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Energy Gain Kernel for Climate Feedbacks. Part III: Reconciliation of the Apparent "Negative" Nature of Lapse-Rate Feedback

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Journal of the Atmospheric sciences 2025年第5期82卷 917-931页

作者： Sun, Jie Cai, Ming Hu, Xiaoming Feng, Jing Ding, Feng Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University TallahasseeFL United States School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhuhai China Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies Zhuhai China Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton University PrincetonNJ United States Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Peking University Beijing China

In Part I of this three-part series, we derive the energy gain kernel (EGK) to represent energy amplification by temperature feedback. We here demonstrate that due to the amplification, the vertically integrated total energy perturbations from input energy at a single layer can be 2–15 times greater than the input energy. The lower the level where input energy is placed, the greater the total energy perturbations are. Temperature feedback alone amplifies the vertically integrated global mean anthropogenic radiative forcing nearly 14 times, compared to 5.2 times by nontemperature feedbacks. Such great amplification arises from the continuous back-and-forth relay of warming-induced thermal emissions from individual layers to absorption by other layers throughout the atmosphere–surface column until the system reaches a new equilibrium state. Outgoing longwave radiation reflects the vertically integrated net cooling rate and cannot capture the absorption/emission at individual layers. The lapse-rate feedback mainly reflects the level where input energy is placed, rather than the physical nature of air temperature feedback. Its sign changes from positive for input energy at lower levels to negative for input energy at upper levels. Because energy perturbations due to radiative processes tend to have vertically decreasing profiles, their lapse-rate feedback tends to be predominantly positive. When also considering nonradiative feedbacks, such as enhanced vertical convection, the net effect of nontemperature feedbacks tends to be weak or even negative at the surface but strongly positive in the upper atmosphere in the tropics. This explains why the lapse-rate feedback is predominantly negative in the tropics. © 2025 American Meteorological Society.

关键词： Global warming

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GPU Acceleration of the Enhanced Jaya Optimization Algorithm for Solving Large Systems of Nonlinear Equations 4th

GPU Acceleration of the Enhanced Jaya Optimization Algorit...

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4th International Conference on Numerical Computations: Theory and Algorithms, NUMTA 2023

作者： Silva, Bruno Guerreiro Lopes, Luiz Doctoral Program in Informatics Engineering University of Madeira Madeira Island Funchal Portugal Regional Secretariat for Education Science and Technology Regional Government of Madeira Funchal Portugal Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering University of Madeira Madeira Island Funchal9020-105 Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9783031812408

This paper presents a GPU-based parallel implementation of the Enhanced Jaya (EJAYA) algorithm for solving large-scale systems of nonlinear equations. EJAYA is a gradient-free metaheuristic optimization scheme based on the population-based parameter-less Jaya algorithm that has recently been shown to be capable of solving nonlinear equation systems, a class of challenging problems that are difficult to solve by traditional approaches, particularly as systems become larger. The proposed parallel algorithm was implemented using the Julia programming language on a high-performance GeForce RTX 3090 GPU with 10 496 CUDA cores and 24 GB GDDR6X VRAM and was tested using a set of difficult scalable nonlinear equation system problems. The obtained results, with average speedups up to 122.25x, evidenced the capability of the proposed GPU-based parallel algorithm to meet the computational demands of the important class of problems under consideration. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Optimization algorithms

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An Improved Modified Jaya Optimization Algorithm: Application to the Solution of Nonlinear Equation Systems 4th

An Improved Modified Jaya Optimization Algorithm: Applicatio...

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4th International Conference on Numerical Computations: Theory and Algorithms, NUMTA 2023

ISBN: (纸本)9783031812408

Population-based metaheuristic algorithms have been used to solve challenging optimization problems, and numerous modifications to make these algorithms more efficient have been proposed. Jaya is one of these algorithms that has been modified and utilized to solve many hard optimization problems. One such modification to the original algorithm is the Modified Jaya (MJAYA) algorithm, which, like Jaya, uses information about the best and worst candidate solutions to determine the population’s search direction, thereby limiting and focusing the search. Recent research has demonstrated that the MJAYA algorithm is not effective at solving systems of nonlinear equations transformed into equivalent nonlinear optimization problems. Systems of nonlinear equations are probably the most difficult class of numerical mathematics problems to solve, which justifies the use of metaheuristic approaches in their resolution. This paper proposes a new population-based optimization algorithm, the Improved Modified Jaya (IM-Jaya) algorithm, which, despite being a generic metaheuristic optimization algorithm, is here used to solve systems of nonlinear equations. The proposed algorithm strikes a better balance between global exploration and local exploitation, allowing for a broader and more exhaustive exploration of the search space as well as a more efficient local search in its most promising regions. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Optimization algorithms

