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A practical approach for the selection, pilot testing, design, and monitoring of in situ air sparging/biosparging systems

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Bioremediation Journal 2001年第4期5卷 267-281页

作者： Johnson, Paul C. Leeson, Andrea Johnson, Richard L. Vogel, Catherine M. Hinchee, Robert E. Marley, Michael Peargin, Tom Bruce, Cristin L. Amerson, Illa L. Coonfare, Christopher T. Gillespie, Rick D. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus OH United States Oregon Health and Science University OGI School of Science and Engineering Beaverton OR United States SERDP ESTCP Program Office Arlington VA United States XADD Canton MA United States Chevron Research and Production Richmond CA United States Regenesis Bioremediation Products Plano TX United States

The use of in situ air sparging (IAS) has increased rapidly since the early 1990s, and it is now likely to be the most practiced engineered in situ remediation option when targeting the treatment of hydrocarbonimpacted aquifers. To date, IAS system design has remained largely empirical, with significant variability in approaches and results. Here, the valuable knowledge gained from IAS studies and applications over the past decade has been integrated into a new paradigm for feasibility assessment, pilot testing, design, and operation. The basis for this Design Paradigm, the initial feasibility assessment, monitoring, and the overall design approach are discussed in detail here;other referenced documents contain the details of specific recommended activities. The proposed design approach is unique in that it contains two design routes;the first is a non-site-specific approach requiring minimal site characterization and testing (Standard Design Approach), while the second is a more sitespecific approach (Site-Specific Design Approach). © 2001 by Battelle Memorial Institute.

关键词： Aquifers

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BMP filters: Upflow vs. downflow

BMP filters: Upflow vs. downflow

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engineering Foundation Conference on Linking Stormwater BMP Design and Performance to Receiving Water Impact Mitigation

作者： Clark, Shirley Pitt, Robert Balakrishnan, Anitha Postgraduate Research Program Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education National Risk Management Research Laboratory Edison NJ United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780784406021

Stormwater filters are typically operated in a downflow mode. This research had two objectives: (1) to determine the increased life of a filter operated in an upflow mode, and (2) to determine if the operation of a downflow, mixed-media filter could be modeled using the power equation proposed by Urbonas. The results showed that upflow operation could provide longer filter run times. Using laboratory-scale columns, the use of a power equation to model downflow filtration was also demonstrated. Model confirmation using pilot-scale columns is currently underway. © 2004 ASCE.

关键词： Bandpass filters

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Measurements of infiltration rates in compacted urban soils

Measurements of infiltration rates in compacted urban soils

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engineering Foundation Conference on Linking Stormwater BMP Design and Performance to Receiving Water Impact Mitigation

作者： Pitt, Robert Chen, Shen-En Ong, Choo Keong Clark, Shirley Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL 35226 United States Postgraduate Research Program Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education National Risk Management Research Laboratory Edison NJ 08837 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780784406021

Previous research has identified significant reductions in infiltration rates in disturbed urban soils. More than 150 prior tests were conducted in predominately sandy and clayey urban soils in the Birmingham and Mobile, Alabama, areas. Infiltration in clayey soils was found to be affected by an interaction of soil moisture and compaction, while infiltration in sandy soils was affected by soil compaction alone. The tests reported here were conducted under more controlled laboratory conditions and represent a wider range of soil textures and specific soil density values. © 2004 ASCE.

关键词： Infiltration

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Helium tracer tests for assessing contaminant vapor recovery and air distribution during in situ air sparging

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Bioremediation Journal 2001年第4期5卷 321-336页

作者： Johnson, Richard L. Johnson, Paul C. Johnson, Tim L. Leeson, Andrea Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Oregon Health and Science University OGI School of Science and Engineering Portland OR United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus OH United States SERDP ESTCP Program Office Arlington VA United States

Helium tracer tests are used as an alternative to soil-gas pressure measurements to assess the effectiveness of soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems for capturing contaminant vapors liberated by in situ air sparging (IAS). The tracer approach is simple to conduct and provides more direct and reliable measures than the soil-gas pressure approach. The tracer test described here can be used to both determine SVE system capture efficiency and to evaluate air distribution during IAS pilot tests. The tests can also be conducted on operating, full-scale systems to confirm system performance. In addition, the tests can be easily repeated, which allows system parameters to be modified and the impact of those modifications to be quickly assessed. Whether used alone or in conjunction with other diagnostic tools, helium tracer tests provide an important measure of IAS system performance. © 2001 by Battelle Memorial Institute.

