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FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY OF COMPOSITE-MATERIALS FOR MARINE VEHICLES

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 45-54页

作者： SEVART, JL GRIFFIN, OH GURDAL, Z WARNER, GA Jeffrey L. Sevart:is a native of Kansas and a 1985 graduate of Kansas State University with a B.S. in mechanical engineering (magna cum laude). After working as a stress analysis engineer at Boeing Military Airplane Company in Wichita Kans. he attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and received an M.S. in engineering mechanics in February 1988. He currently resides in Akron Ohio working as a research engineer in tire composites research at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. O. Hayden Griffin Jr.:received his B.S. and M.S. in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1970 and 1971 respectively. He received his Ph.D. in engineering mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1980. Prior to joining the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as associate professor of engineering science and mechanics in September 1985 he was employed at the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (Dahlgren Virginia) BF Goodrich Tire Group (Akron Ohio) the Bendix Advanced Technology Center (Columbia Maryland) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Laurel Maryland). He is currently an associate director of the Virginia Institute for Material Systems. He is a registered professional engineer in Virginia and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Composites. Zafer Gürdal:received his M.S. in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985. He worked as a research associate in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at Virginia Tech before joining the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department as an assistant professor in September 1985. Professor Gürdal's research interests include: composite structures failure mechanics of composites structural optimization and damage tolerant design. He is a member of the American Institute

Characteristics of both thermoplastic and thermoset composite materials as they pertain to marine vehicle applications are discussed. Comparison of various material selection factors such as strength, damage and moisture resistance, and flammability and toxicity as well as cost and availability of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials are presented. Methods for testing and reducing the flammability and toxicity are discussed. Many commercially available composite systems are reported to provide favorable characteristics for marine applications. Although there seems to be a need for improved production technology for thermoplastics, they present potential advantages in physical properties over thermoset composites.

关键词： Composite Materials

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A 4 Gb/s Si-bipolar Chip Set Far Optical Repeaters

A 4 Gb/s Si-bipolar Chip Set Far Optical Repeaters

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IEEE International Conference on Solid-State Circuits (ISSCC)

作者： Sahara Hamano Yamamoto Amemiya Touge Matsuda Fujitsu Technology Section/Bipolar IC Division Kawasaki Japan Fujitsu Optoelectronic Systems Laboratory Kawasaki Japan Process Engineering Department Engineering Section Fujitsu Company Limited Kawasaki Japan

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Emissions from the evaporative casting process

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Applied Industrial Hygiene 1988年第1期3卷 11-17页

作者： Gressel, Michael Gerard Tenaglia, Richard D. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Engineering Control Technology Branch Cincinnati OH 45226 4676 Columbia Parkway United States Battelle Columbus Division Melting and Casting Technology Process Metallurgy Section Columbus OH 43201 505 King Avenue United States

This study characterized the emissions generated during the pouring, cooling, and shakeout of castings made with the evaporative pattern casting (EPC) process. In addition, emissions from molds produced using conventional green sand technology were determined as a basis for comparison. Tests were performed under pilot-scale foundry conditions for production of both aluminum and gray iron water pump castings using an enclosing hood with a sampling stack. Sampling was conducted during pouring, cooling, and casting removal. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrométrie (GC/MS) techniques and real-time instrumentation were used to identify the contaminants produced, to quantify the major contaminants, and to determine the temporal nature of these emissions. Major gaseous contaminants were identified as styrene, benzene, toluene, and ethyl benzene. Analysis of the real-time data indicated that the EPC molds produced more carbon soot and hydrocarbons during pouring than the green sand for both iron and aluminum castings. Screening analyses for 17 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons showed the presence of more species at generally higher concentrations with the EPC molds than with the green sand. Heavy soot generation (and the associated release of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) during pouring and benzene release (gray iron only) during pouring and shakeout were identified as the principle hazards associated with the EPC process under the conditions tested. Consequently, considerable care should be taken in production operations to safeguard the metal pourers. © 1988 AIH.

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NAVAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS WATER-TREATMENT AND CONTROL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 133-137页

作者： EICHINGER, BJ The Author is head of the Water Technology and Process Materials Section Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) in Philadelphia. She graduated from Marywood College in 1965 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Ms. Eichinger began her career with the Navy as an analytical chemist responsible for resolution of shipboard problems involving water water-formed deposits corrosion contamination and chemical cleaning. She with NAVSSES engineers corrected significant fleet problems arising from contaminants in submarine main hydraulic fluid systems and distillate fuel systems. Ms. Eichinger coordinated with the Naval Sea Systems Command to develop evaluate and implement the water treatment program now in use for all non-nuclear naval propulsion and auxiliary water and steam systems. She is a current member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the author of the Naval Ships' Technical Manual chapter Boiler Water/Feedwater Test and Treatment.

The causes and effects of corrosion and contamination in conventional steam generator systems are described briefly. Treatment and control methodologies currently used by the Navy for feedwater, steam, condensate, and boiler water are detailed. Examples are cited of the manner in which Navy personnel are trained in interpretation of analytical data and in trend analysis in order that the ship can exercise preventive and corrective control of problems. Ancillary subjects discussed include chemical cleaning, mechanical cleaning, and out-of-service preservation. An overview of planned improvements is provided.

