood culture with Candida in a surveillance area resident. We collected clinical information, including IDU in the past 12 months. Differences between IDU and non-IDU cases were tested using logistic regression. Results Of 1,018 candidemia cases in 2017, 123 (12%) occurred in the context of recent IDU (1% in Minnesota and 27% in New Mexico) (Figure 1). In the 4 states with pre-2017 data, the proportion of IDU cases increased from 7% in 2014 to 15% in 2017, with the proportion in Tennessee nearly tripling from 7% to 18% (Figure 2). IDU cases were younger than non-IDU cases (median 34 vs. 62 years, P < 0.001). Compared with non-IDU cases, IDU cases were less likely to have diabetes (16% vs. 35%; OR 0.4, CI 0.2–0.6), malignancies (7% vs. 30%; OR 0.2, CI 0.1–0.3), abdominal surgery (6% vs. 19%; OR 0.3, CI 0.1–0.6), receive TPN (6% vs. 27%; OR 0.2, CI 0.1–0.4) and were more likely to have hepatitis C (96% vs. 47%; OR 16.1, CI 10.4–24.9), be homeless (13% vs. 1%; OR 17.8, CI 7.1–44.6), and have polymicrobial blood cultures (33% vs. 17%; OR 2.4, CI 1.6–3.6). Median time from admission to candidemia was 0.5 vs. 3 days and in-hospital mortality was 7% vs. 28% for IDU and non-IDU cases, respectively. Conclusion In 2017, 1 in 8 candidemia cases had a history of IDU, including a quarter of cases in some sites. The proportion of such cases

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1621. Acute Cardiovascular Events Among Adults Hospitalized with Influenza, FluSurv-NET, 2010–2018

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Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2019年第SUPPLEMENT_2期6卷 S591–S592页

作者： Chow, Eric J Rolfes, Melissa A O’Halloran, Alissa Anderson, Evan J Bennett, Nancy M Billing, Laurie M Chai, Shua Dufort, Elizabeth Kim, Sue Irizarry, Lourdes Lynfield, Ruth Monroe, Maya Risk, Ilene Stephens, Samantha Talbot, Keipp Thomas, Ann Yousey-Hindes, Kim Reed, Carrie Garg, Shikha Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia University of Rochester Rochester New York Ohio Department of Health Columbus Ohio California Department of Public Health Oakland California NYSDOH Albany New York Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Lansing Michigan New Mexico Department of Health Santa Fe New Mexico Minnesota Department of Health Saint Paul Minnesota Maryland Department of Health Baltimore Maryland Salt Lake County Health Department Salt Lake Utah Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Denver Colorado Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee Oregon Health Authority Portland Oregon Connecticut Emerging Infections Program New Haven Connecticut

Background Influenza virus infection most commonly causes acute respiratory tract illness, however may also lead to non-respiratory complications including acute cardiovascular (CV) events. We describe the frequency of and risk factors for acute CV events in adults hospitalized with influenza in the United States. Methods We included adults aged > 18 years hospitalized during influenza seasons 2010–2011 through 2017–2018 in FluSurv-NET, a multi-state population-based surveillance system that includes detailed medical chart review of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza. We defined acute CV events by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) primary and secondary discharge diagnosis codes for acute heart failure (aHF), acute ischemic heart disease (aIHD), hypertensive crisis, cardiogenic shock, acute myocarditis, acute pericarditis and cardiac tamponade. We calculated the frequency of acute CV events and used multivariable logistic regression among the 87% treated with influenza antivirals to identify independent factors associated with aHF and aIHD, the two most common diagnoses. Results Of 80,374 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, 12% had > 1 acute CV event. We found that aHF (46%) and aIHD (42%) were the most common, followed by hypertensive crisis (8%), cardiogenic shock (3%), acute myocarditis (0.7%), acute pericarditis (0.4%) and cardiac tamponade (0.2%). Compared with treated patients without an acute cardiovascular event, treated patients with aHF (Figure A) and aIHD (Figure B) were more likely to be older, currently/formerly use tobacco and have underlying conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. Conclusion Among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, acute CV events are common, particularly among those with prior cardiovascular disease. During the influenza season, clinicians should consider influenza virus infection in hospitalized adults who presen

