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The motives behind creating nineteenth-century pleasure grounds in the newly-settled state of Kansas, USA

STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES 2022年第1期42卷 48-66页

作者： Eshrati, Dorna Ball State Univ Dept Landscape Architecture R Wayne Estopinal Coll Architecture & Planning Urban Design Grad Program Muncie IN 47306 USA

Though nineteenth-century parks, also known as 'pleasure grounds', were seen at the time as an antidote to unhealthy high-density urban living in large cities such as New York City, they were embraced by small towns and communities that experienced none of the challenges associated with big city living. Instead, this study argues that parks were seen as a sophisticated sign of modernity. For example, when the state of Kansas was founded in 1861, its settlers felt a strong sense of responsibility and made great efforts to improve their home by creating pleasure grounds for their communities. This study investigates the motives and advocates of shaping and developing the pleasure grounds of Kansas between 1850 and 1920. Results show that it was not only major cities of the state like Topeka and Wichita that developed public parks for their citizens;many smaller Kansas towns also embraced the idea of creating pleasure grounds. Their residents were motivated by a sense of competition and believed that by beautifying their living environments, they could stand out in the region and attract newcomers. Local newspapers, city officials, businesses-most notably railroad companies, property owners, and public-spirited citizens were the main advocates for creating and improving parks in Kansas.

关键词： Kansans Kansas nineteenth-century park pleasure ground

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Deployable scissor structures: Classification of modifications and applications

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AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION 2024年 165卷

作者： Liao, Yuan Krishnan, Sudarshan Univ Illinois Sch Architecture Champaign IL USA Univ Illinois Chair Bldg Performance Program Sch Architecture Champaign IL 61820 USA

Scissor-type deployable structures, characterized by superior flexibility, high expansion ratio, and ease of control, have been extensively studied across architecture and engineering. A variety of innovative designs have been created using different design methods and/or incorporating specific modifications. Existing reviews on scissor deployable structures have mainly focused on conventional design methods that achieve different configurations by modification of shape and dimensions of basic units. This categorization overlooks several distinct designs. To address this, a different classification method is proposed, organizing the variants of deployable scissor structures into four categories: member shape, joint location, assembly method, and hybrid system. The classification enables a more nuanced exploration of each design, illuminating their underlying working principles and relevant applications. Diverse designs are summarized using this comprehensive approach to facilitate the identification of their similarities, differences, and potential avenues for future improvements.

关键词： Deployable structure Scissor mechanism Variants Modification Classification

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A web dashboard to support early design decisions to meet energy goals 18

A web dashboard to support early design decisions to meet en...

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18th IBPSA Conference on Building Simulation, BS 2023

作者： Carvalho, Allyson de M. Rodrigues, Clara O. Pedrini, Aldomar Postgraduate Program in Architecture and Urban Planning – PPGAU/CT Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil

This work demonstrates the achievements of a dashboard, in development, devised to support energy performance design decisions during pre-design and sketch design phases of office buildings in tropical climates. The interface is structured on principles of energetics in design to meet goals, adapted to systemic and collaborative design processes. It is compatible with design timing during early design phases, enabling browsing a vast thermal zone characteristic combinations and instantaneously quantifying cooling loads using Brazilian labeling metamodel. The dashboard has been tested in academic architectural design studios. The dashboard outputs help show design spaces for different restrictions and find specific solutions © 2023 *** rights reserved.

关键词： Office buildings

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Evaluating the Cooling Effects and Building Energy-Saving Potential of Vegetation and Albedo: A Case Study of Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea

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BUILDINGS 2025年第4期15卷 597-597页

作者： Wang, Yuedong Zhang, Yuhan Song, Younkeun Lee, Junga Li, Guanlin Song, Zipeng Zhou, Zhicheng Zhang, Junxue Xu, Jiacong Li, Jingang Li, Yingnan Jiangsu Univ Dept Environm Design Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Univ Div Environm Sci & Ecol Engn Seoul 02841 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sch Environm & Safety Engn Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sci & Technol Sch Civil Engn & Architecture Zhenjiang 212100 Peoples R China Jilin Jianzhu Univ Sch Architecture & Urban Planning Changchun 130119 Peoples R China Korea Univ OJeong Resilience Inst Seoul 02841 South Korea Southeast Univ Sch Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

Numerous studies have explored the cooling and energy-saving effects of vegetation and reflective materials under extreme heat conditions in urban residential areas. However, few have explored the synergistic effects of vegetation and albedo, particularly in low-rise, high-density residential areas. Therefore, this study selected six typical low-rise, high-density residential areas in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, based on the neighborhood characteristics. This study investigated the cooling effects and energy-saving potential of vegetation and cooling materials through the development of five simulation scenarios. These included original conditions, the application of highly reflective cooling materials, increased vegetation cover, the removal of vegetation cover, and a comprehensive strategy combining cooling materials with enhanced vegetation. These scenarios were analyzed using ENVI-met and DesignBuilder to evaluate their impact on the microclimate and building energy consumption. The results reveal the following: (1) Cooling materials can lower air temperatures by 1.9 degrees C, saving 10.37% in energy consumption during the summer, demonstrating a greater efficiency in reducing air temperature and energy use. (2) Vegetation slightly reduces daytime air temperatures but hampers nighttime cooling in dense low-rise areas, increasing energy demand. Shrubs or grass are preferable to tall trees. (3) Cooling materials had a stronger correlation with energy consumption reduction compared to vegetation. Hence, combining cooling materials with strategically placed vegetation and controlling vegetation size maximized cooling and energy-saving benefits. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners and designers, offering guidance for improving urban microclimates, reducing building energy use, and achieving carbon neutrality goals.