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Optimizing CdS thin films as optical windows in solar cells: A comparative study of cryogenic and classical techniques

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Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 2025年第6期131卷 1-17页

作者： Manir, Melih Genç, Gamze Nevruzoglu, Vagif Tomakin, Murat Department of Energy Systems Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri38039 Turkey Energy Systems Engineering Program Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Erciyes University Kayseri38039 Turkey Department of Energy Systems Engineering Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize53100 Turkey Research Group Erciyes University Kayseri38039 Turkey Department of Physics Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Rize53100 Turkey

In this study, CdS thin films were produced in a quasi-closed volume using two different techniques (classical and cryogenic thermal evaporation techniques) between the 100–573 K substrate temperature, and their characteristic properties (structural, electrical, and optical properties) were investigated. While CdS thin films were produced at 373 K, 473 K, and 573 K substrate temperatures in the classical technique (hot), they were produced at 100–300 K substrate temperature range with 50 K steps in the cryogenic technique (cold). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the CdS thin films grew in a hexagonal structure in the (002) plane at all substrate temperatures. According to the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, the thin films produced at 200 K substrate temperature consisted of equally sized spherical grains. This situation shows that the soliton growth mechanism occurs at a substrate temperature of 200 K during the film production process with the cryogenic technique. Due to the characteristic properties of the soliton waves occurring on the substrate surface in the soliton growth mechanism (mass transport), the films grow in a tight-packed form. Therefore, the produced films consist of clusters of equal size, providing a homogeneous surface and a uniform thickness. In addition, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical analyses showed that the CdS thin film produced at 200 K substrate temperature had the smallest average surface roughness value (Ra) and the highest optical transmittance value. It was found that the energy band gap (2.37–2.47 eV) and resistivity (1.25 × 103–5.39 × 103 Ω-cm) values of CdS thin films increased with decreasing substrate temperature. The carrier density increased with decreasing substrate temperature (3.91 × 1017–1.73 × 1016 cm−3). Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that the films grew stoichiometrically at substrate temperatures of 473 K and 200 K. The results brought out tha

关键词： Density (optical)

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A high cholesterol diet increases serum estradiol in female rats with lower energy availability following a treadmill training program

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Sport sciences for Health 2025年 1-9页

作者： Clark, Lyra Dellogono, Michael Wilson, Thomas A. Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program University of Massachusetts Lowell One University Avenue Lowell 10854 MA United States Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences University of Massachusetts Lowell 3 Solomont Way Lowell 01854 MA United States

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high cholesterol diet on sex hormone levels in female rats following a treadmill (TM) endurance training program. Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 29) consuming a standard semi-purified low-cholesterol diet were randomly assigned to a control group (C, n = 15) or an exercise training group (EX, n = 14) that performed TM running 40 min/day, 6 days/wk for 12 weeks. At the study midpoint (end week 6), half the rats in each group were then randomized to receive a high-cholesterol (HC or EX + HC) diet. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 6, and week 12 to measure serum lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol, estradiol, progesterone and leptin levels. Results: At the end of week 6, the EX group had significantly lower body weight ( – 10%, p < 0.05), mean daily energy intake ( – 21%, p < 0.01), serum leptin ( – 27%, p < 0.05), and serum progesterone ( – 31%, p < 0.05) compared to C. There were no significant differences in serum estradiol. At end of wk 12, EX + HC group had significantly lower body weight ( – 17%, p < 0.05) and serum leptin ( – 67%, p < 0.05) compared to C. However, serum estradiol was significantly higher in EX + HC group compared to C (124%, p < 0.05) and EX (171%, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in energy intake or serum progesterone. Conclusions: Female rats consuming a high-cholesterol diet and exercising had significantly higher serum estradiol than rats consuming a low-cholesterol diet and/or exercising. Thus, it might be possible that extra dietary cholesterol consumption, without extra calories, may improve sex hormone status in female athletes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Estrogen High cholesterol diet Leptin Progesterone Treadmill endurance training

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Unassisted photoelectrochemical CO_(2)reduction by employingⅢ-Ⅴphotoelectrode with 15%solar-to-fuel efficiency

