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Optimizing Classroom Lighting for Enhanced Visual Comfort and Reduced Energy Consumption

BUILDINGS 2025年第8期15卷 1233-1233页

作者： Aghajari, Samaneh Chen, Cheng-Chen Natl Taipei Univ Technol Coll Design Doctoral Program Design Taipei 10608 Taiwan Natl Taipei Univ Technol Dept Architecture Taipei 10608 Taiwan

Educational buildings are recognized as one of the largest consumers of electrical energy. Inadequate lighting can also have negative physical and psychological effects on these environments. Therefore, optimal lighting design that meets electrical energy needs while providing visual comfort is essential. Reducing glare, primarily caused by artificial lighting in educational environments, is particularly important. Glare can lead to discomfort and eye fatigue, adversely affecting learning performance. To measure and assess this phenomenon, the "Unified Glare Rating (UGR)" metric is employed, which helps designers accurately evaluate the level of glare caused by lighting. This paper examines the parameters of height and surface reflectance as variable factors to achieve an optimal design that reduces lamp demand and minimizes glare, using a three-phase methodology: (1) using Dialux software, two primary scenarios-varying heights (2.5 and 3 m) and reflectance coefficients (ceiling, walls, floor)-were examined, (2) across 100 simulations followed by correlation and regression analyses to assess the effect of each reflectance coefficient (ceiling, walls, floor) on illuminance and the UGR, and (3) energy performance evaluation. Results demonstrate trade-offs: reducing lamps from 15 to 9 lowered energy use by 40% but increased UGR from 13 to 18 (approaching the discomfort threshold of 19), while 12 lamps achieved a balance-20% energy savings, a UGR of 14, and uniformity of 0.67. Surface reflectance emerged as critical, with high-reflectance ceilings (>= 85%) and walls (>= 80%) contributing 50.9% and 32% to illuminance variance, respectively. This study concludes that multi-parameter optimization-integrating height, lamp quantity, and reflectance-is essential for energy-efficient classroom lighting with acceptable glare levels, providing actionable guidelines for urban educational environments constrained by artificial lighting dependency.

关键词： visual comfort surface reflectance artificial illumination energy saving classroom

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An interactive method for generating and evaluating urban design alternatives in early design stages

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ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE 2025年第2期52卷 473-489页

作者： Talmor Blaistain, Anat Fisher-Gewirtzman, Dafna Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Architecture & Urban Planning Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Architecture& Town Planning Architecture program Haifa Israel Technion Israel Inst Technol Fac Architecture & Town Planning IL-3200003 Haifa Israel

The field of generative design strives to enable the automated generation of multiple suitable urban design alternatives. However, quantitative analysis is typically conducted in the later design stages, when options are limited, and modifications are costly. Generative methods enable the creating of designs that bridge traditional methods, through systematic examination of numerous options during the early design stages. Yet their utilization in architectural practices is limited, partly due to antagonism that stems from the perceived lack of involvement of urban designers in such methods (which often behave like black boxes). The objective of this study was to develop a generative design process that combines rule-based automated algorithmic processes with the active involvement of urban designers, thereby offering a wide range of design alternatives during the planning phase. Additionally, the study aims at ensuring the key involvement of urban designers throughout the design process. The methodology employed in this study is comprised of both quantitative and subjective evaluations that the urban designers can conduct themselves. This result is an interactive process that utilizes generative tools and computerized analytical measures for creating, evaluating, and screening multiple urban design options at the urban neighborhood level, with an emphasis on residents' well-being, and based on the designers' preferred parameters. This parametric workflow could assist designers in the early decision-making process and may be integrated into current urban design processes.

