This paper describes TRANSIM simulation a a method for solving problems. There is a brief discussion of modeling and its importance. TRANSIM is compared with other general purpose simulators, special purpose simulatio...
Two basic approaches in process simulation—sequential and simultaneous—are investigated. The method of successive substitutions is used to make a comparison of the basic characters of those two approaches. Sufficien...
We consider the problem of a tandem cold rolling mill to achieve correct output gauge, and satisfactory shape, and surface finish. The essential process variables are roll force, shape and thermal roll crown. The form...
We consider the problem of a tandem cold rolling mill to achieve correct output gauge, and satisfactory shape, and surface finish. The essential process variables are roll force, shape and thermal roll crown. The formulation of the equations for these key variables is described. The scheduling problem is formulated as a constrained two point boundary value problem. This is solved using conjugate gradient and projection techniques developed for optimal control problems. Results showing the improvements which can be made in strip shape and general mill operating conditions, by optimising the schedules, are included and discussed.
This book reflects the considerable current industrial interest and investment in processcontrolsystems. The use of computer systems in processcontrol can provide great benefits, and it is estimated that efficiency...
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ISBN:
(数字)9789401131162
ISBN:
(纸本)9780412395307;9789401053808
This book reflects the considerable current industrial interest and investment in processcontrolsystems. The use of computer systems in processcontrol can provide great benefits, and it is estimated that efficiency can be increased by up to 30%. It is not surprising, therefore, that there have been considerable efforts by system designers and users to introduce and use such systems. process hardware is integrated into a complete production system through data processing. It is for this purpose that technical specialists (e. g. electrical, mechanical, electronics, communication and process engineers and program mers) are involved in data processing. The scope of this book is therefore to assist in the selection of computer hardware and software that match the functional specification of the data processing component of a particular system. The principal points covered in this book are set out below. Part One: Production process hardware for a standard process is outlined and the information processing hardware is described. Large mechanical process hardware and process information devices (e. g. sensors and control elements involved in the process) create a coherent production unit, or system, which can be the control unit (i. e. the basic process unit). The hardware processes are described and the mathematics explained. This enables the application of control laws in order to linearize the process about its working point, as well as a stratification of processcontrol tasks.
Hydrogen has been identified as one of the key elements to bolster longer-term climate neutrality and strategic autonomy for several major countries. Multiple road maps emphasize the need to accelerate deployment acro...
Hydrogen has been identified as one of the key elements to bolster longer-term climate neutrality and strategic autonomy for several major countries. Multiple road maps emphasize the need to accelerate deployment across its supply chain and utilization. Being one of the major contributors to global CO2 emissions, the transportation sector finds in hydrogen an appealing alternative to reach sustainable development through either its direct use in fuel cells or further transformation to sustainable fuels. This review summarizes the latest developments in hydrogen use across the major energy-consuming transportation sectors. Rooted in a systemsengineering perspective, we present an analysis of the entire hydrogen supply chain across its economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Providing an outlook on the sector, we discuss the challenges hydrogen faces in penetrating the different transportation markets.
Enantiomer separation and the isolation of natural products from plants pose challenging separation problems resulting from the similarity of molecules and the number of compounds present in synthesis or extract mixtu...
Enantiomer separation and the isolation of natural products from plants pose challenging separation problems resulting from the similarity of molecules and the number of compounds present in synthesis or extract mixtures. Furthermore, limited theory is available to predict productivities for possible alternative separation techniques. The application and performance of chromatography- and crystallization-based processes are demonstrated for various case studies devoted to isolating valuable target compounds from complex initial mixtures. In all cases, the first emphasis is set to determine the process-specific phase equilibria to identify feasible process options. For all examples considered, yields and productivities are evaluated and compared for different scenarios. Guidelines to approach and solve similar separation tasks are given.
Achieving a truly sustainable energy transition requires progress across multiple dimensions beyond climate change mitigation goals. This article reviews and synthesizes results from disparate strands of literature on...
Achieving a truly sustainable energy transition requires progress across multiple dimensions beyond climate change mitigation goals. This article reviews and synthesizes results from disparate strands of literature on the coeffects of mitigation to inform climate policy choices at different governance levels. The literature documents many potential cobenefits of mitigation for nonclimate objectives, such as human health and energy security, but little is known about their overall welfare implications. Integrated model studies highlight that climate policies as part of well-designed policy packages reduce the overall cost of achieving multiple sustainability objectives. The incommensurability and uncertainties around the quantification of coeffects become, however, increasingly pervasive the more the perspective shifts from sectoral and local to economy wide and global, the more objectives are analyzed, and the more the results are expressed in economic rather than nonmonetary terms. Different strings of evidence highlight the role and importance of energy demand reductions for realizing synergies across multiple sustainability objectives.
This detailed volume brings together leading practitioners in the freeze-drying community to address recent progress, not only in new analytical tools and applications of the data derived in cycle design but also in t...
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ISBN:
(数字)9781493989287
ISBN:
(纸本)9781493989270
This detailed volume brings together leading practitioners in the freeze-drying community to address recent progress, not only in new analytical tools and applications of the data derived in cycle design but also in the manufacturing of lyophilized products in the healthcare sector – whether these be therapeutics, vaccines or diagnostic products - and indeed the equipment to deliver this scale of freeze-drying. Areas of focus include analytical and formulation issues, process monitoring and control, as well as post-lyophilization analysis. Written for the;series, chapters include the type of expert advice that leads to superior results in the lab.;Authoritative and practical,;serves as an ideal guide for researchers working in or just seeking an update on this rapidly changing field.
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