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A review of air-side economizers in human-centered commercial buildings: Control logic, energy savings, IAQ potential, faults, and performance enhancement

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ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 2025年 331卷

作者： Bie, Haipei Guo, Bingtong Li, Tian Loftness, Vivian Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Architecture Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Nebraska Lincoln Coll Architecture Architecture Program Lincoln NE 68588 USA

This review analyzes documented benefits of economizers for energy performance and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) enhancement in commercial buildings, including control logic, energy savings, IAQ potential, faults, and performance enhancements. Findings indicate that existing control logics primarily focus on energy, with differential enthalpy plus differential temperature (DE + DT) methods operating most effectively, assuming no faults. The energy-saving potential varies by system type, with VAV systems achieving 6-27% savings compared to 1-15% in CAV systems, though efficiency reduces in very cold and hot humid climates. Studies demonstrate significant IAQ improvements, including ventilation rate increases from 2.5 L/s to 10 L/s per person, CO2 reductions up to 180 ppm, and formaldehyde reductions of 38%. Common economizer faults include stuck dampers increasing cooling energy consumption by 37% and sensor failures resulting in peak loads 81% greater than systems without economizers, with modern fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) achieving 90% accuracy for major faults. Economizers combined with enhancement technologies show promising results: channel air blender capable of maintaining 30% outdoor air even when the temperature is between 15 degrees F and 30 degrees F (-9.4 degrees C to-1.1 degrees C). Thermal wheel systems achieve 4.9-7.7% additional energy savings, while integration with demand control ventilation (DCV) enables HVAC energy reductions of 28-79% in VAV systems. Lastly, filters can reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations to meet WHO standards while only marginally impacting energy consumption (0.650.8% increase). Most economizer studies to date are simulation-based, highlighting the need for field studies to test new control logic, assess real-world energy, IAQ, and human health potential, ensure robust FDD for fault reduction, and explore performance enhancement to achieve Net-Zero Energy (NZE) goals in buildings.

关键词： Economizer control logic Indoor air quality Energy savings Fault detection and diagnostics Performance enhancement Net-zero energy

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AI-driven multi-algorithm optimization for enhanced building energy benchmarking

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JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING 2025年 105卷

作者： Guo, Bingtong Li, Tian Yu, Huawei Loftness, Vivian Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Architecture Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Nebraska Lincoln Coll Architecture Architecture Program Lincoln NE 68588 USA

The building sector accounts for 39.7% of global energy consumption and 42% of carbon emissions, highlighting the need for improved energy efficiency. While data-driven energy benchmarking is vital for conservation, current approaches face key challenges: limited datasets, suboptimal prediction algorithms, and inadequate scoring systems. This study proposes an AI-driven benchmarking framework using a dataset from 13 U.S. cities across nine climate zones. 12 state-of-the-art algorithms are evaluated for energy prediction accuracy across building types and climates. Based on the evaluations, a Multi-Algorithm Prediction (MAP) framework is introduced, which dynamically selects the most suitable model for energy prediction according to specific building types and climate zones. Moreover, to enhance the scoring system, this study refines peer-grouping by applying K-Means clustering using essential building attributes. It implements a dual-factor scoring system balancing both site and source energy performance. Results show that algorithm performance varies significantly by building type and climate zone. Using MAP for energy prediction can achieve 9.33-63.27% greater accuracy compared to single-model predictions. The modified scoring results are sensitive to the value of the balancing factor, particularly for buildings with mid-range performance. A balancing factor of 0.5 yields statistically balanced outcomes. This study enhances the reliability and effectiveness of building benchmarking by (1) improving energy prediction through MAP based on a comprehensive dataset, (2) enhancing peer-group reliability, and (3) offering insights into the impacts of integrating site and source energy performance in scoring.

