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arXiv 2022年

作者： Klein, Julian Song, Zhigang Pingault, Benjamin Dirnberger, Florian Chi, Hang Curtis, Jonathan B. Dana, Rami Bushati, Rezlind Quan, Jiamin Dekanovsky, Lukas Sofer, Zdenek Alù, Andrea Menon, Vinod M. Moodera, Jagadeesh S. Lončar, Marko Narang, Prineha Ross, Frances M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University CambridgeMA United States College of Letters and Sciences UCLA Los AngelesCA90095 United States QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2600 GA Netherlands Department of Physics City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory AdelphiMD20783 United States Department of Physics The Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Photonics Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Electrical Engineering City College of the City University of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10026 United States Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6166 28 Czech Republic Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

Atomic-level defects in van der Waals (vdW) materials are essential building blocks for quantum technologies and quantum sensing applications. The layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr is an outstanding candidate for exploring optically active defects owing to a direct gap in addition to a rich magnetic phase diagram including a recently hypothesized defect-induced magnetic order at low temperature. Here, we show optically active defects in CrSBr that are probes of the local magnetic environment. We observe spectrally narrow (1 meV) defect emission in CrSBr that is correlated with both the bulk magnetic order and an additional low temperature defect-induced magnetic order. We elucidate the origin of this magnetic order in the context of local and non-local exchange coupling effects. Our work establishes vdW magnets like CrSBr as an exceptional platform to optically study defects that are correlated with the magnetic lattice. We anticipate that controlled defect creation allows for tailor-made complex magnetic textures and phases with the unique ingredient of direct optical access. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Magnetic semiconductors

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3D Tortuosity: a Morphological Characterization of the Central Sulcus to Differentiate Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Controls

3D Tortuosity: a Morphological Characterization of the Centr...

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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear science (NSS/MIC)

作者： Maria Julieta Mateos Jorge Márquez Ernesto Bribiesca Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Graduate Program in Computer Science and Engineering Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán CDMX México Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N Ciudad Universitaria Mexico City Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Institute of Research in Applied Mathematics and Systems (IIMAS) Circuito Escolar 3000 Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán CDMX

Magnetic Resonance Images of the brain provide detailed anatomical information that allows morphological analysis of the different brain structures. The analysis of the cortical folding patterns variation is inspiring great interest, as this relates to cognitive function. The sulci are a depression in the cerebral cortex and represent ≈ 70% of the cortical surface. The sulcal width, depth and cortical thickness are the most frequent morphological descriptors applied to the sulci. In this work, the 3D tortuosity is proposed as new descriptor to capture information about the twist and turns of the sulci. 1 The 3D tortuosity of the central sulcus of both hemispheres was measured using the Minimal Interval Resonance Imaging in the Alzheimer's Disease (MIRIAD) database, for a set of high-resolution MRI of 66 subjects: 43 patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD) and 23 control subjects. As it is known AD causes significant gray matter loss which cause morphological changes in the cortical structure. It is expected for the tortuosity to capture these changes and serve as a biomarker to differentiate between populations. The result of the Wilcoxon tests show that the tortuosity values of the central sulci are significantly larger for the AD patients (p < 0.05) for the left hemisphere, which is consistent with the hypothesis. The evaluation of the proposed tortuosity measurement of the Central Sulcus as a potential biomarker was performed and the results indicate its effectiveness to extract additional anatomical information and discriminate between AD patients and Controls.

