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Semi-dry natural carbonation at different relative humidities: Degree of carbonation and reaction kinetics of calcium hydrates in cement paste

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CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH 2025年 189卷

作者： Saeki, Naohiko Kurihara, Ryo Ohkubo, Takahiro Teramoto, Atsushi Suda, Yuya Kitagaki, Ryoma Maruyama, Ippei Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Engn Dept Architecture Tokyo 1138656 Japan Chiba Univ Grad Sch Engn Dept Appl Chem & Biotechnol Chiba 2638522 Japan Hiroshima Univ Grad Sch Adv Sci & Engn Dept Architecture Hiroshima 7398527 Japan Univ Ryukyus Fac Engn Civil Engn Program Nishihara Okinawa 9030213 Japan Hokkaido Univ Grad Sch Engn Div Human Environm Syst Sapporo 0608628 Japan Nagoya Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Engn & Architecture Nagoya 4648603 Japan

This study investigated semi-dry carbonation at different relative humidities (RH) under atmospheric CO2 concentrations to determine the effect of RH on the degree of carbonation (DoC) and reaction rates. The carbonation kinetics of each calcium-containing hydrate exhibited an initial rapid chemical-reaction-limited stage, followed by a significantly slower stage. DoC values plateaued after 200 days of carbonation, reaching 78 % at 95 % RH and 34 % at 33 % RH, aligning with EN 16757 values for sheltered outdoor and indoor environments, respectively. When the samples reached a stable DoC at a given RH, further carbonation occurred upon exposure to higher RH, implying that the DoC was governed by the highest RH to which the samples had been exposed. The phase assemblage was also affected, approaching thermodynamic equilibrium at higher RH but deviating at lower RH due to the formation of local equilibria and the presence of metastable phases.

关键词： Degree of carbonation Kinetics Phase assemblage Relative humidity

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Chitosan-based hydrogel incorporating mesoporous silica/zinc oxide nanoparticles with controlled swelling and potent antibacterial activity

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS 2025年第6期74卷 465-473页

作者： Aykac, Ahmet Ok, Izel Bakay, Emel Topaloglu, Nermin Izmir Katip Celebi Univ Dept Engn Sci Izmir Turkiye Izmir Katip Celebi Univ Nanosci & Nanotechnol Grad Program Izmir Turkiye Izmir Katip Celebi Univ Biomed Technol Grad Program Izmir Turkiye Abo Akad Univ Dept Sci & Engn Turku Finland Izmir Katip Celebi Univ Fac Engn & Architecture Dept Biomed Engn Izmir Turkiye

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a notable causative agent of bacterial infections known for its development of antibiotic resistance over time. In response, hydrogels augmented with antibacterial nanoparticles (NPs) and controllable swelling properties have emerged as promising alternatives. In the study, a novel chitosan (CS)-based hydrogel was prepared by combining CS as a main component, zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) as an antibacterial agent, and mesoporous silica NPs (MSN) as the swelling control material. Comprehensive characterization of the prepared novel hydrogels were carried out by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (zeta-potential), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ZnO/MSN/CS-based hydrogel exhibited superior swelling, precisely controllable swelling, and potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. These hybrid CS-based hydrogels, incorporating both ZnO NPs and MSN, exhibit significant potential as agents for combating antibiotic resistance, offering an alternative strategy to mitigate reliance on conventional antibiotics.

关键词： Antibacterial activity chitosan hydrogel mesoporous silica nanoparticles zinc oxide nanoparticles

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Traffic noise assessment in urban Bulgaria using explainable machine learning

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2025年 120卷

作者： Helbich, Marco Hagenauer, Julian Burov, Angel Dzhambov, Angel M. Univ Utrecht Fac Geosci Dept Human Geog & Spatial Planning Utrecht Netherlands Med Univ Plovdiv Strateg Res & Innovat Program Dev MU Plovdiv Hlth & Qual Life Green & Sustainable Environm Res Plovdiv Bulgaria Med Univ Plovdiv Res Inst Environm Hlth Div Plovdiv Bulgaria Univ Architecture Civil Engn & Geodesy Fac Architecture Dept Urban Planning Sofia Bulgaria