关键词： detached residence microclimate energy consumption cooling material vegetation cover

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The Performance Evaluation of Porous Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced by Fibers

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2023年第3期21卷 445-459页

作者： Oral, Gokhan Cetin, Altan Grad Sch Nat & Appl Sci Fac Engn Civil Engn Program TR-74110 Bartin Turkey Bartin Univ Fac Engn Architecture & Design Civil Engn Dept TR-74110 Bartin Turkey

Environmentally friendly porous asphalt mixtures have poor tensile strength performance and durability due to their porous structure. This results in their service life typically being less than ten years. Reinforcement with fibers can be a possible solution to structural weaknesses in porous asphalt road surfaces. Fibers have been proven to be an effective additive in improving the mechanical performance of asphalt mixes, but little attention has been paid to porous asphalt mixes. This study investigates the effect of four different fibers;(a) polypropylene fiber, (b) glass fiber, (c) basalt fiber, and (d) crumb rubber, on the functional and mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixtures. Fibers were used in four different percentages (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) according to the mix aggregate weight. The experimental test plan includes the characterization of air voids for permeability, Cantabro particle loss, indirect tensile strength, and moisture sensitivity. Type-3 gradation (in Turkish Highways Technical Specification) was chosen as the mixture gradation. Mixture specimens were prepared using a Marshall compactor in 6.0 and 6.5% polymer-modified bitumen. Test results show that void and permeability generally decrease with increasing fiber content, except for polypropylene fiber. Cantabro particle loss was significantly reduced for all fibers at 6.5% bitumen compared to 6.0%. Minimum wear loss value was obtained in 0.2% basalt fiber. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) improved significantly for all fibers. The ITS of 0.2% basalt fiber was enhanced by 124% compared to the control specimens. The optimum fiber contents were determined as 0.2% for basalt fiber and 0.4% for glass fiber.

关键词： Porous asphalt mixtures Fibers Crumb rubber Ferrochrome slag Permeability Moisture susceptibility

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PROPOSAL OF DYNAMIC TEST METHOD FOR PEELING OF EXTERIOR WALL FINISH TILES AND UNDERSTANDING OF PEELING PROPERTIES

Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering

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Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering 2023年第805期88卷 356-363页

作者： Sasaki, Satoshi Kitsutaka, Yoshinori Kunieda, Yoichiro Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences Social Human Doctoral Program Tokyo Metropolitan Univ Japan Dept. of Architecture and Building Eng. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ. Japan

In this research, we focus on the joint mortar part of the tile, create a pseudo floating tile, and propose a dynamic impact test and an out-of-plane displacement measurement method. From the results, the peeling properties of the tile finish were quantitatively clarified from the dynamic impact test and the measurement of the out-of-plane residual displacement. We also examined the effectiveness of the method of repairing floating tiles. © 2023 Architectural Institute of Japan. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tile Joint Delamination Properties Dynamic Impact Test

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Unveiling the Formation Pathway of Vaterite from Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Using Metadynamics Simulations

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ACS OMEGA 2025年第17期10卷 17948-17959页

作者： Saito, Takumi Maruyama, Ippei Suda, Yuya Teramoto, Atsushi Kitagaki, Ryoma Ohkubo, Takahiro Chiba Univ Grad Sch Engn Chiba 2638522 Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Engn Dept Architecture Tokyo 1138656 Japan Nagoya Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Engn & Architecture Nagoya 4648601 Japan Univ Ryukyus Fac Engn Civil Engn Program Nishihara Okinawa 9030213 Japan Hiroshima Univ Grad Sch Adv Sci & Engn Dept Architecture Hiroshima 7398527 Japan Hokkaido Univ Grad Sch Engn Div Human Environm Syst Sapporo 0608628 Japan

Calcium carbonate is a compound that is widely distributed throughout the Earth as a natural mineral and a material produced by biological activities. The crystal structure of calcium carbonate has three polymorphs: the most thermodynamically stable calcite, followed by aragonite and vaterite. Of the three crystalline phases, the formation process and structure of the most unstable, vaterite, remain mysterious. In this study, the pathway for forming the vaterite crystal structure from amorphous CaCO3 (ACC) is reproduced using well-tempered metadynamics molecular dynamics simulations. The structures sampled at multiple minima on the energy landscape are refined through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The sampled structures are assigned space groups and classified as calcite- and vaterite-like structures according to the arrangement of CO3 2- and Ca2+ sheets. The initial crystal structure produced from ACC is a monoclinic crystal with Ca2+ sheets and CO3 2- lying in the interlayer;however, it does not exhibit the 3-fold symmetry of calcite. Calcite structures with 3-fold symmetry, or orthorhombic crystals with rotated CO3 2- units, as found in vaterite, can be derived from this structure. The orthorhombic structure then transitions to the more stable monoclinic form, which is likely vaterite. The understanding of phase transitions based on the diverse crystal structures of calcium carbonate revealed in this study provides a predictive view of biomineralization and carbonation reactions of cementitious materials.