关键词： Brain Three-dimensional displays Shape Shape measurement Sociology Surface morphology Skeleton

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Unsupervised particle sorting for high-resolution single-particle cryo-EM

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Zhou, Ye Moscovich, Amit Bendory, Tamir Bartesaghi, Alberto Department of Computer Science Duke University Durham United States Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University United States School of Electrical Engineering Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Biochemistry Duke University School of Medicine Durham United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University Durham United States

Single-particle cryo-Electron Microscopy (EM) has become a popular technique for determining the structure of challenging biomolecules that are inaccessible to other technologies. Recent advances in automation, both in data collection and data processing, have significantly lowered the barrier for non-expert users to successfully execute the structure determination workflow. Many critical data processing steps, however, still require expert user intervention in order to converge to the correct high-resolution structure. In particular, strategies to identify homogeneous populations of particles rely heavily on subjective criteria that are not always consistent or reproducible among different users. Here, we explore the use of unsupervised strategies for particle sorting that are compatible with the autonomous operation of the image processing pipeline. More specifically, we show that particles can be successfully sorted based on a simple statistical model for the distribution of scores assigned during refinement. This represents an important step towards the development of automated workflows for protein structure determination using single-particle *** Codes 62P10 Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Inverse problems

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The estrous cycle modulates hippocampal spine dynamics, dendritic processing, and spatial coding

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Neuron 2025年

作者： Wolcott, Nora S. Redman, William T. Karpinska, Marie Jacobs, Emily G. Goard, Michael J. Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical Neuroscience University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States Intelligent Systems Center Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel 20723 MD United States Department of Computer Science University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States Neuroscience Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 93106 CA United States

Histological evidence suggests that the estrous cycle exerts a powerful influence on CA1 neurons in the mammalian hippocampus. Decades have passed since this landmark observation, yet how the estrous cycle shapes dendritic spine dynamics and hippocampal spatial coding in vivo remains a mystery. Here, we used a custom hippocampal microperiscope and two-photon calcium imaging to track CA1 pyramidal neurons in female mice across multiple cycles. Estrous cycle stage had a potent effect on spine dynamics, with spine density peaking during proestrus when estradiol levels are highest. These morphological changes coincided with greater somatodendritic coupling and increased infiltration of back-propagating action potentials into the apical dendrite. Finally, tracking CA1 response properties during navigation revealed greater place field stability during proestrus, evident at both the single-cell and population levels. These findings demonstrate that the estrous cycle drives large-scale structural and functional plasticity in hippocampal neurons essential for learning and memory. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： dendritic integration estradiol estrous cycle hippocampus multiphoton imaging neuroendocrine place cells spine morphology

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Navigating the challenges in creating complex data systems: a development philosophy

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Dittmer, Sören Roberts, Michael Gilbey, Julian Biguri, Ander Preller, Jacobus Rudd, James H.F. Aston, John A.D. Schönlieb, Carola-Bibiane Selby, Ian Breger, Anna Thorpe, Matthew Weir-McCall, Jonathan R. Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni Korhonen, Anna Jefferson, Emily Langs, Georg Yang, Guang Prosch, Helmut Stanczuk, Jan Tang, Jing Babar, Judith Sánchez, Lorena Escudero Teare, Philip Patel, Mishal Wassin, Marcel Holzer, Markus Walton, Nicholas Lió, Pietro Shadbahr, Tolou Sala, Evis Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom ZeTeM University of Bremen Bremen Germany Department of Radiology University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna Austria Department of Mathematics University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom Royal Papworth Hospital Cambridge Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge United Kingdom Language Technology Laboratory University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Population Health and Genomics School of Medicine University of Dundee Dundee United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy Computational Imaging Research Lab Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London United Kingdom Research Program in Systems Oncology Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland Data Science & Artificial Intelligence AstraZeneca Cambridge United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences AstraZeneca Cambridge United Kingdom Contextflow GmbH Vienna Austria Institute of Astronomy University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Computer Science and Technology University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

In this perspective, we argue that despite the democratization of powerful tools for data science and machine learning over the last decade, developing the code for a trustworthy and effective data science system (DSS) is getting harder. Perverse incentives and a lack of widespread software engineering (SE) skills are among many root causes we identify that naturally give rise to the current systemic crisis in reproducibility of DSSs. We analyze why SE and building large complex systems is, in general, hard. Based on these insights, we identify how SE addresses those difficulties and how we can apply and generalize SE methods to construct DSSs that are fit for purpose. We advocate two key development philosophies, namely that one should incrementally grow – not biphasically plan and build – DSSs, and one should always employ two types of feedback loops during development: one which tests the code’s correctness and another that evaluates the code’s efficacy. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Software engineering

