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IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： H.S. Shim W. He J.S. Lee C. Levin Seoul National University Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering Seoul Republic of Korea Seoul National University Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science Seoul Republic of Korea Stanford University Radiology Stanford California United States of America Seoul National University Nuclear Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798350388152

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388169

This study focuses on enhancing the DOI resolution in PET systems by optimizing a single-ended continuous DOI positioning scheme using a 2 mm pitch $12 \times 12$ LYSO crystal array with varying boundary models. Three models were evaluated for DOI resolution at different depths using SiPMs with a 3.16 mm pitch. Results showed that Model 2, which features a central fully blocked boundary, provided the best DOI resolution of $1.87 \mathrm{~mm}(\sigma)$, equivalent to a FWHM of 4.40 mm. Experiments utilized PETsys module to read the SiPM array individually, and applied row / column sum method manually. With the row / column summed data, the optimization involved comparing and refining four metrics: variance, max/sum ratio, flood map position, and the difference between sums of even and odd entries. Additionally, the coefficients between the row values and column values were optimized. These findings highlight that strategic placement of boundaries within the detector array substantially enhances DOI accuracy, making Model 2 particularly effective for precise PET imaging, and also employing a variety of metrics, rather than a single unified metric, can lead to improved depth of interaction (DOI) resolution.

关键词： Measurement Microwave integrated circuits Image resolution Semiconductor detectors Refining Crystals Arrays

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Statistically-based inter-crystal scatter event positioning method for a 3D position sensitive TOF detector based on side readout

Statistically-based inter-crystal scatter event positioning ...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： H.S. Shim Z. Zhao J.S. Lee C. Levin Seoul National University Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering Seoul Republic of Korea Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea Stanford University Radiology Stanford California United States of America Seoul National University Nuclear Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea

ISBN: (数字)9798350388152

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388169

This study investigates a statistically-based method for positioning inter-crystal scatter (ICS) events in a 3D position-sensitive TOF detector using a side readout scheme. The experimental setup utilized a side readout with a 130 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR) and an energy resolution of less than 10%. Various methods were explored to accurately position ICS events, primarily using energy information and crystal identification via multiplexed signals. ICS events were defined as having two crystal identification signals per event, whereas photoelectric events only had one. The results showed that assigning the first interaction position using the maximum energy deposited method yielded an accuracy of 54.98%, while the minimum energy method resulted in 45.02% accuracy. We also introduced the proportional ICS positioning method to this side readout which utilize the ratio between the photoelectric event and the ICS event. The proportional ICS positioning method demonstrated high consistency, with $\mathrm{R}^{2}$ values above 0.97, indicating a strong predictive ability for the number of ICS events based on the number of photoelectric events. This method suggests an effective approach to maintaining sensitivity and accurate line-of-response assignment in PET systems. The findings are pivotal for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of PET imaging, with future research aimed at applying these methods to multi-layer block configurations to address ICS occurring between layers.

关键词： Temperature sensors Temperature distribution Accuracy Three-dimensional displays Sensitivity Semiconductor detectors Energy resolution

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Fully Autonomous Water Monitoring by Plant-Inspired Robots

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Jeong, Seong-Geun Kim, Jingyeong Son, Huiseong Kim, Jae Seong Kim, Ji-Hyun Kim, Byung-Gee Lee, Chang-Soo Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Chungnam National University Daejeon34134 Korea Republic of Bio-MAX Institute Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Chemistry Chung-Ang University Seoul06974 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering Korea Republic of

Developing countries struggle with water quality management due to poor infrastructure, limited expertise, and financial constraints. The lack of consistent power further limits the adoption of modern water management facilities. Traditional water quality testing relies on periodic site visits and manual sampling by experts. This manual method is not suitable for continuous, wide-area monitoring because it cannot detect sudden contamination from heavy metal spills, and it is impractical for experts to visit multiple sites every day over a large area. To address it, we developed plant-inspired robots capable of electricity-free, low-cost, fully autonomous, water quality monitoring. Constructed from paper, the robot absorbs surrounding water through its roots. It is controlled by paper-based microfluidic logic that sends absorbed water to petal-shaped actuators only when the water is polluted. This triggers the actuators to swell and bend like a blooming flower, which visually signals the presence of pollutants to local residents. The paper robot can be mass-produced at low cost and deployed over larger area. Once installed, it can autonomously operate using only water as fuel, thereby eliminating the need for electricity or expert intervention. This autonomous robot offers a new approach to water quality monitoring suitable for resource-limited environments. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Heavy metals

