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The recency and geographical origins of the bat viruses ancestral to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Cell 2025年

作者： Pekar, Jonathan E. Lytras, Spyros Ghafari, Mahan Magee, Andrew F. Parker, Edyth Wang, Yu Ji, Xiang Havens, Jennifer L. Katzourakis, Aris Vasylyeva, Tetyana I. Suchard, Marc A. Hughes, Alice C. Hughes, Joseph Rambaut, Andrew Robertson, David L. Dellicour, Simon Worobey, Michael Wertheim, Joel O. Lemey, Philippe Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla 92093 CA United States Department of Biomedical Informatics University of California San Diego La Jolla 92093 CA United States Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla 92093 CA United States Division of Systems Virology Department of Microbiology and Immunology The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Medical Research Council University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research Glasgow United Kingdom Department of Biology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles 90095 CA United States Department of Immunology and Microbiology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla 92037 CA United States Institute of Genomics and Global Health Redeemer's University Osun State Ede Nigeria Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla 92093 CA United States Department of Mathematics School of Science and Engineering Tulane University New Orleans LA United States Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention University of California Irvine Irvine 92617 CA United States Department of Biostatistics Fielding School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles 90095 CA United States Department of Computational Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles 90095 CA United States School of Biological Sciences University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong China Biodiversity Green Development Foundation Beijing China Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL) Université Libre de Bruxelles CP160/12 50 av. FD Roosevelt Bruxelles 1050 Belgium Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation Rega Institute

The emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 led to increased sampling of sarbecoviruses circulating in horseshoe bats. Employing phylogenetic inference while accounting for recombination of bat sarbecoviruses, we find that the closest-inferred bat virus ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 existed less than a decade prior to their emergence in humans. Phylogeographic analyses show bat sarbecoviruses traveled at rates approximating their horseshoe bat hosts and circulated in Asia for millennia. We find that the direct ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are unlikely to have reached their respective sites of emergence via dispersal in the bat reservoir alone, supporting interactions with intermediate hosts through wildlife trade playing a role in zoonotic spillover. These results can guide future sampling efforts and demonstrate that viral genomic regions extremely closely related to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 were circulating in horseshoe bats, confirming their importance as the reservoir species for SARS viruses. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： molecular epidemiology phylogeography sarbecoviruses virus evolution

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Quantifying HIV transmission flow between high-prevalence hotspots and surrounding communities: a population-based study in Rakai, Uganda (vol , pg , 2020)

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LANCET HIV 2020年第12期7卷 E803-E803页

作者： Ratmann, O. Kagaayi, J. Hall, M. Department of Mathematics Imperial College London London UK. Electronic address: oliver.ratmann@imperial.ac.uk. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda. Oxford Big Data Institute Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK. Department of Mathematics Imperial College London London UK. European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton UK. Division of Infection and Immunity University College London London UK. Department of Medicine Imperial College London London UK. Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH Bethesda MD USA. Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA. KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH Bethesda MD USA. Department of Statistics University of Warwick Coventry UK. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda Makerere University School of Public Health Kampala Uganda. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA. Rakai Health Sciences Program Kalisizo Old-Bukoba Road Uganda Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD

International and global organisations advocate targeting interventions to areas of high HIV prevalence (ie, hotspots). To better understand the potential benefits of geo-targeted control, we assessed the extent to which HIV hotspots along Lake Victoria sustain transmission in neighbouring populations in south-central Uganda.;We did a population-based survey in Rakai, Uganda, using data from the Rakai Community Cohort Study. The study surveyed all individuals aged 15-49 years in four high-prevalence Lake Victoria fishing communities and 36 neighbouring inland communities. Viral RNA was deep sequenced from participants infected with HIV who were antiretroviral therapy-naive during the observation period. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer partial HIV transmission networks, including direction of transmission. Reconstructed networks were interpreted through data for current residence and migration history. HIV transmission flows within and between high-prevalence and low-prevalence areas were quantified adjusting for incomplete sampling of the population.;Between Aug 10, 2011, and Jan 30, 2015, data were collected for the Rakai Community Cohort Study. 25 882 individuals participated, including an estimated 75·7% of the lakeside population and 16·2% of the inland population in the Rakai region of Uganda. 5142 participants were HIV-positive (2703 [13·7%] in inland and 2439 [40·1%] in fishing communities). 3878 (75·4%) people who were HIV-positive did not report antiretroviral therapy use, of whom 2652 (68·4%) had virus deep-sequenced at sufficient quality for phylogenetic analysis. 446 transmission networks were reconstructed, including 293 linked pairs with inferred direction of transmission. Adjusting for incomplete sampling, an estimated 5·7% (95% credibility interval 4·4-7·3) of transmissions occurred within lakeside areas, 89·2% (86·0-91·8) within inland areas, 1·3% (0·6-2·6) from lakeside to inland areas, and 3·7% (2·3-5·8) from inland to lakeside areas.;Cros

