A new approach towards the development of a novel pH sensor using electrically conducting polymers is addressed. The approach is based on computer analysis of different experimental works in which various conducting p...
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A new approach towards the development of a novel pH sensor using electrically conducting polymers is addressed. The approach is based on computer analysis of different experimental works in which various conducting polymer-based pH electrodes are examined. In this work, we present a novel conducting polymer pH sensor by which the pH in solutions with different pH values can be detected. Since re-usability and reproducibility of conducting polymer sensors have been themselves controversial issues, we discuss the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods, artificial neural networks (ANNs) in particular, to address and examine such an issue on the performance of the introduced pH sensor. The introduced integrated ANN/conducting polymer pH sensing system has shown much better reproducibility in detecting pH of different acidic and basic media over the conventional polymeric pH detectors. The system can be designed for pH detection in any operational environment in an online/real time manner. Having access to such a system enables us to have access to the history of a desirable chemical process with respect to the extent of the acidity of the process.
Mesoporous LiFePO4/C microspheres consisting of LiFePO4 nanoparticles are successfully fabricated by an eco-friendly hydrothermal approach combined with high-temperature calcinations using cost-effective LiOH and Fe3...
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Mesoporous LiFePO4/C microspheres consisting of LiFePO4 nanoparticles are successfully fabricated by an eco-friendly hydrothermal approach combined with high-temperature calcinations using cost-effective LiOH and Fe3＋ salts as raw *** this strategy,pure mesoporous LiFePO4 microspheres,which are composed of LiFePO4 nanoparticles,were uniformly coated with carbon（1.5nm）.Benefiting from this unique architecture,these mesoporous LiFePO4/C microspheres can be closely packed,having high tap *** initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/C microspheres as positive-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries could reach 165.3 mAh/g at 0.1 C rate,which is notably close to the theoretical capacity of LiFePO4 due to the large BET surface area,which provides for a large electrochemically available surface for the active material and *** material also exhibits high rate capability（100 mAh/g at 8 C） and good cycling stability（capacity retention of 92.2%after 400 cycles at 8 C rate）.
Mathematical modeling for nanofiltration of ionic liquids(ILs) solutions could assist to understand transfer mechanism and predict experimental values. In this work, modeling by solution-diffusion model for nanofiltra...
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Mathematical modeling for nanofiltration of ionic liquids(ILs) solutions could assist to understand transfer mechanism and predict experimental values. In this work, modeling by solution-diffusion model for nanofiltration of long-alkyl-chain ILs aqueous solutions was proposed. Molecular simulations were performed to validate the existence of ion cluster in long-alkyl-chain ILs aqueous solution. Based on the results of simulations, parameters used in the solution-diffusion model were modified, such as concentration of ILs and diameter of ion *** modeling process was developed for three long-alkyl-chain ILs aqueous solutions with different concentrations(1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: [C6 mim]Cl, [C8 mim]Cl, [C10 mim]Cl). The calculated values obtained from modified solution-diffusion model could well match the experimental values.
In this paper, a model for fast coal pyrolysis in a cocurrent downer reactor is developed, in which both hydrodynamics and coal pyrolysis kinetics are simultaneously considered. The results of simulations based on thi...
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In this paper, a model for fast coal pyrolysis in a cocurrent downer reactor is developed, in which both hydrodynamics and coal pyrolysis kinetics are simultaneously considered. The results of simulations based on this model display reasonable agreement with experimental data obtained using Huolinhe coal as the feedstock, and this model is therefore suitable for predicting the fast pyrolysis of specific coal types. A series of simulations of fast coal pyrolysis in a cocurrent downer demonstrated that coal devolatilization is almost complete in the inlet region within a time span of 0.4 s, and that higher temperatures improve the pyrolysis efficiency. However, the yield of liquid products is decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, especially above 670 ℃, because of additional cracking of the liquids.
The present study investigated the influence of high temperature oxidation and reduction pretreatments on the leaching rate ofPanzhihua ilmenite. The as-pretreated ilmenite was leached with 20% HCI at 105 ℃, The leac...
