Green building is receiving increased attention in the public sector in the United *** the past ten years,public sector organizations have gone from“testing the waters”with green building pilot projects to developin...
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Green building is receiving increased attention in the public sector in the United *** the past ten years,public sector organizations have gone from“testing the waters”with green building pilot projects to developing wide-reaching policies that incorporate green building practices and standards as a formal part of capital project decision processes.A variety of approaches have been employed at the federal,state,and local levels that encourage or require green building practices on public sector *** date,however,there has been no systematic evaluation of the pros and cons of these policy options to provide a basis for organizations considering how best to construct a program to meet the needs of its specific *** paper identifies,compares,and contrasts options that have been incorporated as part of green building programs for states and other public sector organization seeking to motivate green building practices in their capital projects and *** categories of options are considered:Policy,program,and Evaluation *** paper evaluates alternatives within each of these categories according to their potential social,environmental,and economic impacts as well as their likelihood of implementation success within the context of public *** findings of this paper contribute a palette of options for policymakers to consider when drafting policies for their organizations,along with program options to be considered by those who must implement the *** work contributes a foundation for future research to further understand the relative effectiveness and impacts of policy elements on green building practice within public sector organizations.
A substantial number of studies have been conducted over the last several decades to assess the potential impacts of long-term increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B between 280 and 320 nm) that will result from c...
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A substantial number of studies have been conducted over the last several decades to assess the potential impacts of long-term increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B between 280 and 320 nm) that will result from continued depletion of stratospheric ozone. However, seasonal changes, tropospheric chemistry and cloudiness are the dominant factors controlling ambient UV-B levels on a short-term or daily basis. The effects of short-term changes in UV-B on plant growth, phytochemistry and physiological processes have received relatively little attention. The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research program provides an excellent network of stations that provide an opportunity to monitor long-term changes in solar UV-B radiation and evaluate the responses of plants to short-term variation in UV-B levels on a near-real-time basis. In this study barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L] Merr.) were used as model systems. Emerging seedlings of these species were grown under either near-ambient levels of UV-B or under reduced levels (ca 90% reduction) in the field. Periodic measurements of foliar UV-screening compounds were made on separate groups of seedlings planted at intervals over the growing season during contrasting periods of ambient levels of UV radiation. The levels of UV-screening compounds correlated with UV-B levels in both species and with UV-A in soybean but the sensitivity of the response differed between the two species and among the soybean cultivars. Response differences among species may be related to unique secondary chemistry of each species, so one response estimate or action spectrum may not be appropriate for all species.
The powering advantages of a Dynaplane type stepped planing boat with its short, highly-efficient (cambered) planing region, a swept-back step, and an adjustable Vee hydrofoil at the stern are discussed. The performan...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781622764129
The powering advantages of a Dynaplane type stepped planing boat with its short, highly-efficient (cambered) planing region, a swept-back step, and an adjustable Vee hydrofoil at the stern are discussed. The performance of this design has been demonstrated by the results from extensive theoretical and experimental work in hydrodynamics that has been carried out in U.S. towing tanks, as well as by numerous prototype boats. This design can run at planing speeds with only one-half as much horsepower, and rate of fuel consumption as is required by the conventional types of planing motorboats. A new analysis, different in approach from what has been used before, not only validates the improved performance, but promises potential additional improvements.
Urban planning process depends on the quality of data obtained, which, in turn, depends on the quality of data collection and data processing. Urban planners and designers strive for ways to secure information, and in...
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The focus of the work is to create an architectural space that allows interaction between the transformation and the stimulation of artefacts with sound. Such architecture can be defined as the incorporation of active...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781605603858
The focus of the work is to create an architectural space that allows interaction between the transformation and the stimulation of artefacts with sound. Such architecture can be defined as the incorporation of active, reactive, interactive and transactional properties of the space, responsive to sound according to algorithmic parameters. Similar assemblages can be seen in the field of biophysics with their clear development process of emergence and self-organization capabilities. The sound factor, which is generally obliterated or post-processed, is in this case the creator and stimulator of different behaviours and dynamic choreographies. In the present modal, the relation to exteriority is based on the usage of biological behaviour which allows changes in shape, in response to transient changes in environmental conditions. While the relation to interiority is derived by effects which provide growth movements, as well as slow adaptations to changes in self specific conditions. Consequently, through systematic behaviour, a structure with or without external control is achieved, allowing the initiation of what can be denominated as a state of evergence. The developed model aims to design acoustical spaces that respond to sound and reshape themselves in order to optimize and to self-regulate the acoustical properties of multipurpose spaces.
Complementarity-based reserve selection algorithms efficiently prioritize sites for biodiversity conservation, but they are data-intensive and most regions lack accurate distribution maps for the majority of species. ...
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Complementarity-based reserve selection algorithms efficiently prioritize sites for biodiversity conservation, but they are data-intensive and most regions lack accurate distribution maps for the majority of species. We explored implications of basing conservation planning decisions on incomplete and biased data using occurrence records of the plant family Proteaceae in South Africa. Treating this high-quality database as 'complete', we introduced three realistic sampling biases characteristic of biodiversity databases: a detectability sampling bias and two forms of roads sampling bias. We then compared reserve networks constructed using complete, biased, and randomly sampled data. All forms of biased sampling performed worse than both the complete data set and equal-effort random sampling. Biased sampling failed to detect a median of 1-5% of species, and resulted in reserve networks that were 9-17% larger than those designed with complete data. Spatial congruence and the correlation of irreplaceability scores between reserve networks selected with biased and complete data were low. Thus, reserve networks based on biased data. require more area to protect fewer species and identify different locations than those selected with randomly sampled or complete data.
Allelopathy as a mechanism of invasion in plant communities remains a debated topic, partly due to lack of techniques to measure allelochemical output and stability in the field. Evidence has arisen to support allelop...
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Allelopathy as a mechanism of invasion in plant communities remains a debated topic, partly due to lack of techniques to measure allelochemical output and stability in the field. Evidence has arisen to support allelopathic mechanisms in several invasive knapweeds, including Russian knapweed. Previous studies have shown that a phytotoxin, 7,8-benzoflavone, is produced by Russian knapweed roots under soil-free conditions. Here we describe a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to detect this compound in soil and we present the first observations of this compound from Russian knapweed infested soils. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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