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7th International Conference on Space Science and Communication, IconSpace 2021

作者： Mohan, Midhun Doaemo, Willie Tapilatu, Ricardo F. Mohd Jaafar, Wan Shafrina Wan Adrah, Esmaeel Gopan, Gopika Broadbent, Eben North Shapiro, Aurelie Sasmito, Sigit D Srinivasan, Shruthi Ranagalage, Manjula Varela, Miguel R. Llewelyn, Emma Asok, Frank Huo, Lian-Zhi Silva, Carlos Alberto Paula Dalla Corte, Ana Cardil, Adrian Leite, Rodrigo Vieira University Of California-Berkeley Dept. Of Geography BerkeleyCA94720 United States Pnguot Dept. Of Civil Engineering Lae00411 Papua New Guinea Research Center Of Pacific Marine Resources Papaua Barat Province Manokwari98314 Indonesia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Earth Observation Centre Institute Of Climate Change Bangi43600 Malaysia Morobe Development Foundation Papua New Guinea Morobe Development Foundation United Nations Volunteer Lae00411 Papua New Guinea University Of Florida Spatial Ecology And Conservation Lab School Of Forest Resources And Conservation GainesvilleFL32611 United States Space+Science Wwf Berlin Germany Singapore119077 Singapore Texas A&m Forest Service Department Of Forest Analytics DallasTX75252 United States Rajarata University Of Sri Lanka Faculty Of Social Sciences And Humanities Dept. Of Environmental Management Mihintale50300 Sri Lanka University Of Exeter Centre For Ecology And Conservation Penryn United Kingdom Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute Forest Product Program Lae00411 Papua New Guinea Chinese Academy Of Sciences Aerospace Information Research Institute Beijing100101 China Federal University Of Paraná-UFPR Dept. Of Forest Science Curitiba80.210-170 Brazil University Of Maryland Dept. Of Geographical Sciences MarylandMD United States University Of Lleida Dept Of Crops And Forest Sciences Lleida Spain Federal University Of Viçosa Dept. Of Forest Engineering MG Viçosa36570-900 Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781665425230

The critically endangered West Pacific Ocean subpopulation of the leatherback turtles has faced a significant population decline in the past decades. One of the reasons for this is the loss of nesting habitats in the region. In this pilot study, turtle nesting habitats are remotely monitored employing satellite imageries. This methodology has been used to investigate the extent of habitat loss in the Kamiali wildlife management area along the Huon coast in Papua New Guinea which serves as a major hotspot for the leatherback turtles. Moreover, the conservation of this turtle species is increasingly at risk due to the intensification of community-level conflicts and paucity of donors;data collection endeavors along the Huon coast have been halted since 2014. Using Landsat 8 satellite images for the period 2013 to 2019, a 22.44 % (0.179 km2) decrease in sandy beach areas is noticable, resulting primarily from shrubs-mixed vegetation expansion and coastal squeeze following erosion. The research results highlight the urgency to revamp turtle conservation and data collection initiatives and emphasize the key role remote sensing can play in turtle habitat monitoring, particularly in areas experiencing a conflict of conservational interests. Based on the observations, the study propose four urgent technology-oriented measures-(i) revamping data collection strategies, (ii) developing turtle nesting sensitivity maps, (iii) surveying nesting habitats using drones, and (iv) investigating the influence of logging activities-to enhance leatherback turtle conservation efforts in the Kamiali region, that are expected to have wider applications across the globe especially in the West Pacific and to other sea turtle species. © 2021 IEEE.

关键词： Remote sensing

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Design and synthesis of hydroxychloroquine-sugar conjugates as promising antimalarial agents

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Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2025年 125-126卷 130289页

作者： Emil Salim Hilkatul Ilmi Aty Widyawaruyanti Natsuhisa Oka Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Faculty of Engineering Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Andalas Padang 25163 Indonesia Doctoral Program at the Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia Natural Product Medicine Research and Development Institute of Tropical Disease Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60286 Indonesia Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT) Institute for Advanced Study Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan

