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2005 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show - NSTI Nanotech 2005

作者： Zhang, X. Lai, S.M. Lam, K.F. Yeung, K.L. Martin-Aranda, R. Department of Chemical Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Environmental Engineering Program Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Departamento de Quimica Inorganica y Quimica Technica Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia C/Senda del Rey 9 28040-Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)0976798522

Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals are high value added products that are produced in modest quantities. They are usually seasonal products that are customer specific and have a short shelf life. These characteristics usually placed a significant constraint in their production, such that it is not uncommon to see labour intensive batch processes being used instead of the more efficient continues process. This usually led to a significant waste generation during the scale-up from the laboratory to production scale. In addition, the use of hazardous and often toxic homogeneous catalysts makes the product purification and waste disposal an important issue in today's stringent environmental regulations. Microchemical systems offer a new paradigm for meeting these challenges. Recent advances in the design and fabrication of micromixers, microseparators and microreactors bring closer the realization of desktop miniature factories and micropharmacies. They represent a cheap alternative way for the production of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals by a continuas process, allowing simpler process optimization, rapid design implementation, better safety and easier scale-up through replication. This enables rapid product deployment to the marketplace and thus ensuring a significant competitive edge. New basic zeolite catalysts obtained by grafting amino groups onto NaX and CsNaX zeolites exhibit excellent catalytic activities for Knoevenagel condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate (ECA), ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and diethyl malonate (DEM). The CsNaX-NH2 catalyst displays higher conversion compared to aminopropylated MCM-41 for benzaldehyde reaction with ECA and DEM (Figure. 1). The performance of a membrane microreader was tested and compared with that of microreactor, packed bed reactor (PBR) and packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR) for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate to produce ethyl-2-cyano-3-phenylacr

关键词： Synthesis (chemical)

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Generative representations in structural engineering

Generative representations in structural engineering

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2005 ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil engineering

作者： Kicinger, Rafal Arciszewski, Tomasz De Jong, Kenneth Civil Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Department Critical Infrastructure Protection Program George Mason University 4400 University Drive Fairfax VA 22030 Civil Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Department George Mason University MS 4A6 4400 University Drive Fairfax VA 22030 Computer Science Department George Mason University MS 4A5 4400 University Drive Fairfax VA 22030

ISBN: (纸本)0784407940

This paper proposes a new approach to representing structural system inspired by various models of complex systems. Several types of generative representations of steel structural systems are provided and empirically investigated. These representations utilize various kinds of cellular automata to generate design concepts of steel structures in tall buildings. In the paper, a brief overview of the state-of-the-art in cellular automata and generative design is presented. Next, several types of generative representations of steel structural systems in tall buildings are described. The paper also reports the results of several design experiments. They have shown that generative representations produce novel structural shaping patterns which are qualitatively different than the patterns obtained using traditionally used parameterized representations. They also significantly improve the performance of evolutionary algorithms optimizing the structural systems. Finally, research conclusions are presented and most promising paths of future research are discussed.

关键词： Structural design

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environmentally benign materials for electronics;A review of current developments and emerging technologies

Environmentally benign materials for electronics;A review of...

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Materials science and Technology 2005 Conference

作者： Lincoln, John D. Ogunseitan, Oladele A. Saphores, Jean-Daniel M. Schoenung, Julie M. Nixon, Hilary Shapiro, Andrew A. Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of California Irvine HSSOE Irvine CA 92697 Program in Industrial Ecology Dept. of Environmental Health Science and Policy UCI 92697-7070 Dept. of Planning Policy and Design UCI 218D SEI 92697-7075 Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of California 2017 Kemper Hall Davis 95616-5294 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Dr. Pasadena CA 91109

ISBN: (纸本)0873396456

Materials used in handheld consumer electronic devices (CEDs), such as cell phones or PDAs, create environmental risks both during procurement and disposal. The increasing global demand for CEDs and recent legislative pressure motivate our review of alternative materials that could make CEDs more environmentally friendly. Hazardous materials considered include brominated flame retardants, lead-based solders, hexavalent chromium, copper, and ceramic materials. We survey recent research in the development of environmentally benign replacement materials, provide a brief assessment of the potential environmental, industrial, and economic consequences of their substitution, and assess progress in their industrial application. Identifying appropriate environmentally benign replacement materials provides a starting point for developing environmentally friendly CED prototypes.