关键词： FEEDWATER TREATMENT

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CREATIVE WAYS OF REVAMPING NH3 PLANTS CAN IMPROVE PROFITABILITY.

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Plant/operations progress 1984年第2期3卷 101-107页

作者： Wang, Shoou-I Patel, Nitin M. Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Allentown Pa. 18105 Shoou-I Wang:is Manager of Hydrogen and Syngas Section Process Engineering Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Allentown Pa. He is responsible for high temperature process design activities on hydrogen carbon monoxide ammonia and methanol plants. He is also program manager for research and development in the hydrogen and carbon monoxide areas. He received a BS from Chung-Yuan University and an MS and PhD from Montana State University all in chemical engineering. Nitin M. Patel:is principal process engineer with Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Allentown Pa. He is responsible for high temperature process design/optimization activities regarding hydrogen carbon monoxide and ammonia plants. He received his BS from University of Baroda and his MS from Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) both in chemical engineering.

High energy costs have created a need to revamp existing ammonia plants to reduce the overall energy consumption per unit ton of production. This paper discusses the Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (APCI) NH//3 plant bottlenecks and shares some successful experience in revamping to overcome bottlenecks associated with capacity expansion, and overall performance efficiency/reliability improvements.

关键词： AMMONIA

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THERMAL RESPONSE OF process EQUIPMENT TO HYDROCARBON FIRES.

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Plant/operations progress 1983年第1期2卷 50-57页

作者： Solberg, Dag M. Borgnes, Otto Andreas Det Norske Veritas Oslo Norway Dag M. Solberg graduated M.Sc. from the Eidegenossische Technische Hochschule(ETH) Zurich in 1967 and took his doctorate in the ETH's Institute for Process Technology and Cryogenics in 1973 having previously worked as an assistant lecturer and scientific assistant at the Institute. He joined the research division of Det norske Veritas in 1974 being appointed senior research engineer two years later head of the Section for Process Technology in 1978 and Principal Research Engineer in 1979. He has been responsible for research work on fires and explosions related to ships and offshore platforms. He has been involved in a large number of projects on risk and consequence analysis of ships and offshore platforms and safety verifications of floating process plants for DnV. In February 1982 he took over other responsibilities within the organization and is now heading a new department for marine safety in the Ship Division. Otto Andreas Borgnes received his B. Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN in 1950. After having worked at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment at the Technical University of Norway Trondheim as a scientific assistant and in the industry as a refrigeration engineer he joined Det norske Veritas in 1964. Here he has been working in various fields in connection with classification of ships. He has been a senior research engineer since 1978. He has been participating in a number of research projects on thermal analysis of ship's hull and cargo containment systems and on thermal response of components to hydrocarbon fire as well as safety evaluations of process plants.

Investigations were carried out aimed at estimating realistic fire loads from different types of hydrocarbon fires and the thermal response of process equipment and structures exposed to such fires. The present paper concentrates on the thermal response of pipes and vessels exposed to a severe hydrocarbon fire with a defined thermal load.

关键词： INDUSTRIAL PLANTS

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SEAKEEPING BY DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1980年第2期92卷 157-178页

作者： COMSTOCK, EN KEANE, RG Mr. Edward N. Comstock is currently Head of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Section (SEA 32132) of the Hull Form Design Performance and Stability Branch Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his B.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering in 1970 and his M.S. degree in Ship Hydrodynamics in 1974 both from the University of Michigan. Mr. Comstock began his professional career with the U.S. Navy in 1974 as a Seakeeping Specialist in the Hull Form and Fluid Dynamics Branch of the former Naval Ship Engineering Center being involved in improving the design of naval ships through the integration of R&D technology advances into the ship design process. His efforts prior to 1980 were mainly aimed at developing and establishing Seakeeping Performance Assessment and Design Practices. Other responsibilities have included numerous ship performance investigations in still water and in the sea environment in support of ship design and specific Fleet problems. Prior to his employment by the Navy he worked in the Structural and Hydrodynamic Groups of General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division. There his activities spanned the areas of Submarine structural and Hydrodynamic Design and Construction. A member of ASNE since 1978. he is also a member of ASE and SNAME and has been active in supporting the efforts of the SNAME H-7 (Seakeeping) Panel the National Science Foundation (NSF). and the NATO Naval Armaments Group 6/Sub-Group 5 (Seakeeping). Mr. Robert G. Keane Jr. is presently Head of the Hull Form Design. Performance and Stability Branch (SEA 3213). Ship Design and Integration Directorate (SEA 03). Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received his B.E.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Johns Hopkins University in 1962. his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1967. and his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture from the University of Michigan in 1970. Additionally he has done graduate work in Management Science and Operations Research at The Johns Ho

“Seakeeping … is the ability of our ships to go to sea, and Successfully and safely execute their missions despite adverse environmental factors.” — VAdm. R.E. Adamson. USN In June 1975, VAdm. R.E. Adamson, USN, then Commander Naval Surface Forces, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, addressed the participants of the Seakeeping Workshop [1] and established what has come to be a most profound definition of seakeeping as it relates to the U.S. Navy. In those few words he identified the two major issues facing the operator today and provided the focus for all subsequent seakeeping efforts within the design community at the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). For it is these two hues of mission sum and safety at sea which are addressed within NAVSEA, for each new ship design and for ships in the Fleet, in terms of: SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCE — Ability to execute mission in a sea environment, and SEAWORTHINESS — Ability to survive in an extreme sea environment. In the past, the design of ships exhibiting superior seakeeping performance and seaworthiness and seaworthiness has been looked upon by many as an art or an academic exercise. The objective of this paper then is to demonstrate clearly that the ability of our ships to execute their missions successfully and safely in a sea environment is not by chance but by design.