Fine-grained noise maps are vital for epidemiological studies on traffic noise. However, detailed information on traffic noise is often limited, especially in Eastern Europe. When acoustic noise propagation models are unavailable, rigid linear noise land-use regressions are typically employed to estimate noise levels;however, machine learning likely offers more accurate noise predictions. We innovated by comparing the predictive accuracies of supervised machine learning models to estimate traffic noise levels across the five largest Bulgarian cities. In situ A-weighted equivalent continuous sound levels were obtained from 232 fixed-site monitors across these cities. We included transport- and land-use-related predictors using 50-1,000 m buffers. Extreme gradient boosting (XGB) had the highest ten-fold cross-validated fit (R2=0.680) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE=4.739), insignificantly besting the random forest-based model (R2=0.667, RMSE=4.895). Support vector regression (R2=0.633, RMSE=5.358), elastic net (R2=0.568, RMSE=5.625), and linear regression (R2=0.548, RMSE=5.569) performed significantly worse. Shapley values for the XGB showed that the length of major roads within 100 m buffers, footways within 50 m buffers, residential roads within 50 m buffers, and the number of buildings within 50 m buffers were important non-linear predictors. Our spatially resolved noise maps revealed striking geographic noise variations and that, on average, 96.8 % of the urban population experiences harmful noise levels.

关键词： Traffic noise pollution Exposure assessment Land-use regression Machine learning Shapley additive explanations Environmental monitoring

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Characterization and Tribology Performance of Refractory Materials Coatings with Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Fabricated by Thermal Spraying

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JOM 2025年第1期77卷 336-352页

作者： Ozkan, Dervis Binal, Gulfem Ozgurluk, Yasin Odabas, Okan Yilmaz, Sefa Erdem Gok, Mustafa Sabri Ozbek, Yildiz Yarali Cevlik, Ersan Karaoglanli, Abdullah Cahit Bartin Univ Fac Engn Architecture & Design Mech Engn Dept TR-74110 Bartin Turkiye Bartin Univ Fac Engn Architecture & Design Met & Mat Engn Dept TR-74110 Bartin Turkiye Bartin Univ Vocat Sch Hlth Serv Program Med Serv & Tech TR-74100 Bartin Turkiye Sakarya Univ Fac Engn Met & Mat Engn Dept TR-54187 Sakarya Turkiye

This study aims to identify a novel area of use for metallurgical slags, which cause environmental problems. The usability of low-cost material with blast furnace slag (BFS) content in thermal spray coating technology and wear-based applications was investigated. For this purpose, the microstructural properties and wear performances of thermal spray coatings with 80Ni-20Cr content and coatings with BFS content currently used in commercially oriented applications were investigated in detail. The wear performance of the coatings was investigated under dry sliding conditions in ball-on-flat reciprocating tests using an Al2O3 ball as the counterpart. It was observed that the produced BFS coatings had a microstructural homogeneous structure and had porosity and oxide structure reflecting the traditional feature of the thermal spray coating process. It was determined that the hardness and surface roughness values of BFS coatings were higher than 80Ni-20Cr commercial coatings. As a result of the wear tests, it was observed that the wear performance of BFS coatings was higher than that of 80Ni-20Cr coatings and that oxidative, abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms accompanied the wear failure formation.

关键词： Blast furnaces

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A Review of Social and Organizational Barriers to Water Reuse in the United States

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WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-WATER 2025年第1期12卷

作者： Scruggs, Caroline E. Hacker, Miriam E. Univ New Mexico Sch Architecture & Planning Community & Reg Planning Dept Albuquerque NM 87106 USA Univ New Mexico Water Resources Program Albuquerque NM 87106 USA Water Res Fdn Alexandria VA USA

Water reuse is increasingly seen as a necessary part of municipal and regional water planning, driven by climate change, increasing populations, economic development, nutrient management, and supply diversification, among other factors. However, only a small fraction of the water discharged every day from municipal, industrial, agricultural, and oil and gas operations across the United States is formally reused. Despite the need for water reuse in water planning, barriers to adoption exist across several social and organizational dimensions: cost and rate development, policy and regulation, capacity development, organizational dynamics, and equity and environmental justice. This overview reviews these dimensions, synthesizing major findings from the literature and highlighting areas where additional research is needed. Existing work has focused on economic considerations of reuse and regulatory and policy impacts. While some research exists across the other dimensions presented, there is a need to expand what we know about organizational factors impacting the adoption of water reuse, including workforce and capacity building and equity implications.

