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Flow Chemistry and Continuous processing: More Mainstream than Ever!

ORGANIC process RESEARCH & development 2024年第5期28卷 1269-1271页

作者： Cole, Kevin P. Jaworski, Jonathan N. Kappe, C. Oliver Kobayashi, Shu Maguire, Anita R. O'Kearney-McMullan, Anne Pesti, Jaan A. Synthetic Molecule Design and Development Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana 46285 United States Process Chemistry Development Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co. 35 Landsdowne Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 United States Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility SSPC the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals University College Cork Cork T12 K8AF Ireland Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Operations AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA United Kingdom Pharma Resource Group Inc. 880 Enterprise Drive Royersford Pennsylvania 19468 United States

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Synthesis and thermal stabilizing effect on polyvinyl chloride of calcium/zinc carboxylate from palm fatty acid distillate: Effect of metal to fatty acid ratio

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3073卷

作者： I. Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan Nadya Amalia Pratiwi Nento Adli Azharuddin Antonius Indarto Dendy Adityawarman Chemical Engineering Product Design and Development Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia Master Program in Chemical Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia Chemical Reaction Technology and Catalysis Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has many applications in construction, such as pipes, floors, roofs, walls, frames, and cables. Since it is easily degraded by heat, a heat stabilizer must be added to the PVC resin before it is molded into final products. Mixed calcium/zinc carboxylate has become a popular PVC thermal stabilizer since it is more friendly than the conventional lead base thermal stabilizers and is relatively inexpensive. This research aims to investigate the synthesis and assess the effectiveness of a mixed calcium/zinc thermal stabilizer in stabilizing PVC. The stabilizer was prepared from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), and different metal salt-to-fatty acid molar ratios were employed for the study. The synthesis was carried out by a metathesis method at 10% deficiency, stoichiometric, and 10% excess of metal salt-to-fatty acid molar ratio. The stabilizing effects of the obtained metal carboxylates as mixed metal thermal stabilizers have also been evaluated by standard thermal stability tests. The calcium and zinc carboxylates prepared at a 10% deficiency were found to have high pHs and lower metal contents than those at stoichiometric molar ratios due to the presence of residual sodium soap. Their thermal stabilizing effects on PVC are also worst when prepared at a deficient metal salt-to-fatty acid molar ratio. Increasing the metal-to-fatty acid molar ratio above the stoichiometric requirement lowers the thermal stabilizing effect of zinc carboxylate but has little influence on the thermal stabilizing effect of calcium carboxylate obtained. Synthesis at stoichiometric metal salt-to-fatty acid molar ratios is recommended for preparing calcium and zinc carboxylates as mixed metal PVC thermal stabilizers.

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Heat transfer coefficient on stirring palm fatty acid distillate in a jacketed tank at a dynamic stage

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3073卷

作者： I. Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan Yona Octavia Adli Azharuddin Antonius Indarto Dendy Adityawarman Chemical Engineering Product Design and Development Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Tekno Buana Globalindo Company Bandung Indonesia Master Program in Chemical Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Chemical Reaction Technology and Catalysis Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Research Group Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia

Convective heat transfer coefficients for palm fatty acid distillate have been measured in a batch stirred tank. The heat transfer took place at a dynamic stage in jacketed tanks with a working volume of 3.5 and 10.0 liters, at temperature ranging from 60 to 80°C and Reynolds number ranging from 1000 to 6000. The results indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient is in the range of 230 to 680 W·m-2·°C-1. The data fit well with the existing empirical model and can be expressed as Nu=0.5·Re⅔·Pr⅓ where Nu, Re, and Pr are Nusselt, Reynolds, and Prandtl numbers.

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design of tundish nozzles alignment system for multistrand billet casters in continuous casting shop 14

Design of tundish nozzles alignment system for multistrand b...

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14th National Conference on Machines and Mechanisms, NaCoMM 2009

作者： Verma, Amresh Kumar Selvam, Sambandham Thirumalai Chaudhuri, Subhasis Mishra, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Arun Kumar Prasad Process Engineering Group Design and Engineering Division Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel Steel Authority of India Limited Ranchi834002 India Continuous Casting Plant Durgapur Steel Plant Steel Authority of India Limited Durgapur West Bengal India

The Continuous Casting Shop in Durgapur Steel Plant has two 6-strand billet casters where the molten steel is brought in ladles and poured into tundish. The nozzles in the tundish need to be accurately aligned with respect to the moulds for smooth casting. In the earlier system, the alignment stands had fixed templates. Alignment of tundish nozzles with respect to the fixed template was difficult to achieve due to the inaccurate placement of tundish in the alignment stands and geometrical incorrectness of the tundish holes. Also the cranes were engaged for lengthy durations for aligning the tundish in the alignment stands. The new tundish nozzles alignment system comprises alignment mechanism having a movable template with precise guided motion, tundish holes alignment checking template for checking geometrical correctness of tundish holes, alignment fixtures and nozzle setting rods for aligning the nozzles and a PLC controlled hydraulic system for precise movement of alignment mechanism. The tundish alignment mechanism is a user friendly method to align the template with respect to tundish and place the nozzles accurately in the nozzle seating holes in the tundish during relining. It has also reduced the crane engagement time. This system has helped in increasing production by eliminating misalignment of the tundish nozzles. © 2009 14th National Conference on Machines and Mechanisms, NaCoMM 2009. All rights reserved.

