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Separation of Cyclic Dipeptides (Diketopiperazines) from Their Corresponding Linear Dipeptides by RP-HPLC and Method Validation

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Chromatography Research International 2013年第1期2013卷

作者： Mareike Perzborn Christoph Syldatk Jens Rudat Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences Section II: Technical Biology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germanykit.edu

Simple, rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate methods for detection and separation of seven diketopiperazines (DKPs), cyclo(Gly-Gly), cyclo( dl -Ala- dl -Ala), cyclo( l -Asp- l -Phe), cyclo( l -Asp- l -Asp), cyclo(Gly- l -Phe), cyclo( l -Pro- l -Tyr), and cyclo( l -Arg- l -Arg), from their corresponding linear dipeptides and related amino acids l -Phe and l -Tyr by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) were established. Moreover, for the racemic DKP cyclo( dl -Ala- dl -Ala) and dipeptide dl -Ala- dl -Ala, separation of the diastereomers was achieved. All methods can be performed within 15 min. For all DKPs, dipeptides, and amino acids, linear ranges with correlation coefficients R 2 greater than 0.998 were determined. Lowest limits of detection were found to be between 0.05 and 10 nmol per 10 μ L injection, depending on the substance. For all tested substances intrarun and interrun precision ranged from 0.5 to 4.7% and 0.7 to 9.9% relative standard deviation, and accuracy was between −4.2 and 8.1% relative error. Short-term and freeze-thaw stabilities were 93% or greater for all substances. Recovery rate after heat treatment was determined to be at least 97%. These methods will be useful for quantitative determination of DKPs and their potential biodegradation products: dipeptides and amino acids

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Simulation of the Anaerobic Digestion of Microwave Pre-Treated Waste Activated Sludge with ADM1

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2012年第2期45卷 677-682页

作者： Joost Lauwers Lise Appels Jan Van Impe Raf Dewil Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control section Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven (University of Leuven) Heverlee Belgium (Tel:32-16-322675)

Abstract The disposal of sludge originating from municipal waste water treatment is a major issue and represents up to 50% of the operating costs of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). (Appels et al., 2008) This sludge, a by-product of the treatment processes, however, has the potential to be converted into an energy rich biogas, i.e. a mixture of ca. 65% CH 4 and 35% CO 2 , which can be utilized for the sustainable production of heat and/or electricity. Various pre-treatment methods have been suggested in literature for improving the solids reduction and biogas production rate by enhancing the digestion's rate limiting step, i.e. organic matter hydrolysis. They all induce the solubilization of complex particulate matter so this is more rapidly and completely consumed during the anaerobic digestion process. Methods that have been shown to have a positive effect on anaerobic digestion include chemical, mechanical, biological and thermal processes. Microwave disintegration is one of the more recently applied pre-treatment methods. The disintegration is caused by the combination of thermal and athermal effects and may hence provide superior results compared to a heat treatment (Eskicioglu et al., 2007). The application of mathematical models for the optimization of the digestion process is widely acknowledged. Due to the complexity of the microbial process, accurate modelling of anaerobic digestion is, however, a daunting task. A major stride countering this problem was achieved by the development of the Anaerobic Digestion Model no 1 (ADM1) by the corresponding IWA task group (Batstone et al. 2002). This model is ever since, considered to be the state of the art in modelling of anaerobic digestion and has been the platform for further refinements and numerous applications (Batstone et al. 2006). The main aim of this work is to investigate the ability of ADM1 to describe anaerobic digestion of microwave pre-treated sludge. Compared to untreated sludge, the composition

关键词： anaerobic digestion microwave pre-treatment ADM1

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Erratum to: The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case

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Climatic Change 2014年第3期125卷 365-367页

作者： Wetter, Oliver Pfister, Christian Werner, Johannes P. Zorita, Eduardo Wagner, Sebastian Seneviratne, Sonia I. Herget, Jürgen Grünewald, Uwe Luterbacher, Jürg Alcoforado, Maria-Joao Barriendos, Mariano Bieber, Ursula Brázdil, Rudolf Burmeister, Karl H. Camenisch, Chantal Contino, Antonio Dobrovolný, Petr Glaser, Rüdiger Himmelsbach, Iso Kiss, Andrea Kotyza, Oldřich Labbé, Thomas Limanówka, Danuta Litzenburger, Laurent Nordli, Øyvind Pribyl, Kathleen Retsö, Dag Riemann, Dirk Rohr, Christian Siegfried, Werner Söderberg, Johan Spring, Jean-Laurent Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland Institute of History Section of Economic Social and Environmental History (WSU) University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Geography Climatology Climate Dynamics and Climate Change Justus Liebig University of Giessen Giessen Germany Institute of Coastal Research Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht Geesthacht Germany Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zurich CHN N11 Zurich Switzerland Department of Geography Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn Germany Chair Hydrology and Water Resources Management Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Process Engineering Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg Cottbus Germany Centre of Geographical Studies Institute of Geography and Planning University of Lisbon Edifício da Fac. de Letras Lisboa Portugal Catalan Institute for Climate Sciences (IC3) Barcelona Spain Department of Modern History University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain Department of Slavonic Studies and Interdisciplinary Centre of Medieval Studies University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria Institute of Geography Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic Global Change Research Centre AS CR Brno Czech Republic Hoyerberg Bodolz Germany Department of Earth and Sea Sciences (DiSTeM) University of Palermo Palermo Italy Department of Environmental Social Studies and Geography - Physical Geography Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg i.Br. Freiburg Germany Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria Regional Museum Litoměřice Czech Republic Institute of History Technische Universität (TU) of Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany Institute of Meteorology and Water Management National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB) Center for Poland’s Climate Monitoring Warsaw Poland Lorraine University Center for Historical Research (CRULH) University of Lorraine Campus Lettres et Sciences Humaines Nancy Cede