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A bounding-surface-based cyclic "p-y plus M-θ" model for unified description of laterally loaded piles with different failure modes in clay

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CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL 2024年第10期61卷 2104-2123页

作者： Hong, Yi Chen, Xuanyu Wang, Lizhong Wang, Lilin He, Ben Zhejiang Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Shanghai Inst Adv Study Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Coll Civil Engn & Architecture Key Lab Offshore Geotech & Mat Zhejiang Prov Hangzhou 310058 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Ocean Coll Hundred Talents Program Zhoushan 316021 Peoples R China Zhejiang Univ Key Lab Offshore Geotech & Mat Zhejiang Prov Hangzhou Peoples R China

The increasing turbine sizes have necessitated monopiles in soft clay to have larger diameter and rigidity, from early design of flexible piles to recent semi-rigid piles, with future anticipating rigid piles. Existing few cyclic soil-pile interaction models are developed for flexible pile associated with full-flow failure (above the rotation point, RP), with little attention paid to semi-rigid and rigid piles involving rotational-shear failure (below RP). This study aims to unify the description of piles with varying rigidity by proposing a cyclic two-spring model, where lateral resistances above and below RP are described with cyclic p-y and M-theta springs, respectively. It naturally recovers to a cyclic p-y model for flexible piles. The cyclic p-y and M-theta formulations are developed within the bounding-surface plasticity framework, based on numerical results of cyclic soil-pile interaction concerning full-flow and rotational-shear mechanisms, respectively. These numerical analyses are performed using a cyclic plasticity clay model developed and implemented numerically in this study. The cyclic "p-y+M-theta" model quantitatively reproduces experimental results of cyclic shakedown and ratcheting for flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid piles. Ignorance of the M-theta spring could underestimate cyclic resistance of rigid piles by 25%, suggesting the model's merit in reducing conservatism for monopiles in feature designs.

关键词： lateral loaded pile cyclic "p-y plus M-theta" model failure mechanisms clay bounding surface plasticity theory

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Operations on Railyard Sites, the Dutch Case: In between Landscape Design and Engineering

Operations on Railyard Sites, the Dutch Case: In between Lan...

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2023 AEIT International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Technologies for Automotive, AEIT AUTOMOTIVE 2023

作者： Sapone, Sara Anna Longo, Michela De Wit, Saskia Zaninelli, Dario Politecnico di Milano Landscape Architecture in the AUID Program Department of Architecture and Urban Studies Milano Italy Politecnico di Milano Electrical Power Systems Department of Energy Milano Italy TU Delft Landscape Architecture Section Urbanism Department Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9788887237573

The technical landscape of railyard sites brings together a multidisciplinary set of expertise and needs. It entails the union of engineering and landscape design concerns, to redefine these spaces in the way they are maintained and potentially transformed. The paper gives an overview of this interplay, focusing on the Dutch panorama to describe experimental procedures to manage and leverage railyards' green spaces in their transformation. It is presented a specific case study, the design for Amsterdam PHS, where technological advancement allowed to redefine the railyard section, providing a new urban park for the city. Ultimately is explored the potentialities and impact of translating this approach in another territorial context, the Italian one, where abandonment phenomena are widespread. The originality of the contribution lies in correlating aspects usually disconnected, such as technical needs, design, and ecological thinking, to propose an alternative management and redevelopment outlook. © 2023 AEIT.

关键词： Landscape Design Maintenance Optimization Public Green Space Railyard Technology

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Understanding residential mobility: Why the African context matters

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JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS 2023年第3期45卷 335-352页

作者： Keunen, Els Ley, Astrid Univ Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Univ Stuttgart Fac Architecture & Urban Planning Int Masters program Integrated Urbanism & Sustain Stuttgart Germany

Residential mobility in a Sub-Saharan African (SSA) context is substantially different from in the Global North. This paper provides three position statements to substantiate this claim. The first relates to residential mobility dynamics and posits that in SSA they are characterized by a much more transient and mobile population who frequently move to, from, between and within urban areas. Secondly, formal mechanisms that enable access to decent living conditions in the city are largely absent as compared to most of the Global North context and, as a consequence, poor households have to resort to other options to find a place in the city. Thirdly, real estate markets in SSA are less transparent as social networks interplay with market mechanisms and markets often function on the edge of or outside formal regulatory frameworks. The second part of the paper reflects on the implications of these differences for the African city. It argues that (1) translocal living reduces place attachment to the city, (2) processes of residential sorting and ethnic exclusion aggravate spatial inequality, and (3) limited spatial governance leads to developments that go beyond the capacity to sustain the city.

关键词： Sub-Saharan Africa residential mobility translocality

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