关键词： Continuous casting

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Study of the water gas shift reaction thermodynamic, kinetic, and reactor modelling

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3215卷

作者： Gita Nur Sajida Salma Liska Wibawa Hendra Saputera Haryo Pandu Winoto Yogi Wibisono Budhi Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia 40132 Research Group of Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia 40132 Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia 40132

The water gas shift reaction (WGSR) is the intermediate and one of the most important step in carbon-based hydrogen (H2) production. The WGSR process enriches H2 and reduces CO in the synthesis gas. The WGSR is thermodynamically favored at low temperatures and kinetically favored at high temperatures. Thus, the WGSR takes place in two stages, namely high temperature shift (HTS) converter and followed by low temperature shift (LTS) converter. This study examines kinetic expressions for water-gas shift (WGS) reactions, including detailed operating parameters, thermodynamics, and mathematical reactor models. The Gibbs free energy value for the HTSC reaction is – 14.061 J/mol and for the LTSC reaction is –21.504.6 J/mol so that the reaction is feasible. In the WGS reaction the equilibrium conversion of HTSC is 96.3% and LTSC is 99.8%. The power law kinetic equation gives a reaction order value of 1 for CO and the LH model gives a reaction rate constant k of 0.866. In the evaluation of reactor performance by simulation, the results of the study prove that longer residence times, lower inlet temperatures, and optimal reactor heat transfer coefficients result in higher reactant conversions and more product gain.

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Freshwater-Derived Streptomyces: Prospective Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Biodegraders

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Scientific World Journal 2022年第1期2022卷

作者： Rodríguez-Fonseca, Maria Fernanda Ruiz-Balaguera, Sonia Valero, Manuel Fernando Sánchez-Suárez, Jeysson Coy-Barrera, Ericsson Díaz, Luis Eduardo Process Design and Management School of Engineering Universidad de la Sabana Chía 250001 Colombia Bioprospecting Research Group School of Engineering Universidad de la Sabana Chía 250001 Colombia Conservation Bioprospecting and Sustainable Development Group Environmental Engineering Program Universidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia (UNAD) Bogotá 110911 Colombia Energy Materials and Environment Group School of Engineering Universidad de la Sabana Chía 250001 Colombia Environmental Engineering Program School of Exact Sciences and Engineering Universidad Sergio Arboleda Bogotá 111071 Colombia Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Cajicá 250247 Colombia

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used in industrial applications, such as construction and clothing, owing to its chemical, physical, and environmental resistance. Owing to the previous characteristics, PVC is the third most consumed plastic worldwide and, consequently, an increasing waste accumulation-related problem. The current study evaluated an in-house collection of 61 Actinobacteria strains for PVC resin biodegradation. Weight loss percentage was measured after the completion of incubation. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was subsequently performed using the PVC incubated with the three strains exhibiting the highest weight loss. GC-MS and ionic exchange chromatography analyses were also performed using the culture media supernatant of these three strains. After incubation, 14 strains had a PVC weight loss percentage higher than 50% in ISP-2 broth. These 14 strains were identified as Streptomyces strains. Strains 208, 250, and 290 showed the highest weight loss percentages (57.6-61.5% range). The thermal stability of PVC after bacterial exposure using these three strains was evaluated, and a modification of the representative degradation stages of nonincubated PVC was observed. Additionally, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of aromatic compounds in the inoculated culture media, and ionic exchange chromatography showed chloride release in the supernatant. A mathematical relation between culture conditions and PVC weight loss was also found for strains 208 and 290, showing an accuracy up to 97.99%. These results highlight the potential of the freshwater-derived Streptomyces strains as candidates for the PVC biodegradation strategy and constitute the first approach to a waste management control scale-up process. © 2022 Maria Fernanda Rodríguez-Fonseca et al.

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Approximate Bayesian Computation in Parameter Estimation of Building Energy Models 11th

Approximate Bayesian Computation in Parameter Estimation of ...