关键词： Computer-generated parametric design urban design processes new urbanism theory urban well-being interactive design

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Finite element-based spatial distribution model for slope stability during earthquakes

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EARTHQUAKES AND STRUCTURES 2025年第2期28卷 149-159页

作者： Yi, Zheongzun Kang, Junsuk Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Urban Design Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea

The recent increase in earthquakes in Korea, including those in Kyeong-Ju and Pohang, has caused significant damage and landslides in surrounding areas. This study investigated earthquake-induced landslides to identify ways to reduce the risk of damage caused by slope instability. Landslide risk was assessed through finite element analysis of the slope factor of safety using topographic and geological data of the Pohang region combined with actual earthquake observations. A path was established to evaluate the slope stability and hazards at the end of the slope. The results of this study were compared with the landslide hazard map and showed good agreement, validating the accuracy of the model. In addition, the analysis of different paths provided quantitative and precise information about slope boundaries. Landslide hazards increase under earthquake conditions. Obtaining a quantitative factor of safety provides valuable information for designing slopes and adjacent areas.

关键词： earthquakes finite element modeling landslides seismicity slopes-stabilization

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Multi-primer-based environmental DNA survey for vertebrate biodiversity monitoring in protected island wetlands

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GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2025年 58卷

作者： Kim, Gawoo Kang, Yujin Song, Youngkeun Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Considering the natural and anthropogenic threats to natural ecosystems, monitoring the biodiversity of the protected areas and their subzones is necessary. The Korea National Park Service conducted the Natural Resource Survey (NRS) to monitor biodiversity in Korea's national parks;however, various species and the extensive survey regions, including inaccessible islands and mountains, hinder the consistent collection of data within limited resources. Environmental DNA (eDNA) might be a potential solution to provide non-invasive, standardized, and efficient biodiversity monitoring. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding for monitoring vertebrate biodiversity in ecologically sensitive and inaccessible protected island wetlands. We detected 35 vertebrate species in Jangdo and Baenanggimill wetlands of the Heuksan Archipelago, South Korea, using three primer sets specific to birds, mammals, and fish. Combining eDNA with NRS data increased species richness by 35.3 % in Jangdo Wetland and 10.2 % in Baenanggimill Wetland, demonstrating the efficiency of multi-primer eDNA in rapidly detecting species with minimal intervention. Moreover, eDNA identified five species that are difficult to see due to their underwater habitat or morphological similarity before the second round of NRS. However, regarding bird species detection, aqueous eDNA had lower recall than NRS, demanding technological improvements to enhance its applicability. Our findings indicate that eDNA might complement traditional survey methods to enhance biodiversity monitoring in protected areas, particularly in challenging environments such as remote island wetlands. We hope this work contributes to improving the planning of conservation and restoration efforts for threatened ecosystems.

关键词： EDNA metabarcoding Protected areas Natural Resource Survey (NRS) National Park Biodiversity assessment Island ecosystems

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A Framework for Informing Complete Street Planning: A Case Study in Brazil

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BUILDINGS 2025年第1期15卷 125-125页

作者： Rosa, Ashiley Adelaide Lima, Fernando Univ Fed Minas Gerais Grad Program Geog BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Belmont Univ OMore Coll Architecture & Design Nashville TN 37212 USA

The concept of Complete Streets prompts a re-evaluation of the road design paradigm of the past century, which prioritized vehicles over human-centered use. It seeks to integrate land-use planning with urban mobility, focusing on a safer, more accessible allocation of street space that supports diverse transportation modes, stimulates local economic development, encourages active mobility, and reinforces place identity while recognizing each street's unique purpose. However, Complete Streets have competing planning demands that vary according to their context and capacity to serve different functions and users. Identifying these priorities and street types is crucial for managing the trade-offs between functions according to each street's role. This article presents a framework for assessing a street's purpose and guiding interventions, focusing on the first two of the three key functions of Complete Streets: place, movement, and environment. The proposed framework is flexible and objective while allowing qualitative and subjective insights to be integrated. The preliminary results align with the empirical analysis of street segments, indicating the framework's potential for diagnosing and evaluating street completeness. The developed experiment helped identify the framework's limitations and its value as a tool for urban planning and design.