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Data quality measures and data cleansing for research information systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Azeroual, Otmane Saake, Gunter Abuosba, Mohammad Berlin10117 Germany Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg Department of Computer Science Institute for Technical and Business Information Systems Database Research Group P.O. Box 4120 Magdeburg39106 Germany University of Applied Sciences Htw Berlin Study Program Computational Science and Engineering Wilhelminenhofstrasse 75a Berlin12459 Germany

The collection, transfer and integration of research information into different research information systems can result in different data errors that can have a variety of negative effects on data quality. In order to detect errors at an early stage and treat them efficiently, it is necessary to determine the clean-up measures and the new techniques of data cleansing for quality improvement in research institutions. Thereby an adequate and reliable basis for decision-making using an RIS is provided, and confidence in a given dataset increased. In this paper, possible measures and the new techniques of data cleansing for improving and increasing the data quality in research information systems will be presented and how these are to be applied to the research information. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Standardization

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High-repetition-rate(kHz) targets and optics from liquid microjets for high-intensity laser–plasma interactions

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High Power Laser science and Engineering 2019年第3期7卷 121-141页

作者： K.M.George J.T.Morrison S.Feister G.K.Ngirmang J.R.Smith A.J.Klim J.Snyder D.Austin W.Erbsen K.D.Frische J.Nees C.Orban E.A.Chowdhury W.M.Roquemore Innovative Scientific Solutions Inc.DaytonOhio 45459USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia 90095USA Computer Science Program and Applied Physics Program California State University Channel IslandsCamarilloCalifornia 93012USA National Academies of Science Engineeringand MedicineWashingtonDC 20001USA Air Force Research Laboratory WPAFBOhio 45433USA Department of Physics Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio 43210USA Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Miami UniversityHamiltonOhio 45011USA Center for Ultrafast Optical Sciences University of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan 48109USA Intense Energy Solutions LLC.Plain CityOhio 43064USA

High-intensity laser–plasma interactions produce a wide array of energetic particles and beams with promising ***,the high repetition rate and high average power requirements for many applications are not satisfied by the lasers,optics,targets,and diagnostics currently ***,we aim to address the need for high-repetition-rate targets and optics through the use of liquids.A novel nozzle assembly is used to generate highvelocity,laminar-flowing liquid microjets which are compatible with a low-vacuum environment,generate little to no debris,and exhibit precise positional and dimensional ***,droplets,submicron-thick sheets,and other exotic configurations are characterized with pump–probe shadowgraphy to evaluate their use as *** demonstrate a highrepetition-rate,consumable,liquid optical element,we present a plasma mirror created by a submicron-thick liquid *** plasma mirror provides etalon-like anti-reflection properties in the low field of 0.1%and high reflectivity as a plasma,69%,at a repetition rate of 1 k *** considerations of fluid compatibility,in-vacuum operation,and estimates of maximum repetition rate are *** targets and optics presented here demonstrate a potential technique for enabling the operation of laser–plasma interactions at high repetition rates.

关键词： high intensity high repetition rate laser-plasma interaction liquid droplet liquid microjet liquid sheet plasma mirror target

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The bulk van der Waals layered magnet CrSBr is a quasi-1D material