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Carbon Energy 2025年第3期7卷 1-10页

作者： Karthik Peramaiah Purushothaman Varadhan Vinoth Ramalingam Bilawal Khan Pradip Kumar Das Hao Huang Hui-Chun Fu Xiulin Yang Vincent Tung Kuo-Wei Huang Jr-Hau He Chemistry Program Center for Renewable Energy and Storage Technologies(CREST)and Division of Physical Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals Energyand Environment(ISCE2)Agency for ScienceTechnologyand Research(A*STAR)Singapore School of Computing Engineering and TechnologyRobert Gordon UniversityAberdeenUK Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongKowloonSARHong KongChina Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina Department of Chemical System and Engineering University of TokyoTokyoJapan

Solar-driven carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides an oppor tunity to produce value-added chemical feedstocks and ***,achieving efficient and stable photoelectrochemical(PEC)CO_(2)RR into selec tive products is challenging owing to the difficulties associated with the optical and the electrical configuration of PEC devices and electrocatalyst ***,we construct an efficient,concentrated sunlight-driven CO_(2)RR setup consisting of InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction cell as a photoanode and oxide-derived Au(Ox-Au)as a cathode to perform the unassisted PEC CO_(2)*** one-sun illumination,a maximum operating current density of 11.5 mA cm^(-2) with an impressive Faradaic efficiency(FE)of~98%is achieved for carbon monoxide(CO)production,leading to a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of~15%.Under concentrated intensity of 10 sun,the photoanode records a maximum current density of~124 mAcm^(-2) and maintains~60%of FE for CO *** results demonstrate crucial advancements in usingⅢ-Ⅴbased photoanodes for concentrated PEC CO_(2)RR.

关键词： photoelectrochemical oxide derived Au concentrated sunlight selec tive products III V photoelectrode pec devices CO reduction solar fuel efficiency

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Endothelial dysfunction promotes age-related reorganization of collagen fibers and alters aortic biomechanics in mice

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American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2025年第4期328卷 H900-H914页

作者： Du, Liya Rodgers, Jeffrey Gharraee, Nazli Gary, Olivia Shazly, Tarek Eberth, John F. Lessner, Susan M. Biomedical Engineering Program College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina Columbia SC United States College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC United States Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy School of Medicine University of South Carolina Columbia SC United States Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems Drexel University Philadelphia PA United States

Endothelial dysfunction, defined as a reduction in the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), is a risk factor for the occurrence and progression of various vascular diseases. This study investigates the effect of endothelial dysfunction on age-related changes in aortic extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure and the relationship between microstructural adaptation and the mechanical response. Here, we used groups of NOS3 knockout (KO), NOS3 heterozygotes (Het), and wild-type (WT) B6 mice (controls) to study changes in hemodynamic parameters, collagen fiber organization, and both active and passive aortic mechanics using biaxial pressure myography over a time course from 1.5 to 12 mo. Our results show that homeostatic levels of passive circumferential stress and stretch were preserved in KO mice by remodeling adventitial collagen fibers toward a more predominantly circumferential direction with age, rather than by increased fibrosis, in response to hypertension induced by endothelial dysfunction. However, passive aortic stiffness in KO mice was significantly increased owing to geometrical changes, including significant increases in wall thickness and decreases in inner diameter, and by ECM microstructural reorganization, during this maladaptive vascular remodeling. Furthermore, long-term NO deficiency significantly increased smooth muscle cell (SMC) contractility initially, but this effect was attenuated with age. These findings improve our understanding of microstructural and mechanical changes during the maladaptive vascular remodeling process, demonstrating a role for adventitial collagen fiber reorientation in the response to hypertension. © 2025 The Authors.