Novel hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-sugar conjugates were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive ( Pf 3D7) and multi-resistant ( Pf Dd2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum , cytotoxicity, and hydrolytic stability. HCQ-galactose conjugate with a 1,2-orthioester linkage exhibited the highest activity against Pf 3D7 (IC 50 value of 0.018 ± 0.001 μg/mL). Per- O -acetyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl-HCQ exhibited the highest activity against Pf Dd2 (IC 50 = 0.20 ± 0.02 μg/mL), while also maintaining comparable activity against Pf 3D7. Orthoester-linked conjugates were gradually hydrolyzed in human serum, resulting in HCQ release, which may contribute to their high activity. Glycosidic bond-linked conjugates showed high hydrolytic stability, retaining a certain level of activity, possibly without releasing HCQ. Toxicity assessments using the BHK21 cell line indicated significantly lower cytotoxicity for all HCQ-sugar conjugates compared to HCQ.

关键词： Glycosylation Hydroxychloroquine Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Sugar conjugate

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Bioregeneration of spent activated carbon:Review of key factors and recent mathematical models of kinetics

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Chinese Journal of Chemical engineering 2018年第5期26卷 893-902页

作者： Kwok-Yii Leong Siew-Leng Loo Mohammed J.K.Bashir Wen-Da Oh Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao Jun-Wei Lim Centre for Water Research Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Membrane Technology Centre Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Residues & Resource Reclamation Centre Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI) Nanyang Technological University Bio Product Development Program Faculty of Agro-Based Industry Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

The disposal of spent activated carbon(AC) will inevitably create secondary pollution. In overcoming this problem, the spent AC can be regenerated by means of biological approach. Bioregeneration is the phenomenon in which through the action of microorganisms, the adsorbed pollutants on the surface of the AC will be biodegraded and this enables further adsorption of pollutants to occur with time elapse. This review provides the challenges and perspectives for effective bioregeneration to occur in biological activated carbon(BAC)column. Owing to very few reported works on the bioregeneration rate in BAC column, emphasis is put forward on the recently developed models of bioregeneration kinetic in batch system. All in all, providing potential solutions in increasing the lifespan of AC and the enhancement of bioregeneration rate will definitely overcome the bottlenecks in spent AC bioregeneration.

关键词： Bioregeneration Spent activated carbon Modeling of bioregeneration kinetic Concentration gradient Exoenzyme

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Corrosion behaviour of PEEK or β-TCP-impregnated Ti6Al4V SLM structures targeting biomedical applications

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2019年第12期29卷 2523-2533页

作者： M.M.COSTA T.A.DANTAS F.BARTOLOMEU N.ALVES F.S.SILVA G.MIRANDA F.TOPTAN Center for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems(CMEMS) University of Minho(UMinho)4800-058 GuimarãesPortugal MIT Portugal Program School of EngineeringUniversity of MinhoGuimarãesPortugal Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Rua General Norton de MatosApartado 4133LeiriaPortugal IBTN/Br–Brazilian Branch of the Institute of Biomaterials Tribocorrosion and NanomedicineUNESPCampus de BauruAv.Eng.Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube14-0117033-360BauruSPBrazil

Ti6Al4V cellular structures were produced by selective laser melting(SLM)and then filled either with beta-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)or PEEK(poly-ether-ether-ketone)through powder metallurgy techniques,to improve osteoconductivity and wear *** corrosion behavior of these structures was explored considering its importance for the long-term performance of *** revealed that the incorporation of open cellular pores induced higher electrochemical kinetics when being compared with dense *** impregnation ofβ-TCP and PEEK led to the creation of voids or gaps between the metallic matrix and the impregnated material which also influenced the corrosion behavior of the cellular structures.

关键词： Ti6Al4V cellular structures corrosion multimaterial design poly-ether-ether-ketone(PEEK) beta-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)

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Synthesis of mercaptoethyl ester of palm fatty acid distillate: Effects of dehydration methods

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2020年第1期823卷

作者： I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan Dicka Ar Rahim Andri Patuan Anggi Sitompul Salma Rifasari Wakana Research Group on Chemical Engineering Product Design & Development Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia. Research Group on Chemical Engineering Energy & Process System Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia. Study Program of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia.