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The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2

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四川生理科学杂志 2022年第7期44卷 1299-1299页

作者： Jonathan E Pekar Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Biomedical Informatics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Human Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Mathematics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD 21205 USA New York City Public Health Laboratory New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene New York NY 11101 USA Department of Microbiology Institute for Viral Diseases Biosafety Center College of Medicine Korea University Seoul South Korea BK21 Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Sciences Korea University College of Medicine Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea National Public Health Laboratory National Centre for Infectious Diseases Singapore Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute Jalan Bangi 43000 Kajang Selangor Malaysia Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine Tulane University New Orleans LA 70112 USA Zalgen Labs Frederick MD 21703 USA Global Virus Network (GVN) Baltimore MD 21201 USA Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh King’s Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FL UK Department of Biomathematics David Geffen School of Medicine Un

Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is important for their prevention. Here, we analyze the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We show that SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity before February 2020 likely comprised only two distinct viral lineages, denoted A and B. Phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, reveal that these lineages were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses around 18 November 2019 (23 October-8 December), while the separate introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of this event.

关键词： epidemiology likely acute

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Transcription factor-DNA binding via machine learning ensembles

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Fan, Yue Kon, Mark DeLisi, Charles Department of Mathematics and Statistics Boston University 111 Cummington St. BostonMA02215 United States Department of Mathematics MIT 77 Massachusetts Ave. CambridgeMA02139 United States Bioinformatics Program Boston University 24 Cummington St. BostonMA02215 United States

Motivation: The network of interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their regulatory gene targets governs many of the behaviors and responses of cells. Construction of a transcriptional regulatory network involves three interrelated problems, defined for any regulator: finding (1) its target genes, (2) its binding motif and (3) its DNA binding sites. Many tools have been developed in the last decade to solve these problems. However, performance of algorithms for these has not been consistent for all transcription factors. Because machine learning algorithms have shown advantages in integrating information of different types, we investigate a machine-based approach to integrating predictions from an ensemble of commonly used motif exploration algorithms. Results: We have developed an ensemble methods in a machine learning (ML) framework that combine predictions from five known motif and binding site exploration algorithms. For a given TF, the ensemble starts with position weight matrices (PWM’s) for the motif, collected from the component algorithms. The collected ensemble of PWM’s is used as a dimension reduction tool, identifying significant PWM-based subspaces for analysis. Within each subspace a machine classifier is built for identifying the TF’s gene (promoter) targets (problem 1 above). These PWM-based subspaces form an ML-based sequence analysis tool, particularly useful in small sample situations. Problem 2 (binding motifs) is solved by agglomerating k-mer (string) features PWM-based subspaces that stand out in identifying gene targets. We approach Problem 3 (binding sites) with a novel native machine learning approach, the w-scanning model. This uses each gene promoter’s string features and their ML importance scores in a classification algorithm to locate binding sites across the genome. For target gene identification, averaged over 88 yeast TFs, this method improves performance (measured by the F1 score) by about 10 percentage points over the

关键词： Transcription

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Geometry-based data generation

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Lindenbaum, Ofir Stanley, Jay S. Wolf, Guy Krishnaswamy, Smita Department of Genetics Yale University New HavenCT United States Applied Mathematics Program Yale University New HavenCT United States Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program Yale University New HavenCT United States Department of Computer Science Yale University New HavenCT United States

We propose a new type of generative model of high-dimensional data that learns a manifold geometry of the data, rather than density, and can generate points evenly along this manifold. This is in contrast to existing generative models that represent data density, and are strongly affected by noise and other artifacts of data collection. We demonstrate how this approach corrects sampling biases and artifacts, and improves several downstream data analysis tasks such as clustering and classification. Finally, we demonstrate that this approach is especially useful in biology where, despite the advent of single-cell technologies, rare subpopulations and gene-interaction relationships are affected by biased sampling. We show that SUGAR can generate hypothetical populations and reveal intrinsic patterns and mutual-information relationships between genes on a single cell dataset of hematopoiesis. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Clustering algorithms