关键词： endothelial dysfunction microstructure of extracellular matrix passive and active vascular biomechanics vascular remodeling

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Porous Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/copper oxide nanocomposite membranes for piezoelectric strain sensing

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Discover Applied sciences 2025年第5期7卷 1-17页

作者： Al-Ejji, Maryam Promi, Tamanna Sangor, Farah Al-Awa, Zinab Bonthula, Sumalatha Radhika, V. Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University P O Box 2713 Doha Qatar Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Qatar University P O Box 2713 Doha Qatar Department of Chemical Engineering University of Calicut Kerala Thenhipallam India Materials Science and Technology Program Department of Mathematics Statistics and Physics College of Arts and Sciences Qatar University Doha2713 Qatar

The emerging field of porous piezoelectric strain sensors attracted a wide range of applications in healthcare monitoring, wearable electronics, and other dynamic applications due to their durability, high sensitivity, and real-time monitoring. This study presents the development of porous poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/copper oxide (CuO) nanocomposite membranes for piezoelectric strain sensing. The morphology and the dispersion of CuO nanoparticles and nanofibers in PVDF piezoelectric films with different nano-CuO contents are studied by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscopy and dielectric studies. The PVDF-HFP acts as a scaffold, allowing ions to flow within the porous percolated channels, resulting in a highly robust membrane with desired dielectric properties. The DMA studies enhanced the strain sensing performance of the 3.5 and 7 wt.% CuO nanofibers loaded with PVDF-HFP membranes compared with the 3.5 and 7 wt.% CuO nanoparticles and pristine membranes. The dielectric properties of the composites also showed high storage values for the CuO/PVDF-HFP samples compared to the pristine polymer. Moreover, the surface water contact angles of the membranes have slightly increased after loading the nanomaterial into the PVDF-HFP matrix, which strongly influenced the surface energies, indicating hydrophobicity. The current study, thus, demonstrates the piezoelectric strain sensing devices made from PVDF-HFP/CuO nanofibers for humid atmospheres. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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Large Pre-Trained Models and Few-Shot FineTuning for Virtual Metrology: A Framework for Uncertainty-Driven Adaptive Process Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing

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IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and engineering 2025年 22卷 15351-15370页

作者： Lin, Chin-Yi Tseng, Tzu-Liang Emon, Solayman Hossain Tsai, Tsung-Han University of Texas at EL Paso Department of Industrial Manufacturing and Systems Engineering Texas El PasoTX79968 United States Computational Science Program University of Texas at EL Paso Texas El PasoTX79968 United States National Taipei University of Business Institute of Information and Decision Sciences Taipei10051 Taiwan

High-precision wafer metrology poses significant cost and throughput challenges in modern semiconductor manufacturing, where frequent process changes and recipe variations demand highly adaptive and scalable solutions. In this paper, we present a Generative-FewShot-Active Virtual Metrology (GFA-VM) framework that unifies large-scale generative modeling, few-shot fine-tuning, and uncertainty-driven active sampling into a single, data-centric system. A foundational generative model, built on a hybrid architecture of Transformer networks and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), learns diverse sensor characteristics in an offline stage without relying on extensive labeled data. During online inference, the model produces both wafer quality predictions and predictive uncertainties;samples exceeding a dynamic uncertainty threshold are selected for physical measurement and few-shot model recalibration. This selective sampling both reduces measurement costs and adapts rapidly to new process conditions (e.g., novel recipes or equipment upgrades), requiring only a handful of freshly labeled wafers. The paper further addresses the long-term stability of the system through a self-updating mechanism that adjusts the uncertainty threshold when distributional shifts occur. Empirical evaluations confirm that our GFA-VM approach achieves state-of-the-art accuracy while significantly reducing metrology overhead compared to conventional virtual metrology methods. Additionally, rigorous theoretical analyses—including proofs of convergence and label cost bounds—demonstrate the reliability of using a generative foundation plus meta-learning technique. By fostering on-demand adaptation within a closedloop framework, GFA-VM offers a comprehensive, scalable strategy for next-generation semiconductor process control. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Semiconductor device measurement Metrology Semiconductor device modeling Semiconductor process modeling Uncertainty Adaptation models Accuracy Data models Predictive models Manufacturing

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Impact of Beam Misalignment Fading on Terahertz Band Drone Communications

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IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 2025年

作者： Saeed, Akhtar Gurbuz, Ozgur Gerstacker, Wolfgang Roppelt, Isabella Sabanci University Electronics Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Istanbul34956 Turkey Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Germany

In this letter, we evaluate the impact of beam misalignment (BM) fading on Terahertz (THz) drone communications by deriving simple novel closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate (BER). Additionally, we present a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime analysis, resulting in the diversity orders of the outage probability and the average BER under the BM fading, including their asymptotic limits as a function of distance. We show that the results via our proposed closed-form expressions depict good agreement with the results via simulations and alternative expressions from the literature, also highlighting the simplicity of our solutions, which leads to valuable insights via diversity order analysis. © 2025 IEEE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Outages

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