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Viruses in the era of microplastics and plastispheres: Analytical methods, advances and future directions

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Science of the Total Environment 2024年 955卷 177010页

作者： Shruti, V.C. Kutralam-Muniasamy, Gurusamy Pérez-Guevara, Fermín Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Ciudad de México Mexico Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Program Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Ciudad de México Mexico

Research on microplastics and plastispheres now incorporates the study of viruses to evaluate their effects on the environment and human health. Sharing these new discoveries with the scientific community is crucial to fostering further research and collaborations. However, the current research and methodologies used are fragmented. To address this issue, this paper reviews the literature and the use of methodology developments in each study, identifying four emerging research areas: (1) viral interactions with microplastics;(2) viral population, diversity, and function in plastispheres;(3) the effects of viruses and plastic particles in host-associated environments;and (4) the impacts of viruses within plastispheres. To that end, the article is structured to streamline navigation and help readers easily access existing approaches, recent advancements, key findings, challenges, and opportunities in these areas. Our synthesis reveals that research methods include biochemical assays, omics techniques, spectroscopic analysis, and molecular and bioinformatic tools. Various mechanisms enable viruses to attach to microplastics and plastispheres, leading to widespread distribution and contributing to toxic effects and gene transfer. While the growing evidence is intriguing, there is still much to uncover about their ecological interactions, functions, and impacts. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Viruses

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Evaluation of an MR-compatible Power Supplying Solution for a Second-Generation RF-Penetrable Brain TOF-PET Insert for Simultaneous PET/MRI

Evaluation of an MR-compatible Power Supplying Solution for ...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Nuclear Science (NSS/MIC)

作者： M.N. Ullah Q. Dong J. Fisher D. Innes R. D. Watkins C. S. Levin Department of Radiology Stanford University Stanford California United States of America Departments of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California United States of America Department of Electrical Engineering Bioengineering and Physics and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Stanford University Stanford California United States of America

ISBN: (数字)9798350388152

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388169

We present the development of a modular power supply unit (MPSU) tailored for the PETCoil Gen II, a magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible radio-frequency (RF) penetrable Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF-PET) insert with substantial power demands ($\approx 1000 \mathrm{~W}$). The MPSU integrates off-the-shelf switching power supplies, custom MR-compatible coaxial cables, a linear power-regulating unit (LPRU), and an RF shielding cage. A liquid cooling system was implemented to address the overheating issues and maintain optimal detector performance. Our stability test shows consistent PET scanner performance, with an energy resolution and coincidence time resolution (CTR) of $11.74 \pm 0.03 \%$ full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) and $238 \pm 0.5 \mathrm{ps}$ FWHM, respectively, over a 10 -hour-long stability test. Stable temperatures of $20 \pm 0.1 \circ \mathrm{C}$ and $45 \pm 1.4{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ are recorded for PET detector modules and LPRU, respectively, during a 10-hour study. The developed power system offers a modular, MR-compatible, low-noise, and high-power solution for our second-generation RF-Penetrable Brain TOF-PET Insert for simultaneous PET/MRI scanning

关键词： Radio frequency Microwave integrated circuits Power demand Semiconductor detectors Energy resolution Magnetic resonance Switches

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3D-bioprinted cholangiocarcinoma-on-a-chip model for evaluating drug responses

