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Developing an explainable Deep Neural Network for stress detection using biosignals and human-engineered features

biomedical Signal Processing and Control 2025年 109卷

作者： Lee, Hyeokjong Kim, Jaewon Han, Bohyung Park, Sang Min Chang, Jooyoung Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul03080 Korea Republic of Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of XAIMED Co. Ltd. Seoul02738 Korea Republic of

Detecting stress is crucial for preventing long-term health issues, and recent research, particularly using the WESAD (WEarable Stress and Affect Detection) dataset, has made significant advances in this area. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) demonstrate a key advantage by efficiently processing raw signals, unlike traditional machine learning methods that predominantly rely on human-engineered features. In our study, we enhance DNN capabilities by integrating both raw signals and human-engineered features altogether. Our model, augmented with attention mechanisms, significantly improves its performance. This approach yields state-of-the-art results, demonstrating high accuracies across various modalities in the stress classification task: 92.89% in Electrodermal Activity (EDA), 92.16% in Photoplethysmography (PPG), and 96.57% in all modalities. Explaining model decisions in biosignals is challenging compared to the image domain, where images are inherently more intuitive. Many Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, optimized for images, face difficulties when applied to biosignals. To address this, we employ human-engineered features for biosignals, grounded in the ‘Human Comprehensible Space’ concept, making explanations intuitively understandable. Furthermore, a survey conducted to statistically validate the comprehensibility of our XAI methods confirms their effectiveness in enhancing the accessibility of explanations. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Deep neural networks

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SIGNAL-PROCESSING METHODS FOR UPPER AIRWAY AND PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION DIAGNOSIS

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IEEE engineering IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE 1990年第1期9卷 72-75页

作者： COHEN, A Biomedical Engineering Program Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel

Methods and algorithms for the analysis of acoustical pulmonary signals and their application to pulmonary diagnosis are examined. The analysis of breath and adventitious sounds, voice sounds and percussion, and snoring and stridor is considered. It is shown that analysis of the acoustic characteristics of the thorax by sophisticated signal processing methods shows promise for assisting clinical diagnosis. The technique is simple, quantitative, noninvasive, and objective. In some cases, especially in pediatrics, it closes a gap between the simple stethoscope and expensive invasive methods.< >

关键词： Signal processing Signal processing algorithms Acoustic signal processing Signal analysis Algorithm design and analysis Speech analysis Sleep apnea Thorax Clinical diagnosis Stethoscope

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Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Brain Tissue During Head Impacts Using Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Cerebrospinal Fluid Models

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ASME Open Journal of engineering 2025年 4卷 041003页

作者： Hemmati, Parnian Prins, Mayumi L. Giza, Christopher C. Kavehpour, H. Pirouz Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Neurosurgery David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States The UCLA Brain Injury Research Center University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States The UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Pediatrics University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Interdepartmental Programs for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California Los Angeles Los AngelesCA90095 United States

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused mainly by external head impacts poses significant health concerns globally. Understanding the mechanics behind TBI during head impacts is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this study, the fluid-structure interaction within the system comprising the skull, brain, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled gap is investigated using finite element methods (FEM). Unlike most studies that model CSF as a solid, this research models CSF as a fluid, focusing on its fluid dynamics and their impact on brain tissue response to external head impacts. Additionally, this study is the first to model CSF as a non-Newtonian fluid, exploring its influence on injury metrics compared to a Newtonian CSF model. The results demonstrate significant pressure build-up and shear rate variations within the CSF due to impact. The model shows that maximum strain values are concentrated in the central regions of the brain tissue rather than at its interface with the CSF. Comparative analysis of the first and third principal strains shows that the tissue experiences twice as much compressive strain compared to tensile strain. Further, the comparison between Newtonian and non-Newtonian CSF models shows that the non-Newtonian model results in lower shear rates. This leads to a decrease in tissue strain, with a 4.3% reduction in the first principal strain and a 6.7% reduction in the third principal strain for the non-Newtonian CSF model. These findings underscore the importance of accurately modeling CSF properties to better understand TBI mechanisms. Copyright © 2025 by ASME;reuse license CC-BY 4.0.