关键词： complete streets urban mobility land-use planning active mobility assessment framework

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Conceptual model of a healthy city learning from the Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia

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DISCOVER SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH 2025年第1期5卷 1-19页

作者： Wardhani, Fitrianty Winarso, Haryo Argo, Teti Armiati Inst Teknol Bandung Urban & Reg Planning Study Program Bandung 40132 Jawa Barat Indonesia Bengkulu Univ Fac Engn Architecture Study Program Bengkulu Indonesia

The Covid 19 global pandemic has brought changes to many aspects of human life as it spread across the globe. The dramatic and widespread impact of the pandemic has necessitated the revision of many principles regarding the organization of social life, access to health care, public safety and urban planning. The emergence of previous conceptual models of urban planning was motivated by a paradigm shift in urban planning. There have been previous models describing the relationship between cities, the built environment and health. But there is no healthy city planning model that describes infectious diseases such as the Covid 19 phenomenon. Therefore, this paper will formulate a conceptual model of a healthy city learning from the experience of the Covid 19 pandemic. This research uses a mix method research method that combines qualitative and quantitative research. In formulating the concept of healthy cities, learning from the experience of the Covid 19 pandemic, the analysis was carried out in 2 stages, namely: analyzing urban changes due to the impact of the pandemic and analyzing the factors that determine a healthy city. The results of the development of a healthy city conceptual model obtained 4 components in forming a healthy city, namely urban health, urban environment, urban form and healthy urban planning. Healthy urban planning explains the process of forming a healthy city. In urban health there are 18 variables. Learning from the Covid 19 pandemic, health behavior, social integration and support, access to health services, quality of health facilities, social life, sense of community (social capital), primary health system, secondary health system, early warning system, adaptive social protection is a novelty in urban health and its position is very important to create a resilient healthy city in the future. In the urban environment there are 8 variables and the novelty is the NO2CO reduction factor, learning from the Covid 19 pandemic. Furthermore, the

关键词： Healthy city Conceptual model Urban health Healthy urban planning

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Improving Evaluation Systems for Public Institution Performance: A Case Study of Regional Cooperation at the Korea National Arboretum

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FOREST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2025年第1期21卷 74-86页

作者： Lee, Myounghoon Kim, Sungeun Jeon, Seran Korea Univ Dept Architecture Seoul South Korea Korea Univ Program Urban Regenerat Seoul South Korea

This study addresses the deficiency in performance indicators of public institution arboretums and highlights the increasing need for collaborative cooperation for mutual growth. We aim to develop both quantitative and qualitative performance indicators to improve the evaluation systems and optimize operational efficiency. Initial indicators were formulated based on a review of 31 literature sources, followed by focus group interviews and a Delphi analysis involving 21 experts. A total of 23 core indicators were identified and categorized into three domains: public interest, economics, and functional aspects. Public interest indicators included seven items focusing on co-growth indicators (four) and contributions to the arboretum and garden culture development (three). Economic indicators featured ten items, including those related to regional exhibitions (four) and regional economic activation (six). The functional aspects indicators comprised six items: outsourced cultivation (three) and plant management (three). The highest-priority indicator was related to regional economic activity (income generation for local small business owners). Recommendations should be tailored to each department to bolster organizational performance, strengths, and capabilities. We anticipate that these indicators will support the mutual growth of national arboretums and local farming communities in Korea.