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Klein, Julian Pingault, Benjamin Florian, Matthias Heißenbüttel, Marie-Christin Steinhoff, Alexander Song, Zhigang Torres, Kierstin Dirnberger, Florian Curtis, Jonathan B. Weile, Mads Penn, Aubrey Deilmann, Thorsten Dana, Rami Bushati, Rezlind Quan, Jiamin Luxa, Jan Sofer, Zdenek Alù, Andrea Menon, Vinod M. Wurstbauer, Ursula Rohlfing, Michael Narang, Prineha Lončar, Marko Ross, Frances M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2600 GA Netherlands Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Institut für Festkörpertheorie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster48149 Germany Institut für Theoretische Physik Universität Bremen P.O. Box 330 440 Bremen28334 Germany Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science University of Bremen Bremen28359 Germany Department of Physics City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States College of Letters and Science UCLA Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark Kgs. LyngbyDK-2800 Denmark MIT.nano Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Physics The Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States Photonics Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New YorkNY10031 United States Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10026 United States Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6166 28 Czech Republic Institute of Physics Center for Nanotechnology University of Münster Münster48149 Germany

Correlated quantum phenomena in one-dimensional (1D) systems that exhibit competing electronic and magnetic order are of strong interest for studying fundamental interactions and excitations, such as Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and topological orders and defects with properties completely different from the quasiparticles expected in their higher-dimensional counterparts. However, clean 1D electronic systems are difficult to realize experimentally, particularly magnetically ordered systems. Here, we show that the van der Waals layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr behaves like a quasi-1D material embedded in a magnetically ordered environment. The strong 1D electronic character originates from the Cr-S chains and the combination of weak interlayer hybridization and anisotropy in effective mass and dielectric screening with an effective electron mass ratio of meX/meY ∼ 50. This extreme anisotropy experimentally manifests in strong electron-phonon and exciton-phonon interactions, a Peierls-like structural instability and a Fano resonance from a van Hove singularity of similar strength of metallic carbon nanotubes. Moreover, due to the reduced dimensionality and interlayer coupling, CrSBr hosts spectrally narrow (1 meV) excitons of high binding energy and oscillator strength that inherit the 1D character. Overall, CrSBr is best understood as a stack of weakly hybridized monolayers and appears to be an experimentally attractive candidate for the study of exotic exciton and 1D correlated many-body physics in the presence of magnetic order. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Excitons

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Three-dimensional bioprinting of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2018年第4期1卷 215-224页

作者： Guoliang Ying Nan Jiang Cunjiang Yu Yu Shrike Zhang Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA 02139USA School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan 430205People's Republic of China School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02139USA Departments of Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Computer EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringMaterials Science and Engineering ProgramThe Texas Center for SuperconductivityUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX 77204USA

The three-dimensional (3D)bioprinting technology has progressed tremendously over the past *** controlling the size, shape,and architecture of the bioprinted constructs,3D bioprinting allows for the fabrication of tissue/organ-like constructs with strong structural-functional similarity with their in vivo counterparts at high *** bioink,a blend of biomaterials and living cells possessing both high biocompatibility and printability,is a critical component of *** particular, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)has shown its potential as a viable bioink material due to its suitable biocompatibility and readily tunable physicochemical *** GelMA-based bioinks and relevant bioprinting strategies for GelMA bioprinting are briefly reviewed.

关键词： Bioprinting Bioink Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) Biofabrication -Tissue engineering Tissue model

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Smooth graph signal interpolation for big data

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2018年

作者： Heimowitz, Ayelet Eldar, Yonina C. Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University PrincetonNJ United States Faculty of Math and Computer Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel

In this paper we present the Markov variation, a smoothness measure which offers a probabilistic interpretation of graph signal smoothness. This measure is then used to develop an optimization framework for graph signal interpolation. Our approach is based on diffusion embedding vectors and the connection between diffusion maps and signal processing on graphs. As diffusion embedding vectors may be expensive to compute for large graphs, we present a computationally efficient method, based on the Nyström extension, for interpolation of signals over a graph. We demonstrate our approach on the MNIST dataset and a dataset of daily average temperatures around the US. We show that our method outperforms state of the art graph signal interpolation methods on both datasets, and that our computationally efficient reconstruction achieves slightly reduced accuracy with a large speedup. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational efficiency

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