This research was aimed to evaluate the synthesis of mercaptoethyl ester of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) where water as a byproduct was removed by using vacuum distillation and azeotropic distillation. The reactions were done in a batch reactor using para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) as a catalyst. The performances of the synthesis were evaluated by measuring the sulfhydryl content and yield of the product. Compared to dehydration by vacuum distillation, dehydration by azeotropic distillation gave lower sulfhydryl content and yield but faster reaction completion. Azeotropic distillation gave sulfhydryl content and yield in the range of 6–7% and 57–74%, respectively. Vacuum distillation gave sulfhydryl content and yield in the range of 7–9% and 75–85%, respectively.

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BHEL Smart Wall Blowing System: New product development in Manufacturing Industry

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Vikalpa 2021年第4期45卷 240 - 249页

作者： Abhishek Kumar R. Dhanuskodi R. Kaliappan K. Nandakumar Abhishek Kumar teaches design philosophies at Anant National University Ahmedabad. He earned his Ph.D in Management from Pondicherry University. He is an Economics graduate from Calcutta University and MBA from BIM Trichy. He has published more than 20 articles in reputed international journals has authored two books written articles and columns for newspapers and is quoted on issues related to leadership and marketing by various media platforms. His research work comprises construction of brand personality scale for media aesthetics and phenomenological design. His recent publications are on philosophy of a photograph hermeneutic reality of product and on philosophy of intimate spaces. R. Dhanuskodi has nearly 40 years of R&D experience at BHEL India in technical areas applicable for thermal power plants. He is a life member of The Institution of Engineers (India) and The Combustion Institute. He has won two BHEL’s Excel awards under the best author category for technical papers. He has visited France Netherlands and Germany under Indo-Europe Clean Coal Development Program. He has guided 42 UG PG and PhD project works. He holds 11 patents 40 copyrights and 2 design registrations. He has presented papers in 20 conferences and published in 10 national and international journals. R. Kaliappan completed his bachelors in electrical and electronics engineering and Masters in Computer Science. He has 36 years of research experience in different fields of power generation and power plant subsystems such as heat transfer studies on boiler circulation efficiency improvements of boiler subsystems product improvements/ enhancements and setting up test facilities for research studies. He has published a number of technical papers on MHD power generation and heat transfer studies in various national and international journals. He has more than 25 patents and copyrights on products development related to power boilers. He has won BHEL’S gold medal for product development for Smart Wall Blowing system. K. Nandakumar

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Utilization of pottery stone as a replacing material for vitreous ceramic sanitary ware production: A case study in Khon Kaen, Thailand 6th

Utilization of pottery stone as a replacing material for vit...

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6th KKU International engineering Conference, KKU-IENC 2016

作者： Sirilar, Pakawadee Srisukhumbowornchai, Nakorn Thanakijkasem, Purit Sirisoonthorn, Somnuk Klein, Gernot Program of Integrated Product Design and Manufacturing Division of Materials Technology School of Energy Environment and Materials King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok10140 Thailand National Metal and Materials Technology Center National Science and Technology Development Agency Thailand Science Park Pathumthani12120 Thailand Faculty of Engineering University of Applied Sciences Koblenz Koblenz56203 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783035710045

The aim of this work was to determine the properties of vitreous ceramic sanitary ware bodies according to the production of Khon Kaen ceramic sanitary ware industry, Thailand. Pottery stone was used as a replacing material in the commercial ceramic sanitary ware body formulation. The cast slurry of seven formulations was prepared by wet milling. The rheological properties (density and torsion viscosity) were investigated before slip casting. The test pieces were fired at 1175, 1200 and 1225°C and the physical-mechanical properties (firing shrinkage, flexural strength, and water absorption) were compared. As a result, pottery stone shows a possibility to replace quartz in the production. It could enhance all of the good properties at lower firing temperature. Using of pottery stone could reduce production cost in term of energy fuel by 4.45% when compared with commercial formulation. © 2017 Trans Tech Publications.

关键词： Water absorption

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, Keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Biogeography Epidemiology Infectious diseases Malaria

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development and validation of a strain-rate and temperature dependent crushing model for expanded polystyrene foam applied in bicycle helmets 17

Development and validation of a strain-rate and temperature ...