关键词： AI-driven Building energy benchmarking Machine learning Carbon emissions Algorithm optimization Big data

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The place-new relation in the context of experience and meaning: a bibliometric review (1992-2023)

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2025年第1期24卷 424-442页

作者： Hacioglu, Ebru Polatoglu, Cigdem Yildiz Tech Univ Fac Architecture Architectural Design PhD Program Istanbul Turkiye Yildiz Tech Univ Fac Architecture Head Architecture Dept Istanbul Turkiye Yildiz Tech Univ Fac Architecture Architectural Design PhD Program Yildiz Campus D Block TR-34349 Istanbul Turkiye

The research analyzes the literature by questioning the common denominator between "place and the new" through the concepts of experience and meaning to expand and deepen the existing knowledge on the meaning of place in the production of place. The paper discovers current approaches and notions in the place-new relationship and identifies leading keywords, authors, documents, sources, organizations, and references. It presents a systematic literature review based on bibliometric data in the context of place concept research. The analysis conducted on 27 May 202327 May 2023, with the concepts of place, new, experience, and meaning, covers the bibliometric data of 870 publications which included English articles and book chapters published since 1992 and chosen from specific research categories on the Web of Science. Documents published before 1992 without available content were excluded. Findings show an increasing tendency towards the concepts of sustainability, place-making, place attachment, urban regeneration, architectural design, and cultural heritage. While the number of investigations concentrating on landscape and COVID-19 has increased;concepts like everyday life, emotions, behavior, urban politics, phenomenology, design research, and displacement have been discovered as current research topics. This paper is potentially useful for future theoretical and practical work to create meaningful places and contributes to the further implementation of design and planning studies.

关键词： Bibliometrics analysis architecture place-new experience meaning

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Thermal discomfort and adaptation strategies in Brazilian social housing

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2025年 269卷

作者： Simoes, Gianna Monteiro Farias Labaki, Lucila Chebel Leder, Solange Maria Univ Estadual Campinas FECFAU UNICAMP Univ Fed Rural Semiarido UFERSA Fac Civil Engn Architecture & Urbanism Postgrad Program Architecture Technol & CityDept Campinas Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas FECFAU UNICAMP Fac Civil Engn Architecture & Urbanism Postgrad Program Architecture Technol & City Campinas Brazil Univ Fed Paraiba UFPB Undergrad & Postgrad Program Architecture & Urbani Joao Pessoa Brazil Univ Fed Paraiba UFPB Undergrad & Postgrad Program Civil & Environm Engn Joao Pessoa Brazil

Living with the harmful effects of climate change is a challenge, especially in relation to the marked thermal discomfort resulting from heat waves that mainly impact economically vulnerable populations. The main objective of this study was to analyze thermal comfort in social housing and the strategies adopted by residents to overcome situations of thermal discomfort in hot and humid climates. The object study is composed of four lowincome architectural types, located in the city of Joao Pessoa, northeast Brazil. The field research included onsite evaluations, measuring the thermal conditions inside 156 housing units and conducting semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the housing units analyzed often present internal conditions of thermal discomfort;this condition is a little more critical in homes that added extensions to their dwellings, as a result of interventions carried out by residents after the unit was occupied. One of the consequences of expanding the housing area is the reduction in the percentage of openness of the unit (openness of the enclosure/building envelope), with a major impact on thermal comfort, as approximately 50.0% of the sample presented this particularity. The worst thermal scenario was recorded in the group of single-story houses. These units, in addition to the high degree of thermal discomfort, face health problems resulting from high humidity and air temperature. The main adaptive strategies observed were using a fan and opening doors and windows. The daily average of fan use is 8.0h, resulting in an increase in energy demand.

关键词： Informal settlements rehabilitation Thermal comfort Modifications Behavioral adaptation Energy

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Empirical Study of the Relationship of Architectural Form Details to the State of Conservation of Modern Heritage Through Damage Maps

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BUILDINGS 2025年第1期15卷 142-142页

作者： Kaminski, Matheus Gregorio Aciole, Paulo Henrique de Sa Zanoni, Vanda Alice Garcia Univ Brasilia Fac Architecture & Urbanism Postgrad Program BR-70910900 Brasilia Brazil

The Sustainable Development Center of the University of Brasilia is one of the modernist buildings that make up the Darcy Ribeiro campus. The architectural project contains several recommendations for the execution of a flat roof waterproofing system, as well as details for rainwater runoff and drainage, which reveals the architect's concern with watertightness. This research seeks to identify the relationship between the pathological manifestations recognized on the roof and the details of the semicircular shape of the building, assessing the state of conservation using damage maps as an auxiliary analysis tool. This study is based on a field survey using aerophotogrammetry with a drone, the application of vector drawing software for graphic representation and discussion of the possible causes, and the agents and mechanisms of degradation at work. The results show the importance of mechanical protection for the good performance of the waterproofing system, as well as the need for correct sizing of expansion joints to absorb and relieve the stresses caused by hygrothermal variations. The incorporated methodology proved to be effective and economical in diagnosing and monitoring pathological manifestations, making it possible to plan maintenance actions that extend the useful life and preserve the intrinsic characteristics of building systems.