关键词： Electronic equipment

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Mesoscale wave energy dissipation over Heterogeneous sediments 29

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29th International Conference on Coastal engineering, ICCE 2004

作者： Work, Paul A. Demir, Hüseyin Kaihatu, James M. Voulgaris, George School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Tech. - Savannah 210 Technology Circle SavannahGA31407 United States Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center MS39529-5004 United States Marine Science Program Dept. of Geological Sciences Univ. of South Carolina ColumbiaSC29208 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9789812562982

Measurements describing the evolution of wave energy spectra as waves propagate across a large shoal are described. The shoal is shore oblique, 2 km by 10 km in extent, with relief of up to three meters over bathymetry with ambient depth 10-12 m. The region is sediment starved, and bottom roughness displays spatial variability due to rock outcrops. Field measurements intended to investigate the effects of this shoal on waves, currents, and sediment transport in its lee reveal strong cross-shore gradients in energy density and energy flux, well outside of the surf zone, in conditions of minimal wind, which are attributed to bottom friction. The dissipation displays the expected frequency dependence, in that it decreases in significance as wave frequency increases, but this trend is not as strong as available theoretical predictions would suggest.

关键词： Sediment transport

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Understanding and managing urbanization-induced stream erosion in Southern California

Understanding and managing urbanization-induced stream erosi...

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California and the World Ocean '02: Revisiting and Revising California's Ocean Agenda - Proceedings of the Conference, CWO '02

作者： Yeager, Matt A. Wise, Darla D. Suffet, I.H. California Regional Water Quality Control Board Los Angeles Region 320 West 4th Street Los Angeles CA 90013 United States Environmental Science and Engineering Program University of California Los Angeles 10833 Le Conte Avenue 46-081 CHS Los Angeles CA 90095-1772 United States Ventura County Flood Control District 800 S. Victoria Avenue Ventura CA 93009-1600 United States

The urbanization-induced stream erosion in Southern California is discussed. The variability in stream response to urbanization across the region is assessed and an assessment methodology and long term monitoring strategy is developed. Urbanization brings significant hydrologic changes to affected watersheds or catchments. Urbanized watersheds produce proportionately greater runoff volumes and PDRs than undeveloped watersheds causing higher peak flows in downstream channels.

关键词： Stream flow

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Remediation of an oil-contaminated experimental freshwater wetland: II. Habitat recovery and toxicity reduction

Remediation of an oil-contaminated experimental freshwater w...

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2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005

作者： Lee, Kenneth Doe, Kenneth G. Lee, Lucila E. J. Suidan, Makram T. Venosa, Albert D. Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice Lamontagne Institute P.O. Box 1000 Mont-Joli Que. G5H 3Z4 Canada Environmental Science Center Environment Canada P.O. Box 23005 Moncton NB E1A 6S8 Canada Department of Biology Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Ont. N2L 3C5 Canada Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati 701 ERC Building P.O. Box 210071 Cincinnati OH 45221-0071 National Risk Management Research Laboratory Oil Spill Program U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268

A controlled oil spill experiment to determine natural recovery rates and the efficacy of potential remediation strategies in wetland ecosystems was initiated in June 1999 at a site on the St. Lawrence River, Canada dominated by Scirpus pungens. A weathered light crude oil (Mesa) was applied on 16 plots (5 m × 4 m) at the rate of 12 L per plot. Treatment of the plots included: natural attenuation (no treatment), nutrient amendment with granular ammonium nitrate and super triple phosphate, a similar treatment with plants continuously cut back (to evaluate the influence of plant growth on remediation), and a nutrient amendment treatment with sodium nitrate instead of ammonium nitrate. To elucidate the effect of nutrient amendments alone, four unoiled plots were fertilized with ammonium nitrate and triple super phosphate. Sediment samples were routinely recovered for chemical and toxicological analysis over a 21-week period that effectively covered the natural growth season of the plants. Significant changes in biological measures of habitat were observed. S. pungens, the dominant plant species, was tolerant to the oil, and its growth was significantly enhanced above that of the unoiled control by the addition of nutrients. Other biotest organisms (bacteria, Vibrio sp.;invertebrates, Daphnia, Hyalella, and Viviparus sp.) provided additional evidence of both enhanced recovery and potential detrimental effects. GC-MS analysis could not resolve significant changes in the composition of the residual oil as a result of experimental treatments. This discrepancy in the detection of treatment efficacy between the chemical and biological methods may be due to induced tolerance to the contaminant hydrocarbons, changes in the bioavailability of the residual oil associated with stimulated plant growth, and detrimental effects of the type and quantity of bioremediation agents used.

关键词： Wetlands

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Stalactite Growth as a Free-Boundary Problem: A Geometric Law and Its Platonic Ideal

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Physical Review Letters 2005年第1期94卷 018501-018501页

作者： Martin B. Short James C. Baygents J. Warren Beck David A. Stone Rickard S. Toomey, III Raymond E. Goldstein Department of Physics University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA Department of Soil Water and Environmental Science University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA Kartchner Caverns State Park P.O. Box 1849 Benson Arizona 85602 USA

The chemical mechanisms underlying the growth of cave formations such as stalactites are well known, yet no theory has yet been proposed which successfully accounts for the dynamic evolution of their shapes. Here we consider the interplay of thin-film fluid dynamics, calcium carbonate chemistry, and CO2 transport in the cave to show that stalactites evolve according to a novel local geometric growth law which exhibits extreme amplification at the tip as a consequence of the locally-varying fluid layer thickness. Studies of this model show that a broad class of initial conditions is attracted to an ideal shape which is strikingly close to a statistical average of natural stalactites.