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17th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2016

作者： Krundaeva, A.N. De Bruyne, G. Van Paepegem, W. Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Technologiepark 903 Zwijnaarde GentB-9052 Belgium SIM M3 Program Technologiepark 935 Zwijnaarde GentB-9052 Belgium Lazer Sport Lamorinierestraat 37 Antwerpen2018 Belgium Product Development Faculty of Design Sciences University of Antwerp Ambtmanstraat 1 Antwerp2000 Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9783000533877

This research is aimed at developing a strain-rate and temperature dependent crushing model for expanded polystyrene foam (EPS). EPS is a closed cell foam that is mainly used in applications where energy absorption is critical such as in bicycle helmets. It has good mechanical properties and offers at the same time a reduction on material costs and weight. The main purpose of this work is to study the dynamic properties of EPS foams by deriving stress-strain curves at different strain rates and temperatures. Further objective is to study the compressive loading of EPS foam in bicycle helmets by finite element (FE) simulation and to create a model to simulate the behavior of the EPS foam. Finally, it is also aimed to establish a comparison of the FE analysis in LS-DYNA with the dynamic compression test results. The stress-strain curves for different strain rate and for different temperatures are the output of this experimental test program. During compression, no internal damage was observed in CT-scans. This result allowed the creation of a uniform foam model. The methodology in this research allows developing more accurate FE models for bicycle helmets that can be used during a design process. © 2016, European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM. All rights reserved.

关键词： Strain rate

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3D Printed frames to enable reuse and improve the fit of N95 and KN95 respirators

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BMC biomedical engineering 2021年第1期3卷 10页

作者： Malia McAvoy Ai-Tram N Bui Christopher Hansen Deborah Plana Jordan T Said Zizi Yu Helen Yang Jacob Freake Christopher Van David Krikorian Avilash Cramer Leanne Smith Liwei Jiang Karen J Lee Sara J Li Brandon Beller Kimberley Huggins Michael P Short Sherry H Yu Arash Mostaghimi Peter K Sorger Nicole R LeBoeuf Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Department of Neurosurgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA. Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Harvard Graduate School of Design Cambridge MA USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Cambridge MA USA. Department of Systems Biology Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Fikst Product Development Woburn MA USA. Borobot Middleborough MA USA. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute MA Boston USA. Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. Engineering Science at Norwalk Community College Norwalk CT USA. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA. Department of Dermatology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA. Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Department of Systems Biology Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute MA Boston USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu.

BACKGROUND:In response to supply shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs or "masks"), which are typically single-use devices in healthcare settings, are routinely being used for prolonged periods and in some cases decontaminated under "reuse" and "extended use" policies. However, the reusability of N95 masks is limited by degradation of fit. Possible substitutes, such as KN95 masks meeting Chinese standards, frequently fail fit testing even when new. The purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive frame for damaged and poorly fitting masks using readily available materials and 3D printing. RESULTS:An iterative design process yielded a mask frame consisting of two 3D printed side pieces, malleable wire links that users press against their face, and cut lengths of elastic material that go around the head to hold the frame and mask in place. Volunteers (n = 45; average BMI = 25.4), underwent qualitative fit testing with and without mask frames wearing one or more of four different brands of FFRs conforming to US N95 or Chinese KN95 standards. Masks passed qualitative fit testing in the absence of a frame at rates varying from 48 to 94 % (depending on mask model). For individuals who underwent testing using respirators with broken or defective straps, 80-100 % (average 85 %) passed fit testing with mask frames. Among individuals who failed fit testing with a KN95, ~ 50 % passed testing by using a frame. CONCLUSIONS:Our study suggests that mask frames can prolong the lifespan of N95 and KN95 masks by serving as a substitute for broken or defective bands without adversely affecting fit. Use of frames made it possible for ~ 73 % of the test population to achieve a good fit based on qualitative and quantitative testing criteria, approaching the 85-90 % success rate observed for intact N95 masks. Frames therefore represent a simple and inexpensive way of expanding access to PPE and extending their useful life. For clinicia

关键词： 3D printing COVID-19 KN95 masks N95 respirators filtering face piece (FFP) respirator mask frames occupational health pandemic response personal protective equipment (PPE) prototyping

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