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2023年第4期6卷 373-389页

作者： Qiong Liu Luis SMille Cesar Villalobos Ingrid Anaya Matthias Vostatek Sili Yi Wanlu Li Junlong Liao Huanghui Wu Yongteng Song Lize Xiong Yu Shrike Zhang Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA 02139USA Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence Shanghai Fourth People’s HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai 200434China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation Shanghai 200434China Department of Bioengineering Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA 94305USA Biotechnological Engineering Program Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education64849 MonterreyNuevo LeónMexico Molecular Biotechnology University of Applied Sciences Campus Vienna1100 ViennaAustria Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center School of Mechatronical Engineering and AutomationShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is characterized by heterogeneous mutations and a refractory ***,the development of a model for effective drug screening is urgently *** the established therapeutic testing models for CCA are often ineffective,we fabricated an enabling three-dimensional(3D)-bioprinted CCA-on-a-chip model that to a good extent resembled the multicellular microenvironment and the anatomical microstructure of the hepato-vascular-biliary system to perform high-content antitumor drug ***,cholangiocytes,hepatocytes,and vascular endotheliocytes were employed for 3D bioprinting of the models,allowing for a high degree of spatial and tube-like microstructural ***,it was possible to observe CCA cells attached to the surfaces of the gelatin methacryloyl(GelMA)hydrogelembedded microchannels and overgrown in a thickening manner,generating bile duct stenosis,which was expected to be analogous to the in vivo *** 4000 differentially expressed genes were detected in the CCA cells in our 3D coculture model compared to the traditional two-dimensional(2D)*** screening revealed that the CCA cells grown in the 3D traditional model were more sensitive to the antitumoral prodrug than those in the 2D monoculture due to drug biotransformation by the neighboring functional *** study provides proof-of-concept validation of our bioprinted CCA-on-a-chip as a promising drug screening model for CCA treatment and paves the way for potential personalized medicine strategies for CCA patients in the future.

关键词： Tumor-on-a-chip Biliary tumor 3D bioprinting Tumor microenvironment Drug screening

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Compression sensors constructed from ferromagnetic particles embedded within soft materials

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MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2021年第2期11卷 94-99页

作者： Ruffalo, Justin K. Miller, Jonathan D. Berkland, Cory J. Univ Kansas Dept Chem & Petr Engn 1530 West 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA Univ Kansas Bioengn Grad Program 1530 West 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA Univ Kansas Dept Pharmaceut Chem 2095 Constant Ave Lawrence KS 66047 USA Univ Kansas Bioengineering Grad Program 1530 West 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA Univ Kansas 2030 Becker Dr Lawrence KS 66047 USA

Ferromagnetic fillers were incorporated within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at concentrations of 0.1 wt% and 1 wt%. Deformation was detected via magnetic field response during compression tests. Testing of five of the six ferromagnetic fillers in PDMS revealed that 1 wt% was the minimum filler concentration required to detect compression via the magnetic field response. Settling of neodymium particles was evident;thus, Stokes' Law was used to investigate setting velocity of the particles. Overall, ferromagnetic fillers in PDMS cylinders provided a quantitative sensor of force and material displacement suggesting utility as sensors embedded in larger soft material constructs.

关键词： Polydimethylsiloxane

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Fabric-substrated capacitive biopotential sensors enhanced by dielectric nanoparticles

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Nano Research 2021年第9期14卷 3248-3252页

作者： Xiangjun Chen Xiaoxiang Gao Akihiro Nomoto Keren Shi Muyang Lin Hongjie Hu Yue Gu Yangzhi Zhu Zhuohong Wu Xue Chen Xinyu Wang Baiyan Qi Sai Zhou Hong Ding Sheng Xu Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Department of NanoEngineering University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA Department of Bioengineering University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Wearable biopotential sensing devices are essential to long-term and real-time monitoring of human ***-contact,capacitive sensing electrodes prevent potential skin iritations,and are thus beneficial for long-term *** capacitive electrodes are either connected to a separate control circuit via external wires or have limited sensing capacitances,which leads to low signal *** study demonstrates a stretchable capacitive sensing device with integrated electrodes and control electronics,with enhanced signal *** electrodes and the control electronics are fabricated on a common fabric substrate for breathability and strain-limiting *** stretchable electrodes are based on an island-bridge design with a stretchability as high as-100%,and an area ratio as high as-80%.By using a dielectric calcium copper titanate(CCTO)composite as the adhesive layer,the electrode capacitance can be increased,yielding an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)in the acquired *** device offers a convenient and comfortable approach for long-term non-contact monitoring of biopotential signals.