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SHIP SYSTEM SEAKEEPING EVALUATION - STOCHASTIC APPROACH

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1979年第6期91卷 33-46页

作者： JOHNSON, RA CARACOSTAS, NP COMSTOCK, EN Mr. Robert A. Johnson is currently a Naval Architect in the Hull Group (SEA 32) Ship Design and Integration Directorate Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his Associate in Engineering degree in Drafting and Design Technology in 1959 his B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1965 and his M.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1970 all from Pennsylvania State University. In 1973 he was selected for the Navy's Long-Term Training Program at the University of Michigan from which he received his M.S.E. degree in Naval Architecture in 1974. Mr. Johnson began his professional career at the Ordnance Research Laboratory Pennsylvania State University in 1959 where he was involved in the design of hydroelastic submarine models and conducted research in the area of flow-induced structural vibrations. Subsequently he joined HRB-Singer at State College Pennsylvania in 1967 as a Research Engineer and in 1969 joined the former Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC) where he was employed in the Submarine Structures Branch Surface Ship Structures Branch and the Performance and Stability Branch of the Hull Division. Currently he is the CASDAC Hull System Technical Director and also Head of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Section (SEA 32133) Naval Architecture Division Naval Sea Systems Command a member of ASE SNAME and Tau Beta Pi and one of the Navy Subcommittee Members of the Ship Structures Committee. Mr. Nicholas P. Casacostas is currently a Section Chief for Naval Architecture in the Washington D.C. office of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. His professional career has been in both Navy and commercially related fields and he has had published several technical papers dealing with the subjects of Ship Propulsion and Hydrodynamics as well as Shipping Economics and Operations. A member of ASNE since 1977 he also is a member of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects and SNAME and presently serving on the latter's H-2 (Resistance and Propulsion) Panel. Mr. Edward N. Comstock is currently a Seakeeping Speciali

The recent trend in Naval Forces has been a shrinking Fleet in both numbers and ship size. This dictates that our ships must have greater operational effectiveness if the Navy is to continue to carry out its mission in the future as it has done in the past. The seakeeping performance of a ship is a major determinant of its overall operational effectiveness. The methodology presented in this paper is a comprehensive approach to the evaluation of a ship's seakeeping performance. The scope of this methodology encompasses the assessment of ship mission scenarios and the relative importance of associated mission requirements as well as the probabilistic description of the uncertainties imposed by the variable ocean environment. The methodology is presented in a general sense so that the seakeeping performance of a ship's configuration can be evaluated as a function of mission scenario, mission area, sea state, ship heading, and speed. In order to utilize the full potential of the methodology, more refined scenario descriptions and more accurate environment specifications must be obtained. A simplified example is presented in which a comparison of the operational effectiveness of two small hull forms is made, using information now available to the designer. It is anticipated that the methodology presented can be used not only as a powerful tool in the decision-making process of practical ship design, but also as the basis for parametric studies of mission strategies.

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GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS WITH SHELLAC INITIATED BY ALKALINE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

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JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-1-POLYMER CHEMISTRY 1972年第5期10卷 1553-+页

作者： MUKHERJEE, RN SANYAL, S Process Engineering & Technology Section Chemical Engineering Department Jadavpur University Calcutta-32 India

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RECRYSTALLIZATION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE BODIES AT 2000-DEGREES-C

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 1949年第1期32卷 1-9页

作者： DUWEZ, P ODELL, F TAYLOR, JL JetPropulsionLaboratoryCaliforniaInstitute ofTechnology4800 OakGroveDrivePasadena2 CaliforniaComparison ofVariousAntimonates asOpacifiers inDry-Process Associate professor of mechanical engineering and chief of the Materials Section Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena Calif. Research engineer Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology.

Recrystallization is an important factor in the preparation of very dense pure oxide ceramic bodies. The work described in this paper shows the effect of the original particle size on the degree of recrystallization of beryllium oxide bodies. A water elutriator for particle-size separation in the subsieve range and an oxyacetylene furnace with zirconia refractories for operation at 2000°C. are described. The microscopic examination of prepared thin sections and the X-ray diffraction back-reflection method are used to determine particle sizes and the degree of recrystallization. Shrinkage during firing is found to be approximately constant for all particle sizes originally below 10 microns and decreases in a regular manner with increasing particle size. The recrystallization factor for beryllium oxide is found to vary from 40 for 1.25-micron particles to 2.5 for 10-micron particles.

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