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Patterns of somatic structural variation in human cancer genomes (vol 578, pg 112, 2020)

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NATURE 2023年第7948期614卷 E38-E38页

作者： Li, Yilong Roberts, Nicola D. Wala, Jeremiah A. Shapira, Ofer Schumacher, Steven E. Kumar, Kiran Khurana, Ekta Waszak, Sebastian Korbel, Jan O. Haber, James E. Imielinski, Marcin Weischenfeldt, Joachim Beroukhim, Rameen Campbell, Peter J. Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK Totient Inc Cambridge MA USA Wellcome Sanger Institute Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton UK Department of Haematology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon South Korea Department of Zoology Genetics and Physical Anthropology University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO) University of Vigo Vigo Spain Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain Department of Zoology Genetics and Physical Anthropology (CiMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain The Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO) Universidade de Vigo Vigo Spain The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics Harvard University Cambridge MA USA Department of Cancer Biology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA USA Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA USA Department of Medical Oncology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA USA Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research Charlestown MA USA Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston MA USA Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA Department of Physiology and Biophysics Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA Institute for Computational Biomedicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA Controlled Department and Institution New York NY USA Englander Institute for Precision Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine Ne

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Causes of evolutionary divergence in prostate cancer

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Esentürk, Emre Sahli, Atef Haberland, Valeriia Ziuboniewicz, Aleksandra Wirth, Christopher Bova, G. Steven Bristow, Robert G. Brook, Mark N. Brors, Benedikt Butler, Adam Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine Cheng, Kevin C.L. Cooper, Colin S. Corcoran, Niall M. Cussenot, Olivier Eeles, Ros A. Favero, Francesco Gerhauser, Clarissa Gihawi, Abraham Girma, Etsehiwot G. Gnanapragasam, Vincent J. Gruber, Andreas J. Hamid, Anis Hayes, Vanessa M. He, Housheng Hansen Hovens, Christopher M. Imada, Eddie Luidy Jakobsdottir, G. Maria Jung, Chol-Hee Khani, Francesca Kote-Jarai, Zsofia Lamy, Philippe Leeman, Gregory Loda, Massimo Lutsik, Pavlo Marchionni, Luigi Molania, Ramyar Papenfuss, Anthony T. Pellegrina, Diogo Pope, Bernard Queiroz, Lucio R. Rausch, Tobias Reimand, Jüri Robinson, Brian Schlomm, Thorsten Sørensen, Karina D. Uhrig, Sebastian Weischenfeldt, Joachim Xu, Yaobo Yamaguchi, Takafumi N. Zanettini, Claudio Lynch, Andy G. Wedge, David C. Brewer, Daniel S. Woodcock, Dan J. Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford United Kingdom Manchester Cancer Research Centre The University of Manchester United Kingdom Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia United Kingdom Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences University of Oxford United Kingdom Prostate Cancer Research Center Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Finland Manchester Cancer Research Centre Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute The University of Manchester United Kingdom Christie NHS Foundation Trust United Kingdom Div Cancer Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health University of Manchester United Kingdom The Institute of Cancer Research United Kingdom Germany Germany Medical Faculty Heidelberg Faculty of Biosciences Heidelberg University Germany Wellcome Sanger Institute United Kingdom France Sorbonne Université GRC n°5 Predictive Onco-Urology APHP Tenon Hospital France Computational Biology Program Ontario Institute for Cancer Research Canada Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto Canada Department of Urology Royal Melbourne Hospital Australia Department of Surgery The University of Melbourne Australia Department of Urology Western Health Australia The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom University of Copenhagen Denmark Finsen Laboratory Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet Denmark Germany Cambridge Biomedical Campus Addenbrooke's Hospital Site S Wards Building United Kingdom University of Konstanz Germany School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine & Health Australia School of Health Systems & Public Health University of Pretoria South Africa Manchester Cancer Research Centre University of Manchester United Kingdom Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto Canada Department of Surgery The Collaborative Centre for Genomic Cancer Medicine The University of Melbourne