关键词： Non Newtonian flow

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Dry powder platform for pulmonary drug delivery

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Particuology 2008年第4期6卷 225-238页

作者： Derek Ivan Daniher Jesse Zhu Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada

The phenomenon of particle interaction involved in pulmonary drug delivery belongs to a wide variety of disciplines of particle technology, in particular, fluidization. This paper reviews the basic concepts of pulmonary drug delivery with references to fluidization research, in particular, studies on Geldart group C powders. Dry powder inhaler device-formulation combination has been shown to be an effective method for delivering drugs to the lung for treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Even with advanced designs, however, delivery efficiency is still poor mainly due to powder dispersion problems which cause poor lung deposition and high dose variability. Drug particles used in current inhalers must be 1–5 μm in diameter for effective deposition in small-diameter airways and alveoli. These powders are very cohesive, have poor flowability, and are difficult to disperse into aerosol due to cohesion arising from van der Waals attraction. These problems are well known in fluidization research, much of which is highly relevant to pulmonary drug delivery.

关键词： Dry powder inhaler Interparticle forces Aerosol Pulmonary drug delivery Carrier particle Fluidization

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Enhancing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes through cardiac progenitor reseeding and cryopreservation

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iScience 2025年第5期28.0卷

作者： Feeney, Austin K. Simmons, Aaron D. Peplinski, Claire J. Zhang, Xiaotian Palecek, Sean P. Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison 53706 WI United States Medical Scientist Training Program University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison 53726 WI United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison 53706 WI United States

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) have the potential to transform the understanding of heart development and heart failure treatment. However, hPSC-CM differentiation efficiency is plagued by batch-to-batch and line-to-line variability. Here, we describe a method to improve CM purity by 10–20% (absolute) without negatively affecting contractility, sarcomere structure, multinucleation, junctional Cx43, or CM number by detaching and reseeding progenitors between the EOMES+ mesoderm and ISL1+/NKX2-5+ cardiac progenitor stages. Moreover, we demonstrate that EOMES+ mesoderm and ISL1+/NKX2-5+ cardiac progenitors are cryopreservable with similar improvements in CM purity after resuming differentiation, facilitating storage of large batches of hPSC-CM progenitors for on-demand CM production. Reseeding during differentiation also enables transition to defined extracellular matrices, including fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin-111, which all supported hPSC-derived EOMES+ mesoderm and ISL1+/NKX2-5+ cardiac progenitor differentiation to CMs. In summary, we present a method to increase hPSC-CM differentiation purity and demonstrate that specific CM progenitors are amenable to cryopreservation. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Biological sciences Biological sciences research methodologies Technical aspects of cell biology

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Photobiomodulation Promotes Early Recovery of Olfactory Function and Modulates Neuroprotective Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

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Translational Stroke Research 2025年 1-10页

作者： Shalaby, Reham A. Emmanuel, Acquah Nezhad, Fatemeh Dehgan Akter, Kohinur Salam, S. M. Abdus Yi, Jawoon Kim, Sang Seong Park, Jihwan Kwon, Hyuk Sang Lee, Kyung Hwa Kim, Young Ro Chung, Euiheon Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju South Korea School of Life Sciences Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju South Korea Department of Pathology Hwasun Hospital and Medical School Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP) Chonnam National University Gwangju South Korea Department of Radiology Harvard Medical School Boston MA United States AI Graduate School Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju South Korea Department of Physics and Photon Science Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju South Korea Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Boston United States