关键词： Air

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Diagnosis of in situ air sparging performance using transient groundwater pressure changes during startup and shutdown

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Bioremediation Journal 2001年第4期5卷 299-320页

作者： Johnson, Richard L. Johnson, Paul C. Johnson, Tim L. Thomson, Neil R. Leeson, Andrea Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Oregon Health and Science University OGI School of Science and Engineering Portland OR United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus OH United States SERDP ESTCP Program Office Arlington VA United States

Groundwater pressure measurements during startup and shutdown of in situ air sparging (IAS) systems are used to diagnose air flow behavior below the water table. The magnitude of the pressure response provides insight into the permeability of the zone into which the air is flowing. The duration of elevated pressures during startup and reduced pressures during shutdown indicate the extent to which air is being trapped below the water table by lower-permeability layers. The pressure measurements can be easily and quickly repeated and as a result are useful for both pilot tests and for optimizing operating conditions of existing IAS systems. Whether used alone or in conjunction with other diagnostic tools, pressure measurements are an important tool for assessing IAS performance. © 2001 by Battelle Memorial Institute.

关键词： Pressure measurement

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Diagnostic tools for integrated in situ air sparging pilot tests

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Bioremediation Journal 2001年第4期5卷 283-298页

作者： Johnson, Richard L. Johnson, Paul C. Amerson, Illa L. Johnson, Tim L. Bruce, Cristin L. Leeson, Andrea Vogel, Catherine M. Oregon Health and Science University OGI School of Science and Engineering Portland OR United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States SERDP ESTCP Program Office Arlington VA United States

In situ air sparging (IAS) pilot test procedures have been developed that provide rapid, on-site information about IAS performance. The standard pilot test consists of six activities conducted to look for indicators of infeasibility and to characterize the air distribution to the extent necessary to make design decisions about IAS well placement. In addition, safety hazards that need to be addressed prior to full-scale design are identified. Two additional pilot test activities are described in those cases where air distribution must be more precisely defined. The test activities include both chemical tests (tracking contaminant concentrations, dissolved oxygen and tracers) and physical tests (air flow rate and injection pressure, groundwater pressure response). Pilot test data from Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska illustrates implementation of the pilot test and interpretation of the data. © 2001 by Battelle Memorial Institute.

关键词： Groundwater

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Advances in in situ air sparging/biosparging

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Bioremediation Journal 2001年第4期5卷 251-266页

作者： Johnson, Paul C. Johnson, Richard L. Bruce, Cristin L. Leeson, Andrea Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe AZ United States Oregon Health and Science University OGI School of Science and Engineering Beaverton OR United States Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus OH United States SERDP ESTCP Program Office Arlington VA United States

In situ air sparging (IAS) is a technology commonly used for treatment of submerged source zones and dissolved groundwater plumes. The acceptance of IAS by regulatory agencies, environmental consultants, and industry is remarkable considering the degree of skepticism initially surrounding the technology in the early 1990s. Much has been learned and reported in the literature since that time, but it appears that practice has changed little. In particular, conventional pilot testing, design, and operation practices reflect a lack of appreciation of the complex phenomena governing IAS performance and the unforgiving nature of this technology. Many systems are poorly monitored and likely to be inefficient or ineffective. Key lessons-learned since the early 1990s are reviewed and their implications for practice are discussed here. Of particular importance are issues related to: (a) the understanding of air flow distributions and the effects of geology and injection flowrate, (b) the need to characterize air flow distributions at the pilot- and field-scale, (c) how changes in operating conditions (e.g., pulsing) can affect performance improvements and reduce equipment costs, and (d) how conventional monitoring approaches are incapable of assessing if systems are performing as designed. © 2001 by Battelle Memorial Institute.