关键词： capacitive sensing biopotential stretchable calcium copper titanate(CCTO) signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)

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Optical attenuators extend dynamic range but alter angular response of planar ultraviolet-C dosimeters

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Su, Alison Geldert, Alisha Grist, Samantha M. Herr, Amy E. University of California Berkeley-University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering BerkeleyCA94720 United States Department of Bioengineering BerkeleyCA94720 United States

A challenge for sensors used in ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination protocols of N95 respirators is validation that the entire N95 surface receives the minimum acceptable dose. Photochromic indicators (PCIs) can accurately measure UV-C dose on nonplanar surfaces, but often saturate below doses required to decontaminate porous, multilayered textiles such as N95s. Here, we investigate the use of optical attenuators to extend PCI dynamic range while maintaining a near-ideal angular response - critical for accurate measurements when UV-C is uncollimated. Through an analytical model, we show that tuning attenuator refractive index, attenuation coefficient, and thickness can extend dynamic range, but compromises ideal angular response unless the attenuator is an ideal diffuser. To demonstrate this tradeoff empirically, we pair PCIs with model specular (floated borosilicate) and diffuse (polytetrafluoroethylene) attenuators, characterize the angular response, and evaluate on-N95 UV-C dose measurement accuracy of each PCI-attenuator stack in a UV-C decontamination system. While both borosilicate and polytetrafluoroethylene increase PCI dynamic range >4×, both attenuators introduce angle-dependent transmittance, which causes location-dependent underestimation of UV-C dose. The PCI-borosilicate and PCI-polytetrafluoroethylene stacks underreport true on-N95 dose by 1) 14.7% and 3.6%, respectively, on a surface near-normal to the array of source lamps, and 2) 40.8% and 19.8%, respectively, on a steeply sloped location. Overall, we demonstrate that while planar optical attenuators can increase PCI dynamic range, verification of near-ideal angular response is critical for accurate UVC dose measurement. © 2021, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Refractive index

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Integrating Chain-of-Thought and Retrieval Augmented Generation Enhances Rare Disease Diagnosis from Clinical Notes

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Wu, Da Wang, Zhanliang Nguyen, Quan Wang, Kai Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Graduate Program University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Bioengineering Graduate Program University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States

Background: Several studies show that large language models (LLMs) struggle with phenotype-driven gene prioritization for rare diseases. These studies typically use Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms to prompt foundation models like GPT and LLaMA to predict candidate genes. However, in real-world settings, foundation models are not optimized for domain-specific tasks like clinical diagnosis, yet inputs are unstructured clinical notes rather than standardized terms. How LLMs can be instructed to predict candidate genes or disease diagnosis from unstructured clinical notes remains a major challenge. Methods: We introduce RAG-driven CoT and CoT-driven RAG, two methods that combine Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to analyze clinical notes. A five-question CoT protocol mimics expert reasoning, while RAG retrieves data from sources like HPO and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). We evaluated these approaches on rare disease datasets, including 5,980 Phenopacket-derived notes, 255 literature-based narratives, and 220 in-house clinical notes from Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Results: We found that recent foundations models, including Llama 3.3-70B-Instruct and DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B, outperformed earlier versions such as Llama 2 and GPT-3.5. We also showed that RAG-driven CoT and CoT-driven RAG both outperform foundation models in candidate gene prioritization from clinical notes;in particular, both methods with DeepSeek backbone resulted in a top-10 gene accuracy of over 40% on Phenopacket-derived clinical notes. RAG-driven CoT works better for high-quality notes, where early retrieval can anchor the subsequent reasoning steps in domain-specific evidence, while CoT-driven RAG has advantage when processing lengthy and noisy notes. Conclusions: Integrating CoT and RAG enhances LLMs’ understanding of clinical notes in the context of rare disease diagnosis, and can facilitate various downstream medical tasks. © 2025, CC

关键词： Chains

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