关键词： conservation maintenance performance building inspection constructive details damage map flat roof service life

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Modeling the impact of urban climate transformations in low income housing located in critical climate: A case study

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ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2025年 85卷

作者： da Cunha, Luis Filipe Brasil Machado, Rayner Mauricio e Silva da Silva Junior, Jose Ary Farias, Alessandra de Souza Barata, Marcio Santos Zemero, Bruno Ramos Fed Univ Para Fac Architecture & Urbanism Belem Brazil Fed Univ Para Postgrad Program Architecture & Urbanism Belem Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina Postgrad Program Civil Engn Florianopolis Brazil

Global warming and urban densification impact the thermal performance of buildings, yet these effects are often overlooked in professional and academic settings. This study conducted a case study through simulation with modified climate files to quantify the extreme effects resulting from the combination of hot-humid climate, urban densification, and global warming on a model of social housing in Belem, Brazil. Current scenarios were established, and thermal performance simulations were conducted. This involved adapting weather files to two distinct urban patterns: high and low densification. These files were adjusted to capture variations in essential parameters, reflecting the unique climatic conditions of each urban environment. Subsequently, the thermal performance of social housing units was simulated using these files, enabling a comprehensive analysis of thermal dynamics. This facilitated identifying key parameters in urban climate zones, considering potential increases in urban densification and global warming. The results reveal a significant impact of the combined effect of urban densification and global warming on both outdoor and indoor social housing, reducing habitability and requiring air conditioning almost year-round in near and distant future climates. The conclusions aim to contribute to diagnosing and understanding the climate crisis and urban climate's role in the resilience of vulnerable populations.

关键词： Overheating Urban densification Global warming Vulnerable populations

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Effects of utilizing various types of facade material on the Embodied and operational energy;a case study of apartment building in Indonesia

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2025年第1期24卷 247-266页

作者： Larasati, Dewi Aisha, Heidi Hanifah, Yulita Triyadi, Sugeng Primasetra, Anjar Inst Teknol Bandung Sch Architecture Planning & Policy Dev Bldg Technol Res Grp Java 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Sch Architecture Planning & Policy Dev Grad Program Architecture Java Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of using prefabricated facade materials on the embodied energy (EE) and operational energy (OE) consumption of apartment buildings. To analyze the total EE, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, which calculated the EE from cradle-to-use each of the products employed. In addition, a building energy simulation was performed for the case study building using various prefabricated facade materials to assess its OE. The findings reveal that the selection of facade wall materials with low energy intensity must be favored to optimize building energy and that layered materials, such as insulated panels, can reduce the cooling energy load due to their higher thermal resistance (r- values). Furthermore, the LCA results showed that solid precast concrete materials with thicknesses of 120 and 150 mm have EE and greenhouse gas emissions that are more than twice the average of all materials tested. In contrast, uninsulated Glass-Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GRC) removable walls (disassembly panels) exhibited the lowest EE, corresponding to 50% of the average. Finally, the results of the OE simulations using EnergyPlus software indicate that insulated GRC removable walls with a thickness of 120 mm can reduce the cooling energy load by 29.5% compared to precast concrete facades.

关键词： Apartment embodied energy facade prefabricated operational energy

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Evaluating psychophysiological responses based on the proximity and type of window view using virtual reality

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2025年 270卷

作者： Oh, Donggeun Heo, Jounghoe Jang, Hyounseung Kim, Jimin Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol Sch Architecture Architectural Engn Program Seoul 01811 South Korea