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Correction to: Association of dietary inflammatory potential with cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies

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Diabetology & metabolic syndrome 2020年第1期12卷 106页

作者： Zahra Aslani Omid Sadeghi Motahar Heidari-Beni Hoda Zahedi Fereshteh Baygi Nitin Shivappa James R Hébert Sajjad Moradi Gity Sotoudeh Hamid Asayesh Shirin Djalalinia Mostafa Qorbani Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Students' Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Child Growth and Development Research Center Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Center of Maritime Health and Society Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Esbjerg Denmark. Cancer Prevention and Control Program University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA. Connecting Health Innovations LLC Columbia SC 29201 USA. Halal Research Center of IRI FDA Tehran Iran. Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran. Department of Medical Emergencies Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran. Development of Research & Technology Center Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Iran. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran. mqorbani1379@***. Chronic Diseases Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. mqorbani1379@***.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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898. Influenza Vaccination Reduces Risk of Severe Outcomes among Adults Hospitalized with Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, FluSurv-NET, 2013–2018

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Open Forum Infect Dis 2019年第SUPPL 2期6卷 S26-S26页

作者： Shikha Garg Lauren Beacham Carmen S Arriola Alissa O’Halloran Charisse N Cummings Art Reingold Nisha B Alden Kim Yousey-Hindes Evan J Anderson Maya Monroe Sue Kim Ruth Lynfield Lourdes Irizarry Alison Muse Nancy M Bennett Laurie M Billing Ann Thomas Keipp Talbot Keegan McCaffrey Alicia M Fry Carrie Reed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia UC Berkeley Berkeley California Colorado Dept of Public Health and Environment Denver Colorado Connecticut Emerging Infections Program New Haven Connecticut Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia Maryland Department of Health Baltimore Maryland Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Lansing Michigan Minnesota Department of Health Saint Paul Minnesota New Mexico Department of Health Santa Fe New Mexico New York State Department of Health Albany New York University of Rochester Rochester New York Ohio Department of Health Columbus Ohio Oregon Health Authority Portland Oregon Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee Utah Department of Health Salt Lake City Utah

Background Influenza vaccination may reduce illness severity among those with influenza; however, data are limited. We determined whether outcomes were less severe among vaccinated compared with unvaccinated adults hospitalized with influenza over 5 seasons. Methods We included adults (≥18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during seasons 2013–2014 through 2017–2018 and identified through the US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET). Vaccination status was obtained through medical records, vaccine registries, and interviews. We excluded patients who were institutionalized, did not receive antivirals, or had unknown vaccine status or vaccine receipt <14 days before positive influenza test. We used inverse propensity score weighting to balance differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups and multivariable logistic and competing risk regression to evaluate the association between vaccination and outcomes including pneumonia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (MV), death, and ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS) in days. Models were adjusted for season and admission timing in relation to timing of antiviral treatment, symptom onset and season peak. Results Among 67,452 adults hospitalized with influenza, 43,608 were included; 47% were 18–64 years (38% vaccinated) and 53% were ≥65 years (65% vaccinated). Among patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, vaccination was associated with decreased odds of ICU admission (odds ratio (OR) 0.81; OR 0.72) and MV (OR 0.66; OR 0.54) in adults 18–64 and ≥65 years, respectively; decreased odds of pneumonia (OR 0.83), death (OR 0.64) and shortened ICU LOS (relative hazard (RH) 0.82) in adults 18–64 years; and shortened hospital LOS (RH 0.91) in adults ≥65 years (figure). Vaccination was not associated with attenuation of severe outcomes in patients with influenza A(H3N2) and B. Conclusion Vaccination was associated with reduced odds of severe outcomes, includi

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94. Pneumonia Severity Scores Poorly Predict Severe Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with Influenza

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Open Forum Infect Dis 2019年第SUPPL 2期6卷 S8-S8页