关键词： cost and rate development equity governance organizational dynamics water recycling

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Evaluating the Cooling Effects and Building Energy-Saving Potential of Vegetation and Albedo: A Case Study of Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea

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BUILDINGS 2025年第4期15卷 597-597页

作者： Wang, Yuedong Zhang, Yuhan Song, Younkeun Lee, Junga Li, Guanlin Song, Zipeng Zhou, Zhicheng Zhang, Junxue Xu, Jiacong Li, Jingang Li, Yingnan Jiangsu Univ Dept Environm Design Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Univ Div Environm Sci & Ecol Engn Seoul 02841 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sch Environm & Safety Engn Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sci & Technol Sch Civil Engn & Architecture Zhenjiang 212100 Peoples R China Jilin Jianzhu Univ Sch Architecture & Urban Planning Changchun 130119 Peoples R China Korea Univ OJeong Resilience Inst Seoul 02841 South Korea Southeast Univ Sch Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

Numerous studies have explored the cooling and energy-saving effects of vegetation and reflective materials under extreme heat conditions in urban residential areas. However, few have explored the synergistic effects of vegetation and albedo, particularly in low-rise, high-density residential areas. Therefore, this study selected six typical low-rise, high-density residential areas in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, based on the neighborhood characteristics. This study investigated the cooling effects and energy-saving potential of vegetation and cooling materials through the development of five simulation scenarios. These included original conditions, the application of highly reflective cooling materials, increased vegetation cover, the removal of vegetation cover, and a comprehensive strategy combining cooling materials with enhanced vegetation. These scenarios were analyzed using ENVI-met and DesignBuilder to evaluate their impact on the microclimate and building energy consumption. The results reveal the following: (1) Cooling materials can lower air temperatures by 1.9 degrees C, saving 10.37% in energy consumption during the summer, demonstrating a greater efficiency in reducing air temperature and energy use. (2) Vegetation slightly reduces daytime air temperatures but hampers nighttime cooling in dense low-rise areas, increasing energy demand. Shrubs or grass are preferable to tall trees. (3) Cooling materials had a stronger correlation with energy consumption reduction compared to vegetation. Hence, combining cooling materials with strategically placed vegetation and controlling vegetation size maximized cooling and energy-saving benefits. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners and designers, offering guidance for improving urban microclimates, reducing building energy use, and achieving carbon neutrality goals.

关键词： detached residence microclimate energy consumption cooling material vegetation cover

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Enhancing Facade Design to Improve Energy Efficiency of Office Towers in the Hot and Humid Climate Region (Case Study: Bandung, Indonesia) 1st

Enhancing Facade Design to Improve Energy Efficiency of Offi...

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1st International Conference of Urban Climate, Sustainability, and Urban Design, UCSUD 2023

作者： Paramita, Beta Nurlette, Muhammad Rabbani Hanissa, Aprilia Nurul Low Carbon Building Material and Energy University Center of Excellent Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung Indonesia Architecture Study Program Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9789819784004

Performance Based Design (PBD) makes the design process easier to achieve optimal energy efficiency in office towers. Building performance is impacted by various factors, including decisions related to the shape of the building, its orientation, the building envelope, and the building façade. This study aims to determine the building energy consumption by applying the office building's secondary skin during the hottest season in the hot and climate region. A design solution was obtained by utilizing Sefaira with ASHRAE 90.1 – 2013-based parameters for the building performance analysis application. Building in the hot and humid climate region requires energy for cooling due to the long solar durations. The building facade then is the main architectural element that needs to design properly. Facade design, including the building height, orientation, shadowing, and wall window ratio, define the use of electric devices per square meter. The results showed the building's energy use before the special treatment was 126 kWh/m2/yr from the supposed 79 kWh/m2/yr. The design process that responds to the climate will then influence the building form and massing. It is the initial step for building envelope before requiring mechanical assistance to achieve thermal comfort. The design experiment later takes a 3-m-long balcony for all facades, reduce envelope area with compact form have proven to reduce the building energy use. Those experiments later found able to reduce energy use to 57 kWh/m2/yr or 69 kWh/m2/yr obtained. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Thermal comfort

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An adapted centrality index to assess spatial accessibility in street networks: Application to two medium-sized cities in Brazil

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JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY 2025年 126卷

作者： Goncalves, Gustavo Maciel Maraschin, Clarice Maffini, Ana Luisa Fed Univ Rio Grande Do Sul UFRGS PROPUR Postgrad Program Urban & Reg Planning Porto Alegre Brazil Fed Univ Rio Grande Do Sul UFRGS Sch Architecture Dept Urbanism PROPUR Postgrad Program Urban & Reg Planning Porto Alegre Brazil