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11th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC 2019

作者： Zhu, ChuanQi Tian, Wei de Wilde, Pieter Yin, Baoquan College of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin300222 China Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Low-Carbon Green Process Equipment Tianjin300222 China Chair of Building Performance Analysis Environmental Building Group University of Plymouth PlymouthDevonPL4 8AA United Kingdom Tianjin Architecture Design Institute Tianjin300074 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789811395277

Model calibration is a necessary step to create reliable energy models in building retrofit. Bayesian computation in model calibration has attracted more attention because it can make full use of prior knowledge on building parameters. However, the likelihood function is hard to be computed in Bayesian computation due to the complexity of building energy simulation models. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a likelihood-free method to infer unknown parameters in complicated computational models by approximating the likelihood function with simulation. The ABC method is inherently computationally intensive since a large number of simulation runs are required to find reliable inferred values. This paper proposes a method for combining the ABC technique and the machine-learning method to compute unknown parameters in parameter estimation of building energy models. The results show that this method can provide reliable estimations of unknown parameters when calibrating building energy models. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Parameter estimation

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Slag-coke interactions in the lead blast furnace 10

Slag-coke interactions in the lead blast furnace

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10th European Metallurgical Conference, EMC 2019

作者： Vanparys, Robin Brooks, Geoff Rhamdhani, Akbar Crivits, Tijl Swinburne University of Technology Dept. of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering Fluid and Process Dynamics Group John Street HawthornVIC3122 Australia Umicore Research and Development Watertorenstraat 33 Olen2250 Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783940276872

The interaction between metallurgical coke and slag is an important aspect of furnace operation in both lead production and ironmaking. This interaction occurs in the dripping zone of the blast furnace, where molten phases trickle through a bed of metallurgical coke. The impact on productivity is significant, as the majority of PbO reduction takes place in this zone of the lead blast furnace, and the reduction of FeO to Fe occurs in this zone of the iron blast furnace. The relative importance of direct and indirect reduction reactions in the dripping zone are not yet fully understood. The conditions of this zone are hard also to replicate in a laboratory experiment. In this work, a literature review on the conditions of the lead blast furnace and on the reduction kinetics of slags with metallurgical coke is included. Current studies on coke-slag interactions are performed either by sessile drop experiments or by submersion of coke into a molten slag. Using the sessile drop technique, the mechanism for direct reduction of oxides in a slag phase with solid carbonaceous material was found to be one of two gas-ferrying mechanisms for the case of FeO reduction. For PbO reduction, a gas-ferrying mechanism or a series of electrochemical reactions can be active. The different mechanisms are simultaneously operating, but the dominating mechanism depends on the wetting behaviour of the slag-carbon couple. Using the submersion technique, mass transfer was found to be rate determining for low lead or iron oxide activities, whereas for higher activities, the chemical reaction becomes rate limiting. These test methods have their merit when discussing bath smelting reactors or the hearth of the blast furnace, but both of these techniques are insufficient to represent the dripping zone of the furnace accurately. A new, dynamic, method of testing is therefore proposed. Copyright © European Metallurgical Conference, EMC *** rights reserved.

关键词： Slags

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Sensitivity Analysis of Building Energy Performance Assessment Based on Machine-Learning Models 11th

Sensitivity Analysis of Building Energy Performance Assessme...

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11th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC 2019

作者： Tian, Wei Shi, Jiaxin de Wilde, Pieter Sun, Yu Zhu, Chuanqi Yin, Baoquan College of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin300222 China Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Low-Carbon Green Process Equipment Tianjin300222 China Chair of Building Performance Analysis Environmental Building Group University of Plymouth PlymouthDevonPL4 8AA United Kingdom School of Architecture Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin150000 China Tianjin Architecture Design Institute Tianjin300074 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789811395277

Variance-based sensitivity analysis in combination with machine-learning techniques has been increasingly applied in energy analysis of buildings in order to reduce computational cost of running a large number of energy models with sufficient accuracy. This paper compares the performance of two sensitivity analysis methods based on machine-learning models for building energy assessment: multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and Cubist (CB). An office building located in Tianjin, China, is used as a case study with the EnergyPlus simulation program, to study the characteristics of these two sensitivity analysis methods. The results indicate that sufficient sample number is required to obtain reliable sensitivity analysis results in building energy assessment and subsequent HVAC system design and sizing. It is recommended to use at least two machine-learning models for variance-based sensitivity methods to allow the comparison of ranking results. The consistency of results from these learning methods should be thoroughly checked since the parameters in tuning these machine-learning models have significant influences on ranking results. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： Sensitivity analysis

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High-temperature water gas shift: Thermodynamic and reactor modeling study

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3215卷

作者： Yulia Tri Rahkadima Raihan Annisa Fitri Hafis Pratama Rendra Graha Yogi Wibisono Budhi Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia 40132 Chemical Engineering Department Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sidoarjo Sidoarjo Indonesia 61218 Research Group of Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia 40132 Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia 40132

The high-temperature water gas shift is essential process to achieve optimum hydrogen in hydrogen production. This study used a thermodynamic approach to thoroughly examine the effects of temperature and feed ratio on CO conversion. The reactor modeling using the FlexPDE program was also carried out to understand the distinctive high-temperature water gas shift in plug flow type. According to the study results, the water gas shift reaction’s equilibrium value and equilibrium conversion decrease as the reaction temperature rises. The presence of other components in feed could reduce the equilibrium conversion value. The optimal input (steam/CO) for the high-temperature water gas shift process is 3–4. The reactor simulation results show that the water gas shift reaction works optimally in non-adiabatic conditions with Qloss lower than 50%. When employing a reactor with a length of 1 meter, the water gas shift reaction operates best between 300 and 400 °C with a residence time of 0.14 seconds.

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