Ischemic stroke often leads to neurological deficits, including olfactory dysfunction, which can significantly diminish quality of life. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for enhancing post-stroke recovery, although the molecular mechanisms, particularly regarding gene expression change, are not yet fully understood. This study investigates the long-term effects of photothrombosis (PT) on olfactory function and the olfactory bulb (OB) microenvironment, with a focus on PBM’s efficacy during both early and late phases. In a mouse OB PT stroke model, PBM therapy (808-nm laser, 40 J/cm² fluence, 325 mW/cm², 2 min daily) was applied from day 2 to day 7 post-PT. Olfactory function was monitored from pre-stroke through day 28 using the buried food test (BFT), and MRI scans were performed on days 7 and 28 to assess tissue damage. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were conducted on day 7 to evaluate gene expression changes, with additional RT-qPCR analyses performed on day 28. PBM significantly accelerated olfactory function recovery by day 14, with full recovery maintained through day 28. Despite functional recovery, MRI results indicated persistent infarction at 28 days. RNA-seq identified upregulation of neuroprotective genes, including Gpr39 and Or4m1, following PBM treatment, suggesting enhanced gene expression related to acute-phase recovery. However, the impact of PBM on gene expression and functional recovery appeared to wane in the later stages of recovery. These findings underscore PBM’s potential to enhance early-stage recovery in ischemic stroke, though its benefits may be more limited in the chronic phase. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

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Mitochondrial activation via calcium peroxide/carrageenan/soybean lecithin-derived polypyrrole phototherapeutic microparticles

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Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2025年 254卷 114787页

作者： Chuang, Sih-Chi Yu, Shih-An Hung, Pei-Chia Chuang, Andrew E.-Y. Liang, Jia-Wei Sun, Chia-Lu Rethi, Lekshmi Fang, Hsu-Wei Nguyen, Hieu Trung Tsai, Yao-Tung Weng, Pei-Wei Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan Doctoral Program of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan Taipei Medical University Derived Company-Hsuan Chen Technology CO. LTD. New Taipei City22055 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University New Taipei City Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University New Taipei City Taiwan Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital Taipei11696 Taiwan WELLCARE Health Care Supply Co. Ltd. Taipei Taiwan Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city Ho Chi Minh City700000 Viet Nam Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center No. 325 Sec. 2 Chenggong Rd. Neihu Dist. Taipei City11490 Taiwan Division of Traumatology Department of Surgery Tri-Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center No. 325 Sec. 2 Chenggong Rd. Neihu Dist. Taipei City11490 Taiwan Department of Orthopedics School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Orthopedics Shuang Ho Hospital Taipei Medical University New Taipei City Taiwan

Mitochondria, often referred to as the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells, play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and supporting essential life functions, particularly in cell survival and apoptosis. This study introduces a composite formulation—combining carrageenan (Car), calcium peroxide (CaO2), and microparticles, derived from soybean oil lecithin, enhanced with photothermally active polypyrrole (PPy)—to create Car-Lec-PPy MP, aimed at promoting mitochondrial activation in cells. The investigation focuses on intercellular mitochondrial transfer and activation as a therapeutic strategy. The formulation seeks to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and enhance cellular resilience through targeted mitochondrial activation, leveraging the synergistic effects of near-infrared (NIR) therapy. In the in vivo experiment, phototherapeutic Car-Lec-PPy MP was administered to rodent muscle tissue. The results showed increased expression of heat-shock proteins and reduced oxidative stress in the treated muscle. Preliminary findings suggest that this approach not only boosts mitochondrial activity but also improves cell proliferation and survival, presenting significant potential for applications in regenerative medicine and cellular therapy. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Mitochondria

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Causes of and risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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The Lancet 2025年第10488期405卷 1468-1480页

作者： Yunas, Idnan Islam, Md Asiful Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam N Devall, Adam J Podesek, Marcelina Alam, Sayeda Sadia Kundu, Shoumik Mammoliti, Kristie-Marie Aswat, Ashraf Price, Malcolm J Zamora, Javier Oladapo, Olufemi T Gallos, Ioannis Coomarasamy, Arri Department of Metabolism and Systems Science College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom Department of Applied Health Sciences College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham Birmingham United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton United Kingdom Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Jahangirnagar University Savar Bangladesh Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX United States Department of Public Health Faculty of Communication Arts and Sciences Canadian University Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates Clinical Biostatistics Unit Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – IRYCIS Madrid Spain Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain United Nations (UN) Development Program UN Population Fund UN Children's Fund World Health Organization (WHO) World Bank Special Program of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research WHO Geneva Switzerland