This paper explores an adapted network-based measure for assessing spatial accessibility in urban street networks: the Potential Accessibility (PA) index. Building upon network centrality measures and incorporating concepts from transportation and geography studies, the proposed index integrates spatial competition for limited-capacity opportunities into a directed, weighted network model. The PA index accounts for both supply (e.g., employment opportunities) and demand (e.g., population) attributes, and their spatial interaction within a global analysis or a local one (with a predefined catchment radius). To demonstrate the PA index's properties and practical relevance, we apply it to two medium-sized Brazilian cities, analyzing accessibility to formal employment opportunities. We conducted four experiments: an unweighted analysis, a supply-weighted analysis, a competition-based analysis with both supply and demand weights, and a local accessibility analysis using a 1600-m radius. A fifth experiment compares the PA index to Reach centrality, a non-competitive network-based accessibility measure. Results reveal how variations in street network configuration influence accessibility outcomes and inequality patterns, captured using the Palma Ratio. The PA index distinguishes local from global accessibility more effectively than the Reach index and better reveals how competition and proximity affect opportunity access. The method's flexibility allows for multiscalar analysis, integration of social attributes, and scenario simulations, supporting planning applications aimed at equitable access to services. The study contributes to accessibility research especially by introducing a network-based framework with the potential to enhance proximity-centered and local accessibility urban policies, particularly relevant to small and mediumsized cities.

关键词： Accessibility index Potential accessibility Network models Local accessibility

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Unveiling differential impacts of multidimensional urban morphology on heat island effect across local climate zones: Interpretable CatBoost-SHAP machine learning model

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2025年 270卷

作者： Liu, Qiqi Hang, Tian Wu, Yunfei Nanjing Forestry Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Nanjing Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul 08826 South Korea Nanjing Forestry Univ Dept Art & Design Nanjing Peoples R China

Classifying local climate zones (LCZ) improves the understanding of how urban morphology affects the urban heat island (UHI) effect. However, differences in driving mechanisms across various LCZ types are often overlooked, leading to a lack of targeted UHI mitigation measures for different LCZ types. In this study, we took Shenzhen as a case study and employed a novel interpretable CatBoost-SHAP machine learning model to evaluate the contributions of multidimensional urban morphology factors to the UHI effect across various LCZ types. We found that the driving mechanisms in different LCZ types have both commonalities and differences. For all LCZ types, the blue-green space ratio (BGSR), digital elevation model (DEM), albedo (AL), and mean building height (MBH) consistently exhibited significant negative impacts on the UHI effect, whereas space crowding degree (SCD) showed a positive impact. Although some factors such as sky view factor (SVF), building shape index (BSI), and surface unfolding ratio (SUR) also contributed to the UHI effect, the positive and negative correlations are reversed across different LCZ types. Additionally, factors such as green view index (GVI) and patch density (PD) had a greater influence on land cover types compared to built types. These findings reveal the complex interactions between urban morphology and the UHI effect, underscoring the necessity of investigating the driving mechanisms across various LCZ types. Our study can provide valuable insights for urban planners and policy- makers to develop targeted mitigation strategies for specific LCZ types, thereby effectively alleviating the UHI effect.

关键词： Urban heat island effect Multidimensional urban morphology Local climate zone Category Boosting SHapley additive exPlanations Interpretable machine learning

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Shaping sacredness by unveiling the impact of lighting in a church environment: Comparing observations in real space and virtual reality

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BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2025年 279卷

作者： Mandala, Ari Ani Koerniawan, M. Donny Indraprastha, Aswin Mangkuto, Rizki Armanto Wonorahardjo, Surjamanto Inst Teknol Bandung Dept Architecture Doctoral Program SAPPK Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia Univ Katolik Parahyangan Fac Engn Dept Architecture Jl Ciumbuleuit 94 Bandung 40141 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Bldg Technol Res Grp SAPPK Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Fac Ind Technol Built Environm Performance Engn Res Grp Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia

Light is a fundamental element in worship space design, shaping sacredness through visual perceptions of clarity, comfort, and experience. St. Peter's Cathedral in Bandung was studied in physical spaces and virtual reality (VR) under three light scenarios: daytime with natural light, afternoon with combined light, and night-time using artificial light. Data were collected via high dynamic range (HDR) imaging analysed with Aftab Alpha software, questionnaires, and physiological measurements. Eighteen participants experienced the cathedral physically, while 20 observed 360 degrees images in VR. Heart rate and brain waves were recorded during the VR sessions. Both groups reported similar emotional and monumental experiences, confirming VR's potential to replicate sacred atmospheres. However, dynamic daylight in real space, HDR image used, and display technology in VR may cause perceptual differences in visual clarity and comfort across settings. The sacred experience is shaped by two emotional dimensions: upliftment and suffering. Colourful light and a non-uniform distribution, particularly from stained glass, are effective in creating emotional uplift by evoking wonder and deep emotional engagement. Warm and dim lights can contribute to both emotions by inducing contemplation and a sense of vulnerability. Balanced lighting that considers both clarity and comfort is essential for achieving a full emotional spectrum. Physiological responses, such as elevated heart rates and specific brain wave patterns offer valuable insights into spiritual effects of light, supporting deeper exploration of sacred experiences through measureable data.

关键词： Visual perception Lighting Sacred spaces Virtual reality Physiological response

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