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The present study investigated the influence of high temperature oxidation and reduction pretreatments on the leaching rate ofPanzhihua ilmenite. The as-pretreated ilmenite was leached with 20% HCI at 105 ℃, The leaching process was controlled by the phases and microstructures that evolved during the pretreatment processes. The leaching kinetics of pure hematite, ilmenite and pseudobrookite were characterized to clarify the phase effect on the iron-leaching rate; the rate of iron leaching occurs in the following order in the HCI solution： hematite （ferric iron） 〉 ilmenite （ferrous iron） 〉〉 pseudobrookite （ferric iron）. Therefore, the often-cited notion that ferrous iron dissolves faster in HCl solutions than ferric iron when explaining the pretreatment effects is inaccurate. Moreover, the oxidation pretreatment （at 600-1000 ℃ for 4 h） cannot destroy the dense structure of the Panzhihua ilmenite. Therefore, the influence exerted by the oxidation on the leaching process is primarily determined by the phase change; oxidation at 600 and 700℃ slightly increased the rate of iron leaching because the ilmenite was transformed into hematite, while the oxidation at 900-1000℃ significantly reduced the rate of iron leaching because a pseudobrookite phase formed. The reduction effect was subsequently investigated; the as-oxidized ilmenite was reduced under H2 at 750 ℃ for 30 min. The reduction significantly accelerated the rate of subsequent iron leaching such that nearly all of the iron had dissolved after leaching for 2 h in 20% HCl at 105 ℃. This enhanced iron-leaching rate is mainly attributed to the cracks and holes that formed during the reduction process.
BACKGROUND OF THE EMERGING MESOSCIENCE In studying a complex system in science,engineering or society,we usually observe its macroscale(system-scale)behavior first,then go deep into mechanisms at the microscale(unit-s...
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BACKGROUND OF THE EMERGING MESOSCIENCE In studying a complex system in science,engineering or society,we usually observe its macroscale(system-scale)behavior first,then go deep into mechanisms at the microscale(unit-scale)and finally try to correlate these two scales to reach a complete ***,it is increasingly recognized that correlating these two scales is quite difficult,and some common principles are inevitably missing in between these two extrema[1,2].
The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and *** removal of low concentrati...
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The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and *** removal of low concentration CO_(2) from the manned closed space is essential to meet the requirements of long-term space or deep-sea exploration,which is an international frontier and *** liquids(ILs),as a widespread and green solvent,already showed its excellent performance on CO_(2) capture and absorption,indicating its potential application in low concentration CO_(2) *** this review,we first summarized the current methods and strategies for direct capture from low concentration CO_(2) in both the atmosphere and manned closed ***,the multi-scale simulation methods of CO_(2) capture by ionic liquids are described in detail,including screening ionic liquids by COSMO-RS methods,capture mechanism by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation,and absorption process by computational fluid dynamics ***,some typical IL-based green technologies for low concentration CO_(2) capture,such as functionalized ILs,co-solvent systems with ILs,and supported materials based on ILs,are introduced,and analyzed the subtle possibility in manned closed ***,we look forward to the technology and development of low concentration CO_(2) capture,which can meet the needs of human survival in closed space and proposed that supported materials with ionic liquids have great advantages and infinite possibilities in the vital area.
Effective silver recovery is usually restricted by either environmental pollution or high recovery costs. To tackle the issues, this study introduces a novel method for the effective recovery of silver by utilizing th...
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Effective silver recovery is usually restricted by either environmental pollution or high recovery costs. To tackle the issues, this study introduces a novel method for the effective recovery of silver by utilizing the alkaline sodium thiosulfate-potassium ferricyanide leaching system. The reaction kinetics of silver dissolution in this system was investigated via the rotating disk electrode technology. The influences of important parameters, including the rotation speed, sodium thiosulfate concentration, potassium ferricyanide concentration, and temperature, on the silver dissolution rate were systematically investigated. The activation energy was measured to be 17.96 kJ·mol^(-1) when the silver dissolution was controlled by a diffusion process. When the silver dissolution was in the region of mixed control, the reaction orders of ferricyanide and thiosulfate were found to be 0.57 and 0.19, respectively, and the reaction orders of ferricyanide and thiosulfate were 0.55 and 0.22, respectively, when the silver dissolution was controlled by surface reaction. This study has great potential for the development of an environmentally friendly silver recovery process from end-of-life products.
Two basic approaches in process simulation—sequential and simultaneous—are investigated. The method of successive substitutions is used to make a comparison of the basic characters of those two approaches. Sufficien...
In this paper we compare different operation strategies for alkaline electrolyzis (AEL) systems using numeric simulation. We derived general models for mass and energy balances from literature and composed them into a...
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