关键词： Limestone

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Standardizing global gene expression analysis between laboratories and across platforms

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NATURE METHODS 2005年第5期2卷 351-356页

作者： Bammler, T Beyer, RP Bhattacharya, S Boorman, GA Boyles, A Bradford, BU Bumgarner, RE Bushel, PR Chaturvedi, K Choi, D Cunningham, ML Dengs, S Dressman, HK Fannin, RD Farun, FM Freedman, JH Fry, RC Harper, A Humble, MC Hurban, P Kavanagh, TJ Kaufmann, WK Kerr, KF Jing, L Lapidus, JA Lasarev, MR Li, J Li, YJ Lobenhofer, EK Lu, X Malek, RL Milton, S Nagalla, SR O'Malley, JP Palmer, VS Pattee, P Paules, RS Perou, CM Phillips, K Qin, LX Qiu, Y Quigley, SD Rodland, M Rusyn, I Samson, LD Schwartz, DA Shi, Y Shin, JL Sieber, SO Slifer, S Speer, MC Spencer, PS Sproles, DI Swenberg, JA Suk, WA Sullivan, RC Tian, R Tennant, RW Todd, SA Tucker, CJ Van Houten, B Weis, BK Xuan, S Zarbl, H Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health University of Washington Seattle WA 98195-7234 Box 357234 United States Biological Engineering Division Center for Environmental Health Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 77 Massachusetts Avenue United States National Toxicology Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park NC 27709 111 TW Alexander Drive United States Duke University Medical Center Department of Medicine Durham NC Research Drive United States Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 United States Department of Microbiology University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 Box 358070 United States National Center for Toxicogenomics National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park NC 27709 111 TW Alexander Drive United States Icoria Inc. Research Triangle Park NC 27709 108 TW Alexander Drive United States Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 United States Division of Extramural Research and Training National Insitute for Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park NC 27709 111 TW Alexander Drive United States Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle WA 98195-7234 Box 357234 United States Fred Hitchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA 98109 1100 Fairviews Ave North United States Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 United States Center for Biomarker Discovery Department of Pediatrics Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR 97239 United States The Institute for Genomic Research Rockville MD United States

To facilitate collaborative research efforts between multi-investigator teams using DNA microarrays, we identified sources of error and data variability between laboratories and across microarray platforms, and methods to accommodate this variability. RNA expression data were generated in seven laboratories, which compared two standard RNA samples using 12 microarray platforms. At Least two standard microarray types (one spotted, one commercial) were used by all laboratories. Reproducibility for most platforms within any laboratory was typically good, but reproducibility between platforms and across laboratories was generally poor. Reproducibility between laboratories increased markedly when standardized protocols were implemented for RNA labeling, hybridization, microarray processing, data acquisition and data normalization. Reproducibility was highest when analysis was based on biological themes defined by enriched Gene Ontology (GO) categories. These findings indicate that microarray results can be comparable across multiple laboratories, especially when a common platform and set of procedures are used.

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High level treatment of stormwater heavy metals

High level treatment of stormwater heavy metals

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2004 World Water and environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and environmental Resources Management

作者： Pitt, R. Clark, S. Johnson, P.D. Morquecho, R. Gill, S. Pratap, M. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 School of Science Engineering and Technology Environmental Engineering Program Penn State - Harrisburg Harrisburg PA 17057 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0784407371

The results of several latest and related stormwater research projects that focused on the treatability of stormwater heavy metals were presented. Results indicated that the heavy metals of concern remain strongly bound to the particulates during long exposures at the extreme pH conditions likely to occur in receiving water sediments. The heavy metals also likely remain strongly bound to the particulates in stormwater control device sumps or detention pond sediments where particulate-bound metals are captured. It was found that the heavy metals can likely remain strongly associated with a variety of organic and inorganic media under varying Eh conditions.

关键词： Storm sewers

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Using trees to mitigate pollution

Using trees to mitigate pollution

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Proceedings of the A and WMA's 97th Annual Conference and Exhibition;Sustainable Development: Gearing Up for the Challenge

作者： Heckel, Pamela F. Cincinnati Earth Systems Science Program Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0071

Several international agreements developed during the past decade have emphasized the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to delay or reverse the current global warming cycle. Carbon dioxide, as an abundant, global greenhouse gas, has been pegged as the chief villain in global warming. Much of the carbon sequestration research has focused on the largest plants, trees. The goal of this work is to reinforce the idea that planting trees in urban areas and along rural roads can make a measurable difference in air quality.

关键词： Pollution control

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