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Precipitation of metal oxide nanoparticles using a miniemulsion technique

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Particuology 2011年第5期9卷 502-505页

作者： Marion Winkelmann Heike Petra Schuchmann Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences Section I: Food Process Engineering Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

A method to precipitate nanoparticles using a miniemulsion technique is described, in which miniemulsion droplets between 100 and 1000 nm in size serve as nanoreactors enabling both the control of particle formation and particle growth. The application of miniemulsion droplets to synthesise nanoparticles comprises three advantages： first, the size of the precipitated particles is limited by the reactant concentration within the emulsion droplet; second, particle agglomeration is prevented as nanoparticle collision outside the nanoreactor is avoided; and third, easy technical scale up can be realized by increasing emulsion volume and thus the number of nanoreactors, while local conditions within the reactors are not changed, The miniemulsion technique is an easy scalable process which allows defined synthesis of particles by precipitation reactions. The miniemulsion technique involves first the preparation of a stable water-in- oil miniemulsion by high pressure homogenisation. Whereas a water soluble reactant is provided within the aqueous droplets, another oilas well as water-soluble reactant can be introduced to the emulsion after homogenisation. The precipitation reaction is induced by the diffusion of the second reactant into the emulsion droplet. Together with this contribution, a method is described and discussed which uses a high pressure homogenisation process to produce stable water-in-oil miniemulsions serving as a reaction medium to precipitate metal oxides.

关键词： Precipitation Miniemulsion Nanoparticles Metal oxide High pressure homogenisation

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Development of gauge control technology on tandem cold mill combined with pickling line

SEAISI Quarterly (South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute)

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SEAISI Quarterly (South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute) 2012年第3期41卷 59-63页

作者： Koizumi, Shigeto Kobayashi, Masanori Morimoto, Yoshio Murakami, Akira Sano, Kenichi Process Engineering Development Section Kakogawa Works KOBE STEEL Ltd. Kakogawa Japan Control Technology Research Section Technical Development Group KOBE STEEL Ltd. Kobe Japan Cold Rolling Division Kakogawa Works KOBE STEEL Ltd. Kakogawa Japan

The combined pickling and tandem cold mill (PTCM) is the main cold rolling plant of Kakogawa Works. Because gauge accuracy is one of the most important subjects, the multi valuable automatic gauge control system (MV-AGC) has been installed. As MV-AGC is a very effective system to keep gauge accuracy in longitudinal direction of the coil, the more the applied ratio of MV-AGC is, the shorter the off gauge length is. For applying MV-AGC widely, the tension reference pattern, that is the target value of the tension of MV-AGC at acceleration and deceleration stage, is optimized by numerical method. Through the actual operation, it is shown that applying the MV-AGC with the proper tension reference pattern has reduced the gauge deviation and the off gauge length at head to tail of the cold rolled strip.

关键词： Gages

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Anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste: Current trends in mathematical modeling

Anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste: Current trends in ...

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作者： Dewil, Raf Lauwers, Joost Appels, Lise Gins, Geert Degrève, Jan Van Impe, Jan Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control Section Department of Chemical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven W. De Croylaan 46 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783902661937

Although anaerobic digestion is a widely applied technology, the process is not yet fully understood because of its high complexity, and an optimization of the current technology is still needed. The design and control of digester systems is still generally performed by rule-of-thumb since no tools are currently available for an accurate evaluation of performance. The application of mathematical models is a prerequisite to improve digester performance and hence much attention is focused on the development of accurate models. This paper critically reviews the current state of the art about mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion models. Moreover, the main trends in optimization of the existing models and the development of new models are discussed. © 2011 IFAC.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion

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Impact of effervescent atomization on oil drop size distribution of atomized oil-in-water emulsions

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Procedia Food Science 2011年 1卷 138-144页

作者： Jewe Schröder Fabian Werner Volker Gaukel Heike P. Schuchmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences Section I: Food Process Engineering Kaiserstr. 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany

In this work the application of effervescent atomization to spray drying of food liquids like emulsions is explored. Therefore the influence of the atomization process on the breakup of oil drops inside the emulsion is investigated. It is expected that the oil drop size distribution of the emulsion is influenced by the stress inside the nozzle orifice and the following atomization. According to Grace the viscosity ratio between disperse and continuous phase is a crucial factor for drop breakup. A model oil-in-water emulsion was used. The viscosity of the continuous phase was adjusted by adding maltodextrin or gelatinized corn starch thus varying the viscosity ratio in the range between 15 and 0.1. The dry matter content and corresponding viscosity show only low influence on the spray drop size distribution. However, the atomized emulsions contain mostly smaller oil drops compared to the original emulsions. The influence of the atomization on the oil drop size distribution decrease with decreasing viscosity ratios. An influence of increasing stress due to increased atomization gas mass flow is present but less significant. The viscosity ratio thus allows controlling the influence of the atomization on the oil drop size distribution in the spray. The invariance of the spray drop size distribution on minor changes in fluid properties like viscosity is a favorable characteristic in food processing where such changes are common.

关键词： effervescent atomization emulsion drop size distribution viscosity ratio

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Development of an SOFC based Micro-CHP System in the Framework of the European Project FC-DISTRICT

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Energy Procedia 2012年 28卷 170-181页

作者： Isabel Frenzel Alexandra Loukou Dimosthenis Trimis Falk Schroeter Luis Mir Ricardo Marin Bakartxo Egilegor Jaio Manzanedo Gunabalan Raju Maarten de Bruijne Robert Wesseling Sofia Fernandes José Manual Chaves Pereira George Vourliotakis Maria Founti Oliver Posdziech TU Bergakademie Freiberg Institute of Thermal Engineering Gustav-Zeuner-Strasse 7 D-09599 Freiberg Germany EBZ GmbH Fuel Cells & Process Technology Marschnerstrasse 26 D-01307 Dresden Germany Ikerlan S. Coop. Paseo J.M. Arizmendiarrieta 2 20500 Mondragon Spain ECN Energy Center of the Netherlands Westerduinweg 3 1755 LE Petten The Netherlands Technical University of Lisbon Instituto Superior Técnico/LASEF Av. Rovisco Pais 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal National Technical University of Athens School of Mechanical Engineering Thermal Engineering Section Laboratory of Heterogeneous Mixtures and Combustion Systems 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street Zografos 15780 Greece Staxera GmbH Gasanstaltstrasse 2 D-01237 Dresden Germany

The present work deals with the development of a small-scale SOFC based micro-combined heat and power (CHP) system. The system operates on CPOX generated syngas from natural gas, features an SOFC stack of nominal electrical power of 1.5 kWel, and is able to deliver 2.75 kWth, with a modulation range ∼1:3. An electrical and overall efficiency of 30% and 90%, respectively, are targeted. The current contribution presents the architecture of the micro-CHP unit, and concerns the development and the operational performance of the major peripheral components. The work is being performed within the FP7 EU-Collaborative Project ‘FC-DISTRICT’

关键词： Micro-CHP system SOFC Fuel cells Building District Balance-of-plant CPOX

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Design of a Hierarchical System Using PID Control with an Intelligent Sequence Controller and Its Application to Ethylene Plants in Unsteady State

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SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration 2011年第4期4卷 269-274页

作者： Tetsuji Tani Takeshi Takeuchi Process System Technology Group Engineering Design &ampTechnical Section Technical &ampEngineering Center Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd.

A hierarchical system is developed that consists of an intelligent sequence controller and a PID controller, where the intelligent sequence controller supervises the PID controller. In other words, the intelligent sequence controller plays the role of a well-experienced operator and mimics the operator's procedures. In an ethylene plant, the decoking operation of the cracking furnace makes the ethylene plant highly unstable. We apply this hierarchical system to the decoking process in an ethylene plant in order to demonstrate its effectiveness. As a result, the number of operational interventions in the decoking process is reduced by 95%, and the levels of the towers and the overhead temperatures of the towers can be satisfactorily stabilized during the decoking process.

关键词： intelligent sequence control PID control hierarchical system ethylene plant unsteady state

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Anaerobic digestion of biomass and waste: current trends in mathematical modeling

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2011年第1期44卷 5024-5033页

作者： Raf Dewil Joost Lauwers Lise Appels Geert Gins Jan Degrève Jan Van Impe Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control Section Department of Chemical Engineering Katholieke Universiteit Leuven W. De Croylaan 46 B-3001 Heverlee Belgium (Tel: +32-16-322675)

Abstract Although anaerobic digestion is a widely applied technology, the process is not yet fully understood because of its high complexity, and an optimization of the current technology is still needed. The design and control of digester systems is still generally performed by rule-of-thumb since no tools are currently available for an accurate evaluation of performance. The application of mathematical models is a prerequisite to improve digester performance and hence much attention is focused on the development of accurate models. This paper critically reviews the current state of the art about mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion models. Moreover, the main trends in optimization of the existing models and the development of new models are discussed.

关键词： anaerobic digestion ADM1 modeling

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