关键词： performance indicators public institution arboretums inclusive growth regional cooperation

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Mitigating urban heat island effects through leadership in energy and environmental design evaluation and blue-green infrastructure: Applying the hazard capacity factor design model for urban thermal resilience

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2025年 124卷

作者： Kim, Jaekyoung Lee, Gunwon Park, Samuel Kang, Junsuk Gangneung Wonju Natl Univ Dept Environm Landscape Architecture Kangnung 25457 South Korea Korea Univ Dept Architecture Seoul 02841 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Ctr Reg Climate Crisis Response Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture & Rural Syst Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Transdisciplinary Program Smart City Global Conver Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Res Inst Agr & Life Sci Seoul 08826 South Korea

This study aimed to evaluate urban heat island (UHI) mitigation strategies by applying the Hazard Capacity Factor Design (HCFD) model, which was initially developed for urban flooding, to assess the effectiveness of blue-green infrastructure in enhancing urban resilience to extreme heat. UHIs exacerbate the impacts of climate change, particularly in densely populated areas with limited green spaces. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations along with sensor data from Seongdong-gu, Seoul, to evaluate climate adaptation strategies, including cooling fog and green infrastructure, both individually and in combination. The results indicate that the HCFD model can effectively assess urban thermal resilience, with R2 values exceeding 0.9 for all monitoring points. The combination of cooling fog and green infrastructure showed significant interaction effects, with a conservative interaction effect of approximately 3.97 degrees C cooling at a wind speed of 1 m/s. These findings underscore the potential of the HCFD model to inform data-driven urban planning and improve climate adaptation strategies, thereby contributing to the development of resilient urban environments. Future research should explore the broader applicability of the HCFD model to other urban climate risks and assess the long-term impacts of integrated adaptation measures.

关键词： HCFD model Urban heat islands (UHIs) Disaster mitigation Interaction design Smart infrastructure Green infrastructure

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Co-designing of public space for urban design students using citizen-generated data

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CODESIGN-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COCREATION IN DESIGN AND THE ARTS 2025年

作者： Ozden, Pelin Muller, Johannes Velibeyoglu, Koray Izmir Kavram Vocat Sch Dept Architecture & City Planning Architectural Restorat Program Izmir Turkiye Swiss Fed Inst Technol Chair Informat Architecture Dept Architektur Zurich Switzerland Izmir Inst Technol Fac Architecture City & Reg Planning Izmir Turkiye

This study describes the co-design process, which includes the citizens' spatial experiences, needs, and wishes, through participatory digital design tools in urban design. The paper draws on a case study for co-design practices for leftover public space;Re-shaping K & uuml;& ccedil;& uuml;k Park urban void in Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. The methodology used in this study is a further improvement of 'Citizen Design Science' and its tool Qua-Kit (a map-based e-participation tool), which originated from Future Cities Laboratory (FCL) in ETH Zurich. The toolkit allows users to move geometries in given urban spaces and enables non-expert participants to express their ideas for the urban area through design. Departing from conventional urban design approaches, the shaping of the urban realm became a democratic process in which all stakeholders participated as co-designers. The study utilises objective and subjective design data, offering a novel perspective on urban design education and the profession. The educational experiment showed that participants could contribute their experiences and opinions through active design tools and the development process in co-designing public spaces.

关键词： Co-design citizen design science digital participation tool public space urban design

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Graph neural networks for classification and error detection in 2D architectural detail drawings

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AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION 2025年 170卷

作者： Ko, Jaechang Lee, Donghyuk Texas A&M Univ Dept Architecture College Stn TX 77840 USA Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Artificial Intelligence 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

The assessment and classification of architectural sectional drawings is critical in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) field, where the accurate representation of complex structures and the extraction of meaningful patterns are key challenges. This paper established a framework for standardizing different forms of architectural drawings into a consistent graph format, and evaluated different Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) architectures, pooling methods, node features, and masking techniques. This paper demonstrates that GNNs can be practically applied in the design and review process, particularly for categorizing details and detecting errors in architectural drawings. The potential for visual explanations of model decisions using Explainable AI (XAI) is also explored to enhance the reliability and user understanding of AI models in architecture. This paper highlights the potential of GNNs in architectural data analysis and outlines the challenges and future directions for broader application in the AEC field.

关键词： Architectural detail drawings Graph neural networks (GNN) Drawing classification Error detection Explainable AI (XAI)

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