One of the important features of heavy oil reservoirs is their high viscosity, which reduces the recovery factor of oil in these reservoirs. Thermal methods have traditionally been used for viscosity reduction in enha...
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One of the important features of heavy oil reservoirs is their high viscosity, which reduces the recovery factor of oil in these reservoirs. Thermal methods have traditionally been used for viscosity reduction in enhanced recovery process (EOR). However, these methods are not justifiable due to the high cost of steam energy production, the production of coke in the process, steam injection and environmental problems. Viscosity can be dramatically reduced with the help of nanoparticles, without using limited and controlled heat. In this study, ZnO/CNT nanocomposites, which have been made hydrophilic by surface modification operations, have been used as aqueous based nanofluids in enhanced recovery process. A heavy oil with viscosity of 402 cP at 80 °C was used in viscosity reduction tests. The results showed that the viscosity reduction of heavy oil from 402 cP at 80 °C to 74.90 and 16.23 cP at 80 °C is possible using reference nanofluids based on ZnO and CNT nanoparticles, respectively. In the next step, the effect of four parameters of concentration, salinity, pH and mixing intensity on the heavy oil viscosity were investigated to evaluate the performance of the nanocomposite. Amine surface modified nanocomposite samples fluidized in distilled water and fatty acid surface modified nanocomposites fluidized in seawater functioned better and reduced the viscosity to 33.74 and 26.08 cP at 80 °C, respectively. The effect of pH on viscosity was negligible, which is a positive feature of these nanocomposites. The mixing process of oil and nanofluid on viscosity reduction was shown to have much more effect on viscosity reduction in comparison to non-mixing process. The greatest reduction of viscosity without mixing was measured to be 261.26 cP at 80 °C using fatty [email protected] /CNT nanofluid, which is almost ten times more than the condition that mixing was performed ideally.
New water-based nanofluids including unparalleled milk protein α-lactalbumin hollow nano-bio-tubes using low cost, availab.e and advanced partial chemical hydrolysis strategy in bottom-up nano-assembly have been empl...
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New water-based nanofluids including unparalleled milk protein α-lactalbumin hollow nano-bio-tubes using low cost, availab.e and advanced partial chemical hydrolysis strategy in bottom-up nano-assembly have been employed in this work. The aqueous sol-gel chemistry in nanotechnology which we selected for this goal offers new fabrication as interesting smart protein nanotubes. The kinds of nanometer sized tubular structures such as waved, helically coiled, bent, bamboo-shaped, bead-like and branched single-walled protein nanotubes (SWPNTs) with a range of 3 - 8 nm in outer diameters were produced by this method. Complete characterization for natural produced nanotubes including SEM, TEM images, G bond and D bond in Raman spectroscopy, XRD patterns, DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and FTIR analysis were evaluated which they are most significant experiments in synthesized protein nanotubes soluble in clear water nanofluids and stabilization of transparent nanofluids was proved within more than one year after preparation. Various necessary ligand ion salts such as Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ or mixtures as bridge makers and producing biological self-assembly hollow SWPNTs were performed and we focused on new chemical technology under specific acidic hydrolysis method not conventional enzymatic proteolysis and applying surfactants, pH reagent, Tris-HCl buffer, polar solvent which could be produced by β-sheet stacked hydrolysed protein α-lactalbumin mechanism under appropriate conditions to achieving high efficiency new protein nanotubes skeleton. They can be promising materials applied in food science, diet nutrition, nanomedicine, nano-biotechnology and surgery.
New water-based nanofluids including unparalleled milk protein α-lactalbumin hollow nano-bio-tubes using low cost, availab.e and advanced partial chemical hydrolysis strategy in bottom-up nano-assembly have been empl...
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New water-based nanofluids including unparalleled milk protein α-lactalbumin hollow nano-bio-tubes using low cost, availab.e and advanced partial chemical hydrolysis strategy in bottom-up nano-assembly have been employed in this work. The aqueous sol-gel chemistry in nanotechnology which we selected for this goal offers new fabrication as inter- esting smart protein nanotubes. The kinds of nanometer sized tubular structures such as waved, helically coiled, bent, bamboo-shaped, bead-like and branched single-walled protein nanotubes (SWPNTs) with a range of 3 - 8 nm in outer diameters were produced by this method. Complete characterization for natural produced nanotubes including SEM, TEM images, G bond and D bond in Raman spectroscopy, XRD patterns, DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and FTIR analysis were evaluated which they are most significant experiments in synthesized protein nanotubes soluble in clear water nanofluids and stabilization of transparent nanofluids was proved within more than one year after preparation. Various necessary ligand ion salts such as Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ or mixtures as bridge makers and producing biological self- assembly hollow SWPNTs were performed and we focused on new chemical technology under specific acidic hy- drolysis method not conventional enzymatic proteolysis and applying surfactants, pH reagent, Tris-HCl buffer, polar solvent which could be produced by β-sheet stacked hydrolysed protein α-lactalbumin mechanism under appropriate conditions to achieving high efficiency new protein nanotubes skeleton. They can be promising materials applied in food science, diet nutrition, nanomedicine, nano-biotechnology and surgery.
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