This study aimed to analyze the impact of changing the proximity and type of window view on the building occupants' psychophysiological responses based on virtual reality. Nine scenarios were set, considering type of window view (i.e., urban, mixed, and natural) and proximity of window view (i.e., distant, moderate, and nearby). In each scenario, psychological responses (i.e., Visual content and Visual Privacy), and physiological responses (i.e., average of through-to-peak amplitude (TTPavg), average of phasic amplitude (Phasicavg), average of skin temperature (Skin Tempavg)) were measured. First, a survey revealed that most building occupants considered window view an important factor (82 %) but were dissatisfied with the current residential space (53 %). Second, most building occupants preferred natural window view (76 %), while the rest preferred distant urban window view. Third, the analysis of the window view change and the building occupants' psychophysiological responses confirmed significant relationships between proximity of window view and psychological responses, and between type of window view and physiological responses. Consequently, as the proportion of urban environment increased, stress affected the building occupants' psychophysiological responses. Finally, the correlation between the psychophysiological responses of building occupants was analyzed, implying the value of priority the mental and physical health in terms of window view changes, considering building occupants' preferences, through monitoring the TTPavg. The study's findings are expected to improve human health and well-being beyond the comfort of building occupants.

关键词： Virtual Reality (VR) Window view Psychophysiological Response Type of window view Proximity

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Resilient House Evaluation Matrix: Attributes and Quality Indicators for Social Housing

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BUILDINGS 2025年第5期15卷 793-793页

作者： Villa, Simone Barbosa de Bortoli, Karen Carrer Ruman Oliveira, Lamonise Vasconcelos Fed Univ Uberlandia PPGAU UFU Postgrad Program Architecture & Urban Planning BR-38408100 Uberlandia Brazil

Background: This study explores resilience in Brazilian social housing (SH), focusing on single-family, one-story housing units within the "Minha Casa, Minha Vida" (MCMV) program. Despite reducing the housing deficit by delivering 7.7 million units since 2009, the program's projects often lack resilience, contributing to social, physical, and environmental vulnerabilities. Resilience is defined as the built environment's ability to respond, absorb, and adapt to impacts and demands, addressing vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Methods: This study developed the Resilient House Evaluation Matrix (RHEM), piloted in two MCMV developments in Uberl & acirc;ndia, MG, Brazil. Data were collected using performance and post-occupancy evaluation tools, focusing on attributes such as thermal comfort, energy efficiency, flexibility, and accessibility for the elderly. Indicators and sub-indicators were defined to measure resilience. Results: The RHEM attributes proved useful in improving housing quality and resilience, while evaluation tools identified key impacts and residents' perceptions. The Resilience Ruler (RR) assessed resilience levels, supporting the development of design strategies to enhance resilience in SH. These findings align with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, contributing to resilient communities. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of resilient SH design to address vulnerabilities and enhance adaptability. The RHEM provides a valuable framework for advancing housing resilience.

关键词： social housing resilient house evaluation matrix resilience in the built environment post-occupancy evaluation SDG 11

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Free vibration characteristics of honeycomb sandwich cylindrical shells reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets/polymer coatings

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AEROSPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2025年 156卷

作者： Thang, Pham Toan Kim, Changsoo Jang, Hyounseung Kim, Taehoon Kim, Jimin Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol Sch Architecture Architectural Engn Program Seoul 01811 South Korea

This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the free vibration characteristics of honeycomb sandwich cylindrical shells reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The shells are modeled with a hexagonal honeycomb core, which not only provides a lightweight structure but also enhances the stiffness and dynamic stability. This core design is ideal for high-performance applications such as aerospace and light transport equipment. In addition, the incorporation of graphene nanoplatelet/polymer coatings further improves the structural stiffness, making these shells suitable for demanding environments where both strength and lightweight properties are critical. In the theoretical model, the refined trigonometric shear deformation theory (RTSDT) is applied to accurately represent both bending and shear deformations, capturing the complex behavior of honeycomb sandwich cylindrical shells without requiring shear correction factors. Various parameters, including axial and circumferential wave numbers, as well as geometry and material properties, are examined to assess their impact on natural frequencies. Comparisons with existing literature validate the theoretical models, demonstrating strong agreement with previous results. The analysis reveals that the fundamental natural frequency and other natural frequencies are significantly affected by the inclusion of GNPs and variations in sandwich cylindrical shell geometry. The findings underscore the effectiveness of the RTSDT in modeling these complex sandwich structures.

关键词： Sandwich cylindrical shells Free vibration analysis Hexagonal honeycomb Refined shell theory Graphene nanoplatelets

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