Background: An understanding of the causes of postpartum haemorrhage is needed to provide appropriate treatment and services. Knowledge of the risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage can help address modifiable risk factors. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and quantify the various causes and risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we did a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for cohort studies of postpartum haemorrhage from Jan 1, 1960, to Nov 30, 2024 without language restrictions. At least two authors independently undertook study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Population-based cohort studies available in English were eligible. Rates of postpartum haemorrhage causes as well as crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for risk factors were pooled using a random-effects model. Risk factors were classified as having weak, moderate, or strong association based on the pooled ORs: weak (OR >1 to 1·5), moderate (OR >1·5 to 2), and strong (OR >2). This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023479686. Findings: We synthesised data from 327 studies, including 847 413 451 women with no restriction on age, race, or ethnicity. Most studies were of high methodological quality. The pooled rates of the five commonly reported causes of postpartum haemorrhage were uterine atony (70·6% [95% CI 63·9–77·3];n=834 707 women, 14 studies), genital tract trauma (16·9% [9·3–24·6];n=18 449 women, six studies), retained placenta (16·4% [12·3–20·5];n=235 021 women, nine studies), abnormal placentation (3·9% [0·1–7·6];n=29 638 women, two studies), and coagulopathy (2·7% [0·8–4·5];n=236 261, nine studies). The pooled rate of women with multiple postpartum haemorrhage causes was 7·8% (95% CI 4·7–10·8;n=666, two studies). Risk factors with a strong association with postpartum haemorrhage included anaemia, previous postpartum haemorrhag

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Three-dimensional computation of light scattering from cells

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 1996年第4期2卷 898-905页

作者： Dunn, A RichardsKortum, R Biomedical Engineering Program Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Technology Austin TX USA

Using the finite-difference time-domain method, three-dimensional scattering patterns are computed for cells containing multiple organelles. The scattering cross section and average cosine of the scattering angle are computed for cells as a function of volume fraction of melanin granules and mitochondria, Results show that small organelles play a significant role in light scattering from cells, and the volume fraction of organelles affects both the total amount of scattered light and the angular distribution of scattered light.

关键词： Light scattering Optical scattering Mie scattering Electromagnetic scattering Cells (biology) Optical refraction Finite difference methods Time domain analysis biomedical optical imaging High-resolution imaging

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Transdermally administered nanozymes-infused F127/methylcellulose hydrogel for osteoarthritis relief via immunomodulatory pathways

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2025年 314卷 144114页

作者： Chen, Chih-Kuang Chiu, Hui-Wen Nguyen, Hieu Trung Lu, Hsien-Tsung Chuang, Andrew E.-Y. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Taoyuan Taiwan School of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City700000 Viet Nam Department of Orthopedics School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Orthopedic Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei City11031 Taiwan Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital Taipei11696 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University New Taipei City235603 Taiwan

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, angiogenesis-driven pain, and cartilage degradation, thus presenting significant therapeutic challenges. Herein, we introduce a wearable percutaneous hydrogel (Pluronic F127/methylcellulose) encapsulation platform, designed to address the multifaceted pathology of OA through a synergistic integration of multifunctional components. This nanomedicine-hydrogel system incorporates platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) for inflammation delivery, phototherapeutic molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), capsaicin (CAP) and diferuloylmethane (DIF) for potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) to enhance drug encapsulation and conductivity. Experimental findings demonstrated the pEV/MoS2/DIF/CAP NZHOF@F127/MC's ability to mitigate inflammation by promoting macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, alleviate oxidative stress, inhibit angiogenesis, and modulate hypoxic microenvironments through the percutaneous phototherapeutic pEV/MoS2/DIF/CAP NZ-HOF@F127/MC. In vivo studies in a rat model of OA revealed substantial reductions in joint inflammation, enhanced cartilage regeneration, and improved mobility following near-infrared (NIR)-triggered phototherapy. The pEV/MoS2/DIF/CAP NZ-HOF@F127/MC's multifaceted mechanisms, including precise drug delivery, controlled release, and on-demand photo-responsiveness, underscore its transformative potential for OA management. These findings present a promising therapeutic strategy for OA, addressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and joint lesion mitigation, with strong potential for clinical translation. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Controlled drug delivery

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