关键词： Air

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Water policy in the United States: A perspective

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Water Policy 2001年第3期3卷 175-192页

作者： Deason, Jonathan P Schad, Theodore M Sherk, George William Environmental and Energy Management Program School of Engineering and Applied Science George Washington University Washington DC 20052 United States Department of Water Resources Arlington VA 22207 4540 25th Road North United States Center for Risk Science and Public Health School of Public Health and Health Services George Washington University Washington DC 20037 2300 K Street N.W. United States Alexandria VA 22314 801 N. Pitt Street United States

Lessons learned from the evolution of US water policy over two centuries of rapid population growth, economic expansion and urban development may shed light on promising approaches to issues in other areas of the world. An explanation of the major philosophical and legal underpinnings of water quantity and water quality policies that have evolved in the US federal-state system is presented. Other areas of the world may benefit from mistakes made during the evolution of US water policy in the areas of institutional reform, improved processes for conflict resolution, and increased use of modern planning and decision making procedures. © 2001 Elsevier science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： population growth Unite resin Conflict Resolution water quantity Water policy Perspective

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A transparent, interactive software environment for communicating life-cycle assessment results: An application to residential windows

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Journal of Industrial Ecology 2001年第4期5卷 15-28页

作者： Norris, Gregory A. Yost, Peter Environmental Science and Engineering Program Harvard University School of Public Health Boston MA United States Sylvatica United States Building Science Corporation Westford MA United States Sylvatica North Berwick ME 03906 147 Bauneg Hill Road United States

Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) can be used to support the selection of environmentally preferable building materials. But the dominance of the usage phase in the life cycle of building materials represents a special challenge for two reasons. First, many aspects of a building material's usage phase can be context specific. Second, the LCA outcome may rest on a building material's service life, a parameter for which there is typically insufficient information for proper determination. For example, in the selection of a window, important usage-phase, context-specific factors that could be determinant include location/climate, heating-system characteristics (efficiency and fuel), and product durability. A prototype software tool, the Life Cycle Explorer, has been developed that enables decision makers to assess the relative importance of literally dozens of such influential parameters in determining the outcomes of LCA evaluations for building components. The software employed by the Life Cycle Explorer permits extensive layering while maintaining ease of browsing, with the intent of accessibility to both the layperson and the expert. An initial application of the tool addressed residential window selection;the design principles of the software are relevant to the communication phase of awide variety of LCA and industrial-ecology-related modeling projects.

关键词： Green buildings Life-cycle assessment (LCA) Sensitivity analysis Sustainable architecture Transparency Uncertainty analysis

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The frustrating search for schizophrenia genes

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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 2002年第1期97卷

作者： Ming T. Tsuang Stephen V. Paraone Guest Editor Dr. Tsuang is the Stanley Cobb Professor of Psychiatry Director Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics and Superintendent and Head Harvard Department of Psychiatry at Massachusetts Mental Health Center. He received an M.D. degree at the College of Medicine National Taiwan University and his Ph.D. at the Institute of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine University of London. Dr. Tsuang also received a Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics Faculty of Science University of London. Professor Tsuang has worked throughout his career as a clinician teacher researcher and administrator in a variety of private state federal and international mental health care settings. He has been recognized both nationally and internationally for his research in schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders including manic-depressive illness and substance abuse. One of his areas of interest is in the rapidly developing field of research related to the interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors for severe mental disorders. Professor Tsuang is the recipient of a myriad of awards for his work among them the First Prize in Clinical Research Award from the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists the Rema Lapouse Award for Mental Health Epidemiology from the American Public Health Association and the Stanley Dean Award for Basic Research in Schizophrenia from the American College of Psychiatrists. He is also a Member of the Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences and Member Academia Sinica of Taiwan. Recently Professor Tsuang received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics and the Taiwanese-American Award for Achievement in Science and Engineering. He has authored or co-authored nearly 400 publications including publications in peer reviewed journals in book chapters and also in books in the areas of psychiatric epidemiology psychiatric genetics nosology of major psychoses ne

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