作者： Joshua Doyle Shikha Garg Alissa O’Halloran Lauren Beacham Charisse N Cummings Rachel Herlihy Kim Yousey-Hindes Evan J Anderson Maya Monroe Sue Kim Ruth Lynfield Lourdes Irizarry Nancy Spina Nancy M Bennett Mary Hill Carrie Reed William Schaffner Keipp Talbot Wesley Self Derek Williams Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Decatur Georgia Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Denver Colorado Connecticut Emerging Infections Program New Haven Connecticut Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia Maryland Department of Health Baltimore Maryland Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Lansing Michigan Minnesota Department of Health Saint Paul Minnesota New Mexico Department of Health Santa Fe New Mexico New York State Department of Health Albany New York University of Rochester Rochester New York Salt Lake County Health Department Salt Lake City Utah Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee

Background Influenza can lead to severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with influenza, and causes substantial annual morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the performance of validated pneumonia severity indices in predicting severe influenza-associated outcomes. Methods We conducted a multicenter study within CDC’s Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) which included adults (≥ 18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2017–18 influenza season. Medical charts were abstracted to obtain data on vital signs and laboratory values at admission on a stratified random sample of cases at a subset of hospitals at 11 network sites. Estimates were weighted to reflect the probability of selection. Cases were assigned to low- and high-risk groups based on the CURB-65 (‘Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age ≥65’) index (high-risk cutoff = score ≥ 3), and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) (high-risk cutoff = category V). We calculated area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), sensitivity, and specificity to estimate the performance of each index in predicting severe outcome categories: (1) intensive care unit (ICU) admission, 2) noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), (3) mechanical ventilation (MV), vasopressors, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and (4) death. Results Among 27,523 adults hospitalized with influenza, 8665 (31%) were sampled for inclusion in this analysis; median age was 70 years and 92% had ≥ 1 chronic condition. A total of 1,366 (16%) were classified as high-risk by CURB-65 and 1,249 (14%) by PSI. Both indices had low discrimination for severe outcomes; the AUROC for CURB-65 ranged from 0.55 for ICU admission to 0.65 for death, and for PSI ranged from 0.58 for ICU admission to 0.73 for death. Risk status by CURB-65 was less sensitive than PSI in predicting MV, vasopressor, or ECMO usage as well as death (figure). The specificity of CURB-65 and PSI was similar a

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Engagement and attrition in Internet smoking cessation interventions: Insights from a cross-sectional survey of "one-hit-wonders"

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Internet Interventions 2016年 5卷 23-29页

作者： Saul, Jessie E. Amato, Michael S. Cha, Sarah Graham, Amanda L. North American Research and Analysis Inc. Faribault MN United States Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies Truth Initiative Washington DC United States Department of Oncology Georgetown University Medical Center/Cancer Prevention and Control Program Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Washington DC United States

Introduction: Internet interventions can reach large numbers of individuals. However, low levels of engagement and high rates of follow-up attrition are common, presenting major challenges to evaluation. This study investigated why registrants of an Internet smoking cessation intervention did not return after joining ("one hit wonders"), and explored the impact of graduated incentives on survey response rates and responder characteristics. Methods: A sample of "one hit wonders" that registered on a free smoking cessation website between 2014 and 2015 were surveyed. The initial invitation contained no incentive. Subsequent invitations were sent to random subsamples of non-responders from each previous wave offering $25 and $50 respectively. Descriptive statistics characterized respondents on demographic characteristics, reasons for not returning, and length of time since last visit. Differences were investigated with Fisher's Exact tests, Kruskal-Wallis, and logistic regression. Results: Of 8779 users who received the initial invitation, 132 completed the survey (1.5%). Among those subsequently offered a $25 incentive, 127 (3.7%) responded. Among those offered a $50 incentive, 97 responded (5.7%). The most common reasons endorsed for not returning were being unable to quit (51%), not having enough time (33%), having forgotten about the website (28%), and not being ready to quit (21%). Notably, however, 23% reported not returning because they had successfully quit smoking. Paid incentives yielded a higher proportion of individuals who were still smoking than the $0 incentive (72% vs. 61%). Among $0 and $25 responders, likelihood of survey response decreased with time since registration;the $50 incentive removed the negative effect of time-since-registration on probability of response. Conclusions: One third of participants that had disengaged from an Internet intervention reported abstinence at follow-up, suggesting that low levels of engagement are not synonymous wit

关键词： Attrition Engagement Incentive Smoking cessation Survey methods

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