Cancer progression involves the sequential accumulation of genetic alterations that cumulatively shape the tumour phenotype. In prostate cancer, tumours can follow divergent evolutionary trajectories that lead to distinct subtypes, but the causes of this divergence remain unclear. While causal inference could elucidate the factors involved, conventional methods are unsuitable due to the possibility of unobserved confounders and ambiguity in the direction of causality. Here, we propose a method that circumvents these issues and apply it to genomic data from 829 prostate cancer patients. We identify several genetic alterations that drive divergence as well as others that prevent this transition, locking tumours into one trajectory. Further analysis reveals that these genetic alterations may cause each other, implying a positive-feedback loop that accelerates divergence. Our findings provide insights into how cancer subtypes emerge and offer a foundation for genomic surveillance strategies aimed at monitoring the progression of prostate cancer. © 2025, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Lung cancer

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Distinct modes of mitochondrial metabolism uncouple T cell differentiation and function (vol 571, pg 403, 2019)

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NATURE 2019年第7773期573卷 E2-E2页

作者： Bailis, Will Shyer, Justin A. Zhao, Jun Canaveras, Juan Carlos Garcia Al Khazal, Fatimah J. Qu, Rihao Steach, Holly R. Bielecki, Piotr Khan, Omair Jackson, Ruaidhri Kluger, Yuval Maher, Louis J., III Rabinowitz, Joshua Craft, Joe Flavell, Richard A. Department of Immunobiology Yale School of Medicine New Haven USA Department of Pathology Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia USA Department of Pathology Yale School of Medicine New Haven USA Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Yale University New Haven USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics Princeton University Princeton USA Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton USA Diabetes Research Center University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Rochester USA Applied Mathematics Program Yale University New Haven USA Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology) Yale School of Medicine New Haven USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute Chevy Chase USA

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Publisher Correction: Comprehensive molecular characterization of mitochondrial genomes in human cancers

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Nature genetics 2023年第5期55卷 893页

作者： Yuan Yuan Young Seok Ju Youngwook Kim Jun Li Yumeng Wang Christopher J Yoon Yang Yang Inigo Martincorena Chad J Creighton John N Weinstein Yanxun Xu Leng Han Hyung-Lae Kim Hidewaki Nakagawa Keunchil Park Peter J Campbell Han Liang Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea. Department of Health Science and Technology Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA. Division of Biostatistics The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health Houston TX USA. Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA. Department of Systems Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School Houston TX USA. Department of Biochemistry Ewha Womans University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. Laboratory for Cancer Genomics RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan. Division of Hematology/Oncology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea. kpark@skku.edu. Cancer Genome Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Hinxton UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk. Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. hliang1@***. Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA. hliang1@***. Department of Systems Biology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA. hliang1@mdanderson

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Generalized Spatio Temporal Autoregressive Rainfall-Enso Pattern in East Java Indonesia 1

Generalized Spatio Temporal Autoregressive Rainfall-Enso Pat...

引用

1st Indonesian Association for Pattern Recognition International Conference, INAPR 2018

作者： Caraka, Rezzy Eko Ulhusna, Mishbah Darmawan Supatmanto, Budi Goldameir, Noor Ell Hutapea, Bonar Darmawan, Gumgum Novitasari, Dian Candra Rini Pardamean, Bens Bioinformatics and Data Science Research Center Bina Nusantara University Jakarta 11480 Indonesia School of Mathematical Sciences National University of Malaysia Malaysia Department of Statistics Padjadjaran University Indonesia Modifikasi Cuaca - BPPT Balai Besar Teknologi Indonesia Faculty of Psychology Tarumanagara University Indonesia Department of Mathematics UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Indonesia Riau University Indonesia 'Yptk' Padang Universitas Putra Indonesia Indonesia Computer Science Department BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University Jakarta11480 Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9781538694220

Monthly rainfall analysis and forecasts are made to be able to provide a clear picture of the rain and climate conditions that have occurred and will occur in the territory of Indonesia. The information can be known in an area that has the most substantial maximum rainfall and in an area which has the lowest rainfall described and presented spatial pattern by using the ArcView-GIS. The purpose of making monthly rainfall forecasts is to be used and utilized by users, especially in the agriculture and irrigation sectors to plan and make decisions within the next 1 to 3 months related to climatic conditions, especially rainfall. In this paper, we use annual rainfall data in six location East Java. We analysis ENSO phenomena as well as rainfall forecasting in January - March 2018 by using generalized space-time autoregressive and get an accuracy MAPE out samp;e amount 2.95% dan RMSE out sample amount 4.77. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Rain

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